AUTUMN 2017 – 8TH GRADE

ScienceTERMINPRØVER ENGELSK

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INFORMASJON

Engelsk terminprøve – forberedelse

Bokmål:FORBEREDELSE OG PRØVE

Tekstsamlingen består av seks tekster i ulike sjangre. På prøvedagen vil du få oppgaver knyttet til hele tekstsamlingen.

Forberedelsestiden skal du bruke til å jobbe med tekstsamlingen. Du kan både lese, bearbeide og sortere ukjent stoff. Du kan ta notater som er knyttet til temaet. Du kan samarbeide med andre elever, snakke med læreren og bruke lærebøker og andre kilder. Under forberedelsen er alle hjelpemidler tillatt, inkludert bruk av internett. På prøven kan du ikke bruke internett og andre verktøy som tillater kommunikasjon, eller oversettelsesprogrammer. Alle kilder du benytter deg av på prøven, direkte eller indirekte, skal oppgis slik at det går an å finne fram til kilden. Dersom du har med deg utskrifter og sitater fra nettsider, må du oppgi adresse og nedlastingsdato.

På prøvedagen skal du svare på tre oppgaver, to som krever kortere svar (Task 1 og Task 2) og en langsvaroppgave (Task 3 A, B, C eller D). Du skal svare på engelsk.

Nynorsk:FØREBUINGSDEL OG PRØVE

Tekstsamlinga er sett saman av seks tekstar i ulike sjangrar. På prøvedagen vil du få oppgåver knytt til heile tekstsamlinga.

Førebuingstida skal du bruke til å jobbe med tekstsamlinga. Du kan både lese, studere og sortere ukjent stoff. Du kan ta notat som er knytte til temaet. Du kan samarbeide med andre elevar, snakke med læraren og bruke lærebøker og andre kjelder. Under førebuinga er alle hjelpemiddel tillatne, inkludert bruk av internett. På prøven kan du ikkje bruke internett og andre verktøy som tillèt kommunikasjon, eller omsetjingsprogram. Alle kjelder du brukar på prøven, direkte eller indirekte, skal oppgjevast slik at det går an å finne fram til kjelda. Dersom du har med deg utskrifter og sitat frå nettsider, skal adresse og dato for nedlasting oppgjevast.

På prøvedagen skal du svare på tre oppgåver, to som krev kortare svar (Task 1 og Task 2) og ei langsvaroppgåve (Task 3 A, B, C eller D). Du skal svare på engelsk.

Video games are good for you! 16

The Fun They Had 12

Indian science 10

Turn salt water into drinking water 8

Tiniest machines win biggest prize 6

poems 4

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CONTENTS

Perspectives on scienceThe world of science allows us to discover more about ourselves, our lives and our planet. It includes the science you find in the classroom. Every day scientists are using their curious minds to try to understand everything, from the way our brains work to the way the universe works. They study how we think and learn. They explore ways to travel in deep space and deep oceans. Their curiosity cannot be stopped, and with the help of science great change can happen. So if you haven’t been thinking ‘science’ lately, it might be time to experiment …

a scientist en vitenskapsmann, en forsker / ein vitskaps­mann, ein forskar

curious nysgjerrig

to explore å utforske

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TITTEL

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Shel Silverstein

poemsShel Silverstein

Science is all about being curious, and what’s better than having fun while you’re at it? The American poet Shel Silverstein truly understood this. His poems are fun and fantastic and a tad scientific. Enjoy!

POEMS

a tad en smule / ein smule

to invent å finne opp

to plug å kople til

a cord en ledning / ein leidning

InventionI’ve done it, I’ve done it!Guess what I’ve done!Invented a light that plugs into the sun.The sun is bright enough,The bulb is strong enough,But, oh, there’s only one thing wrong …The cord ain’t long enough.

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a slam et smell / eit smell

a screen door en nettingdør / ei nettingdør

a slice (of bread) en brødskive / ei brødskive

to wet the bed å tisse i senga

POEMS

How many, how muchHow many slams in an old screen door?Depends how loud you shut it.How many slices in a bread?Depends how thin you cut it.How much good inside a day?Depends how good you live ‘em.How much love inside a friend?Depends how much you give ‘em.

