Ghent University - IMEC, Department of Information Technology Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Gent, BELGIUM © intec 2006 http://photonics.intec.UGent.be Integrated optical gas sensing with silicon –on –insulator (SOI) chips N. A. Yebo, D. Taillaert , J. Roels , D. Lahem, M. Debliquy, P. Lommens , Z. Hens, R. Baets mailto:[email protected] SOI Integrated optical gas sensors Low power consuming , reasonably sensitive , reliable , compact , inexpensive and robust sensors are of a high interest in several gas sensing applications such as air quality and explosion monitoring, breath analysis , and industrial process control. SOI optical structures provide a promising platform for the realization of sensors with interesting features. • Very compact , CMOS compatible, suitable for remote sensing and multiplexing of sensor arrays , low power consuming , safe Microring resonators (MRRs) fabricated on SOI technology are attractive structures for gas sensing applications • While being highly compact ( less than 5µm in radius) ,they provide enhanced optical response to the surrounding changes owing to the repeated light circulation in the ring • Sensing with the resonance shift of the MRRs facilitates multiplexing of sensor arrays and provides freedom from input power noise Ethanol vapor and Hydrogen gas sensors based on MRRs coated with metal oxides : Experimental Results • Porous film on an SOI MRR is prepared from a colloidal ZnO nanoparticle suspension . • Ethanol vapor adsorption leads to change in the ZnO film refractive index • The MRR resonance red shifts through evanescent field interaction • Very low ethanol concentrations are detected due to efficient vapor adsorption on the porous film. Experimental Setup • 220pm resonance shift is measured at 120ppm ethanol vapor concentration • Detection limit below 25ppm ethanol is estimated Q ≈ 25000 Appropriate gas sensitive coatings on SOI ring resonators would lead to enhanced sensitivity and gas selectivity • Porous ( mesoporous ) coatings provide large surface area for adsorption of gas molecules • Functional groups can be attached to the pores for selective gas sensing Metal oxides have been extensively used in electrical gas sensors due to their sensitivity, inexpensiveness and stable operation. Metal oxides such as ZnO and WO3 are optically transparent in VIS and NIR regions ,enabling optical applications. We demonstrate the suitability of porous metal oxide films on MRRs for integrated optical gas sensing. • 1.2nm resonance shift measured at 3% hydrogen in air ( below the Lower Explosion Limit) • Linear sensitivity of 480pm/%H 2 Ethanol vapor sensor via evanescent field interaction Hydrogen gas sensor via thermo-optic effect SOI microring resonators (MRRs) with porous sensitive coatings for gas sensing application • Reasonably sensitive and highly compact integrated optical gas sensors are demonstrated using metal oxide coatings on SOI MRRs. • With future progresses in thin film micro-patterning techniques , several gas selective films can effectively be coated on MRRs for multiplexed multi-gas sensing on a photonic chip Conclusion Acknowledgement • Pt doped tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) hydrogen sensitive catalytic film is coated on a silica-clad SOI MRR • The catalytic film facilitates an exothermic reaction between hydrogen and the surrounding oxygen molecules at vey low hydrogen concentrations. • The resulting heat is conducted to the MRR to change the effective index via thermo-optic effect, leading to red shift in the resonance wavelength. • High sensitivity to hydrogen is achieved due to the significant thermo-optic coefficient (1.8 10 -4 )of Si Nebiyu A. Yebo acknowledges Gent University for funding this research through the ‘Methusalem Smart Photonic Chips ‘ project

Ghent University - IMEC, Department of Information Technology Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Gent, BELGIUM © intec 2006

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Ghent University - IMEC, Department of Information TechnologySint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Gent, BELGIUM

Integrated optical gas sensing with silicon –on –insulator (SOI) chips

N. A. Yebo, D. Taillaert , J. Roels , D. Lahem, M. Debliquy, P. Lommens , Z. Hens, R. Baets

mailto:[email protected]

SOI Integrated optical gas sensors

Low power consuming , reasonably sensitive , reliable , compact , inexpensive and robust sensors are of a high interest in several gas sensing applications such as air quality and explosion monitoring, breath analysis , and industrial process control.

SOI optical structures provide a promising platform for the realization of sensors with interesting features.

• Very compact , CMOS compatible, suitable for remote sensing and multiplexing of sensor arrays , low power consuming , safe

Microring resonators (MRRs) fabricated on SOI technology are attractive structures for gas sensing applications

• While being highly compact ( less than 5µm in radius) ,they provide enhanced optical response to the surrounding changes owing to the repeated light circulation in the ring

• Sensing with the resonance shift of the MRRs facilitates multiplexing of sensor arrays and provides freedom from input power noise

Ethanol vapor and Hydrogen gas sensors based on MRRs coated with metal oxides : Experimental Results

• Porous film on an SOI MRR is prepared from a colloidal ZnO nanoparticle suspension .

• Ethanol vapor adsorption leads to change in the ZnO film refractive index

• The MRR resonance red shifts through evanescent field interaction

• Very low ethanol concentrations are detected due to efficient vapor adsorption on the porous film.

Experimental Setup

• 220pm resonance shift is measured at 120ppm ethanol vapor concentration

• Detection limit below 25ppm ethanol is estimated

Q ≈ 25000

Appropriate gas sensitive coatings on SOI ring resonators would lead to enhanced sensitivity and gas selectivity • Porous ( mesoporous ) coatings provide large

surface area for adsorption of gas molecules

• Functional groups can be attached to the pores for selective gas sensing

Metal oxides have been extensively used in electrical gas sensors due to their sensitivity, inexpensiveness and stable operation. Metal oxides such as ZnO and WO3 are optically transparent in VIS and NIR regions ,enabling optical applications. We demonstrate the suitability of porous metal oxide films on MRRs for integrated optical gas sensing.

• 1.2nm resonance shift measured at 3% hydrogen in air ( below the Lower Explosion Limit)

• Linear sensitivity of 480pm/%H2

Ethanol vapor sensor via evanescent field interaction Hydrogen gas sensor via thermo-optic effect

SOI microring resonators (MRRs) with porous sensitive coatings for gas sensing application

• Reasonably sensitive and highly compact integrated optical gas sensors are demonstrated using metal oxide coatings on SOI MRRs.

• With future progresses in thin film micro-patterning techniques , several gas selective films can effectively be coated on MRRs for multiplexed multi-gas sensing on a photonic chip

Conclusion

Acknowledgement

• Pt doped tungsten oxide (WO3) hydrogen sensitive catalytic film is coated on a silica-clad SOI MRR

• The catalytic film facilitates an exothermic reaction between hydrogen and the surrounding oxygen molecules at vey low hydrogen concentrations.

• The resulting heat is conducted to the MRR to change the effective index via thermo-optic effect, leading to red shift in the resonance wavelength.

• High sensitivity to hydrogen is achieved due to the significant thermo-optic coefficient (1.8 10-4 )of Si

Nebiyu A. Yebo acknowledges Gent University for funding this research through the ‘Methusalem Smart Photonic Chips ‘ project