SnowballI made myself a snowballAs perfect as could be.I thought I’d keep it as a petAnd let it sleep with me.I made it some pajamasAnd a pillow for its head. Then last night it ran away, But first – it wet the bed.

ColorsMy skin is kind of sort of brownishPinkish yellowish white.My eyes are grayish blueish green,But I’m told they look orange in the night.My hair is reddish blondish brown,But it’s silver when it’s wet.And all the colors I am insideHave not been invented yet.

“How Many, How Much” from A LIGHT IN THE ATTIC by Shel Silverstein. © 1981, renewed 2002 Evil Eye, LLC. “Snowball” from FALLING UP by Shel Silverstein. © 1996 Evil Eye Music, Inc. “Colors” and “Invention” from WHERE THE SIDEWALK ENDS by Shel Silverstein. © 1974, renewed 2002 Evil Eye, LLC. By permission of Edite Kroll Literary Agency Inc.

READ MORE POEMS BY SHEL SILVERSTEIN HERE: http://thewhynot100.blogspot.no/2014/05/46­short­and­sweet­shel­silverstein.html

LEARN MORE ABOUT SHEL SILVERSTEIN HERE:http://www.shelsilverstein.com/about/

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TINIEST MACHINES WIN BIGGEST PRIZE

NTB scanpix / Science Photo Library

Tiniest machines win biggest prizeby Claudia David Heitler

Take a piece of hair from your head. Ouch! It may be long, but it’s not very wide.

Three scientists have spent over 30 years of their careers inventing machines that are about a THOUSAND times smaller than the width of your hair strand – so small that they can only be seen with a microscope. And they work!

They’re called nanomachines, and it has earned the three scientists, Bernard Feringa, Jean­Pierre Sauvage and Sir J. Fraser Stoddart, this year’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry. They are all European, but Mr Stoddart now teaches in Chicago, here in the United States.

wide bredt / breitt

to invent å finne opp

width bredde / breidd

a hair strand et hårstrå / eit hårstrå

Chemistry kjemi

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TINIEST MACHINES WIN BIGGEST PRIZE

The Nobel Prizes are awards given out every year [in December] in a few different fields: Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economics. It’s a prize so prestigious that some of the most brilliant people don’t dare dream of getting one.

Mr Stoddart thanked hundreds of other scientists from 24 different countries, including many students, to help make this award possible. He also once brought home a chocolate Nobel Prize for his daughter from a trip to Stockholm where the prizes are headquartered. He’s very excited to have a real one now. The nearly $ 1 million the winners receive is a nice touch too.

So what are nanomachines … and what are they good for?These scientists figured out how to use molecules to build microscopic motors, elevators, muscles and cars … and then get them to move around and control them. That’s amazing!

In the future, nanomachines could help deliver medicine inside a person’s body, or get rid of things that are making us sick.

Mr Feringa compared their work to when the Wright Brothers flew their airplane for the first time … some people questioned what it was good for. Now we use them all the time.

©Here There Everywhere – News for Kids, Inc.

READ THE FULL ARTICLE AND SEE A VIDEO OF A NANOMACHINE HERE:http://htekidsnews.com/tiniest­machines­win­biggest­prize/

READ MORE ABOUT THE NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS HERE: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/oct/05/nobel­prize­chemistry­2016­jean­pierre­sauvage­jean­pierre­sauvage­bernard­feringa­nano­machines

a field her: et felt / eit felt

Physics fysikk

Economics økonomi

prestigious prestisjefylt

brilliant intelligent

to dare å våge

to be headquartered å ha hovedkontor / å ha hovudkontor

to receive å motta / å ta imot

a molecule et molekyl / eit molekyl

microscopic mikroskopisk

an elevator en heis / ein heis

to deliver her: å gi

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TITTEL

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Getty Images / iStock / ReggieLavoie

a lab coat en labfrakk / ein labfrakk

safety specs vernebriller

to obtain å skaffe seg

fresh water ferskvann / ferskvatn

a cup amerikansk målenhet / amerikansk måleining: one cup = 2,365 dl

a tablespoon en spiseskje / ei matskei

plastic wrap plastfolie

a mixing bowl en stor bakebolle / ein stor bakebolle

Turn salt water into drinking water by Education.com

TURN SALT WATER INTO DRINKING WATER

Put your lab coat on and have your safety specs ready – it’s time for an experiment!

Obtaining enough fresh water to drink can be a challenge in many places throughout the world. Scientists are working on ways to turn salt water from the ocean into fresh water. In this activity, you’ll get to transform salt water into fresh water on your own.

What you need:3 cups of water1 ½ tablespoons of saltPlastic wrapCup or small bowlMixing bowlSmall rock

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TITTEL

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TURN SALT WATER INTO DRINKING WATER

to dissolve å oppløse / å løyse opp

a surface en overflate / ei overflate

to slant å helle

a setup et oppsett / eit oppsett

a sizeable amount en betydelig mengde / ei betydeleg mengd

to vaporize å fordampe

a liquid state en flytende tilstand / ein flytande tilstand

to evaporate å fordampe

matter materie

to change state å endre form

a chemical property en kjemisk egenskap / ein kjemisk eigenskap

What you do:

1. Pour the water into the mixing bowl, add in the salt, and stir until it has dissolved.

2. Put the cup or small bowl into the mixing bowl without letting any salt water get into the cup.

3. Place the plastic wrap over the bowl and seal the edges. Place the small rock on top of the plastic wrap in the middle of the surface. The plastic should slant slightly toward the cup in the middle of the large bowl.

4. Place the setup in a hot sunny area for one hour. Water drops should start to form underneath the plastic. The water drops will flow into the middle of the bowl and fall into the cup.

5. After a few hours, remove the plastic. The cup should now have a sizeable amount of water in it.

6. [Taste] the water in the cup. There shouldn’t be any salt. The water vaporized from the sun and then returned to its liquid state. The salt stayed behind instead of evaporating. You have taken the salt out of salt water.

This is a great way to demonstrate how matter can change states. In this project, water can go from liquid to gas and then back to liquid, while changing some of its chemical properties. This project allows [you] to see and taste the effects. [Now that’s science!]

©Education.com, Inc. All rights reserved.

FIND MORE EXPERIMENTS HERE: https://www.education.com/activity/science/

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INDIAN SCIENCE

Getty Images / Pallava Bagla

India’s first satellite named after the ancient Indian astronomer and mathematician, Aryabhata.

Indian scienceby Stephen Bryne

What do you do with something you don’t understand? 13-year-old Stephen Bryne from Ireland had a history project at school, and he was struggling with it. His father suggested that he should create a website to understand the topic better. It worked, and today Stephen’s website is filled with information about history, like this post about science in Ancient India.

[…]

MathsYou may know that the Arabs and Persians are often given credit for inventing our number system. But, actually, they got many of their ideas from Ancient India. In fact, the Arabic name for a “mathematician” is “hindsa”, which means “from India”!

So, what did the Indians do with numbers? Something really big – zero! The concept of “zero”, or nothing, comes from the ancient Indians. This concept is very important, because it not only gives us a way of expressing “nothing”, it’s also used to show place value. If you didn’t have a zero in 405, how would you write four hundreds and five ones, and show that there are no tens?[…]

to struggle with something å streve med noe / å streve med noko

to suggest å foreslå

a topic et emne / eit emne

Ancient India det gamle India (historisk)

to be given credit for something å få æren for å ha gjort noe / å få æra for å ha gjort noko

a concept et begrep, et konsept / eit omgrep, eit konsept

to show place value å vise plassverdi

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INDIAN SCIENCE

Astronomy[…]Ancient Indian astronomers figured out that the sun is actually a star, which not many ancient people knew, and they counted the number of planets in our solar system. They also figured out how to calculate when an eclipse would occur. An eclipse is when moon passes between the earth and the sun, covering up the sun (solar eclipse), or when the moon passes through the earth’s shadow (lunar eclipse).

Do you know how big the earth is around? This is called the earth’s circumference, and the ancient Indians were able to figure it out! They also understood something about the force of gravity.

PhysicsThe ancient Indians classified five elements of materials. They were earth, fire, air, water, and space. This was not too far from our modern ideas of solids, liquids, and gasses.

And they believed that all matter is made of smaller particles. Have you heard that idea before in your science classes?

[…]

Shipbuilding and navigationThe idea of building ships and sailing was well known to the ancient Indians. Many ancient drawings show sailing ships, and we know that they traded with distant countries.

They also knew how to use a compass. This was an iron fish floating in oil. The magnetized fish would always point north. This handy instrument was called a “fish­machine”.

Overall, you can see that the ancient Indians were quite knowledgeable, and that India has contributed much to our knowledge of mathematics and science today!

©Stephen Byrne, History for Kids

READ THE FULL ARTICLE HERE:http://www.historyforkids.net/ancient­indian­science.html

LEARN ABOUT THE MATHEMATICIAN-ASTRONOMER ARYABHATA:https://www.booksfact.com/science/ancient­science/aryabhata­zero­pi­mathematics­eclipses­astronomy.html

to occur å oppstå

a solar eclipse en solformørkelse / ei solformørking

a lunar eclipse en måneformørkelse / ei måneformørking

circumference omkrets / omkrins

force of gravity tyngdekraft

elements of materials grunnelementer / grunnelement

solids faste stoffer / faste stoff

liquids væsker

gasses gasser / gassar

matter materie

a particle en partikkel / ein partikkel

a science class en naturfagtime / ein naturfagtime

to trade å gjøre handel / å gjere handel

distant fjerne

magnetized magnetisert

knowledgeable kunnskapsrike

to contribute å bidra

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TITTEL

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Getty Images / Gordon Parks

THE FUN THEY HAD

to replace å erstatte

to be far off idiom: å være helt på jordet / å vere heilt på jordet

crinkly skrukkete

what a waste uttrykk: så bortkastet / så bortkasta

The Fun They Hadby Isaac Asimov

Can science go too far? The short story you are about to read was written almost 70 years ago, and it pictures a world where machines have replaced teachers and books. It was written as science fiction, but was the author really that far off? You might find some similarities to the world we live in today.

Margie even wrote about it that night in her diary. On the page headed May 17, 2157, she wrote, “Today, Tommy found a real book!”

It was a very old book. Margie’s grandfather once said that, when he was a little boy, his grandfather told him that there was a time when all stories were printed on paper. They turned the pages, which were yellow and crinkly, and it was awfully funny to read words that stood still instead of moving the way they were supposed to – on a screen, you know. And then, when they turned back to the page before, it had the same words on it that it had had when they read it the first time. “Gee,” said Tommy, “what a waste. When you’re through with the book, you just throw it away, I guess. Our television screen must

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an attic et loft / eit loft

to be scornful å være hånlig / å vere hånleg

a mechanical teacher en robotlærer / ein robotlærar

sorrowfully sørgmodig

a County Inspector en inspektør fra fylket / ein inspektør frå fylket

a tool et verktøy / eit verktøy

a dial en tallskive / ei talskive

to take something apart å ta noe fra hverandre / å ta noko frå kvarandre

a slot en luke, åpning / ei luke, opning

test papers prøver

punch code stempelkode

a mark en karakter / ein karakter

to be geared å være innstilt / å vere innstilt

average gjennomsnittlig / gjennomsnittleg

the over-all pattern of her progress hennes generelle fremgang / den generelle framgangen hennar

satisfactory tilfredsstillende / tilfredsstillande

to be disappointed å være skuffet / å vere skuffa

to blank out uttrykk: å falle ut

THE FUN THEY HAD

have had a million books on it and it’s good for plenty more. I wouldn’t throw it away.” “Same with mine,” said Margie. She was eleven and hadn’t seen as many telebooks as Tommy had. He was thirteen.

She said, “Where did you find it?” “In my house.” He pointed without looking, because he was busy reading. “In the attic.” “What’s it about?” “School.” Margie was scornful. “School? What’s there to write about school? I hate school.”

Margie always hated school, but now she hated it more than ever. The mechanical teacher had been giving her test after test in geography and she had been doing worse and worse until her mother had shaken her head sorrowfully and sent for the County Inspector. He was a round little man with a red face and a whole box of tools with dials and wires. He smiled at Margie and gave her an apple, then took the teacher apart. Margie had hoped he wouldn’t know how to put it together again, but he knew how all right, and, after an hour or so, there it was again, large and black and ugly, with a big screen on which all the lessons were shown and the questions were asked.

That wasn’t so bad. The part Margie hated most was the slot where she had to put homework and test papers. She always had to write them out in a punch code they made her learn when she was six years old, and the mechanical teacher calculated the mark in no time. The Inspector had smiled after he was finished and patted Margie’s head. He said to her mother, “It’s not the little girl’s fault, Mrs. Jones. I think the geography sector was geared a little too quick. Those things happen sometimes. I’ve slowed it up to an average ten­year level. Actually, the over­all pattern of her progress is quite satisfactory.” And he patted Margie’s head again. Margie was disappointed. She had been hoping they would take the teacher away altogether. They had once taken Tommy’s teacher away for nearly a month because the history sector had blanked out completely.

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THE FUN THEY HAD

fortsetter på neste side

So she said to Tommy, “Why would anyone write about school?” Tommy looked at her with very superior eyes. “Because it’s not our kind of school, stupid. This is the old kind of school that they had hundreds and hundreds of years ago.” He added loftily, pronouncing the word carefully, “Centuries ago.” Margie was hurt. “Well, I don’t know what kind of school they had all that time ago.” She read the book over his shoulder for a while, then said, “Anyway, they had a teacher.” “Sure they had a teacher, but it wasn’t a regular teacher. It was a man.” “A man? How could a man be a teacher?” “Well, he just told the boys and girls things and gave them homework and asked them questions.” “A man isn’t smart enough.” “Sure he is. My father knows as much as my teacher.” “He can’t. A man can’t know as much as a teacher.” “He knows almost as much, I betcha.”

Margie wasn’t prepared to dispute that. She said, “I wouldn’t want a strange man in my house to teach me.” Tommy screamed with laughter. “You don’t know much, Margie. The teachers didn’t live in the house. They had a special building and all the kids went there.” “And all the kids learned the same thing?” “Sure, if they were the same age.” “But my mother says a teacher has to be adjusted to fit the mind of each boy and girl it teaches and that each kid has to be taught differently.” “Just the same they didn’t do it that way then. If you don’t like it, you don’t have to read the book.” “I didn’t say I didn’t like it,” Margie said quickly. She wanted to read about those funny schools.

They weren’t even half­finished when Margie’s mother called, “Margie! School!” Margie looked up. “Not yet, Mamma.” “Now!” said Mrs. Jones. “And it’s probably time for Tommy, too.” Margie said to Tommy, “Can I read the book some more with you after school?” “Maybe,” he said nonchalantly. He walked away whistling, the dusty old book tucked beneath his arm.

superior overlegen

loftily overlegent

a century et århundre / eit hundreår

regular vanlig / vanleg

I betcha slang/uttrykk: det vedder jeg på / det veddar eg på

to dispute å si imot / å seie imot

to adjust å tilpasse

nonchalantly likeglad, ubekymret / likeglad, ubekymra

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THE FUN THEY HAD

Margie went into the schoolroom. It was right next to her bedroom, and the mechanical teacher was on and waiting for her. It was always on at the same time every day except Saturday and Sunday, because her mother said little girls learned better if they learned at regular hours. The screen was lit up, and it said: “Today’s arithmetic lesson is on the addition of proper fractions. Please insert yesterday’s homework in the proper slot.” Margie did so with a sigh.

She was thinking about the old schools they had when her grandfather’s grandfather was a little boy. All the kids from the whole neighborhood came, laughing and shouting in the schoolyard, sitting together in the schoolroom, going home together at the end of the day. They learned the same things, so they could help one another on the homework and talk about it. And the teachers were people …

The mechanical teacher was flashing on the screen: “When we add the fractions 1/2 and 1/4 …” Margie was thinking about how the kids must have loved it in the old days. She was thinking about the fun they had.

Written in 1951 for a syndicated newspaper page, ‘The Fun They Had’ was later published in Fantasy and Science Fiction Magazine. ©Asimov Holdings LLC

LEARN MORE ABOUT THE AUTHOR ISAAC ASIMOV HERE: https://www.biography.com/people/isaac­asimov­9190737

READ SOME FUN FACTS ABOUT ISAAC ASIMOV: https://www.biography.com/news/isaac­asimov­facts

at regular hours til faste tider

arithmetic aritmetikk

a proper fraction en ekte brøk / ein ekte brøk

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TITTEL

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VIDEO GAMES ARE GOOD FOR YOU!

Getty Images / Education Images

to be criticised å bli kritisert

antisocial antisosial, usosial

to improve å forbedre / å forbetre

to develop physical skills å utvikle fysiske ferdigheter / å utvikle fysiske ferdigheiter

motor skills motoriske ferdigheter / motoriske ferdigheiter

a surgeon en kirurg / ein kirurg

vision syn

particularly særlig / særleg

an X-ray et røntgenbilde / eit røntgenbilete

Video games are good for you!

There’s good news ahead for all you gamers out there! According to science, video games might actually be good for you.

For years video games have been criticised for making people more antisocial, overweight or depressed. But now researchers are finding that games can actually change us for the better and improve both our body and mind.

Games can help to develop physical skills. Pre­school children who played interactive games, such as the ones available on Wii, have been shown to have improved motor skills. For example, they can kick, catch and throw a ball better than children who don’t play video games. A study of surgeons who do microsurgery in Boston found that those who played video games were 27 per cent faster and made 37 per cent fewer errors than those who didn’t. Vision is also improved, particularly telling the difference between shades of grey. This is useful for driving at night, piloting a plane or reading X­rays.

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VIDEO GAMES ARE GOOD FOR YOU!

to benefit å være nyttig for / å vere nyttig for

a brain function en hjernefunksjon / ein hjernefunksjon

decision-making beslutningstaking / det å bestemme seg, ta avgjerder

accurate korrekt, nøyaktig

to act on something å gjennomføre noe / å gjennomføre noko

a researcher en forsker / ein forskar

experienced erfaren

to pay attention å følge med / å følgje med

to be confused å være forvirret / å vere forvirra

a brain scan en hjerneskanning / ei hjerneskanning

evidence bevis på

to alter å endre

an aggressive behaviour en aggressiv atferd / ei aggressiv atferd

beneficial fordelaktig

a treatment en behandling / ei behandling

neurological nevrologiske

to incorporate å innlemme, inkludere

Games also benefit a variety of brain functions, including decision­making. People who play action­based games make decisions 25 per cent faster than others and are no less accurate, according to one study. It was also found that the best gamers can make choices and act on them up to six times a second, four times faster than most people. In another study by researchers from the University of Rochester in New York, experienced gamers were shown to be able to pay attention to more than six things at once without getting confused, compared with the four that most people can normally keep in mind.

[…]The effects are not always so positive, however. Indiana University researchers carried out brain scans on young men and found evidence that violent games can alter brain function after as little as a week of play. [Playing these games affects] regions in the brain associated with emotional control and causes more aggressive behaviour in the player. But Daphne Bavelier, one of the most experienced researchers in the field, says that the violent action games that often worry parents most may actually have the strongest beneficial effect on the brain. In the future, we may see many treatments for physical and neurological problems which incorporate the playing of video games.

This text has been used with the permission of the British Council. The text is from the British Council website for teenage learners, LearnEnglish Teens: www.british­councils.org/learnenglishteens

READ THE FULL ARTICLE HERE: http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/sites/teens/files/video_games_are_good_for_you_­_article_0.pdf