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Geot
herm
al70
Yea
rs o
f Exp
erie
nce
ICEL AND GEOSURVEY
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Iceland GeoSurvey was originally founded in 1945 as part of the State Electrical Authority. This coincided with the start of the Icelandic government’s ongoing programme of energy research. Iceland GeoSurvey became an in dependent non-profit governmental institute in2003.
Iceland GeoSurvey and its predecessors have played a vital role in this work from the beginning, with the result that over 65% of primary energy use in Iceland is currently sourced from geothermal energy and more than 90% of all houses are directly heated with geothermal.
IcelandGeoSurvey,ÍSOR,isaleadingproviderofscientificand
technical expertise to the geothermal industry in Iceland and
abroad. With a background of around 70 years in the geothermal
sector, our experience and knowhow are our most valuable
assets. We provide consulting services on most aspects of
geothermal exploration and utilization worldwide.
70 years of Geothermal Experience
Services• Geothermal Exploration
• Drilling Consultancy
• Well Logging
• Well Testing and Evaluation
• Resource Assessment
• Field Management
• Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA)
• Geothermal Training
• Groundwater
• Marine Geoscience
• Engineering
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Geothermal Energy A Valuable Resource
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For Low Temperature For Medium Temperaturein sedimentary basins or at periphery hot water zones, convenient for:
For Steam or High Temperaturein active volcanic and tectonic regions, used for:• balneotherapy
• soil heating / snow melting• fishfarming• space heating / heat pump
• freezing / space cooling• agriculture / green houses • industrial / drying
• electricity/flash/binary• industrial / drying
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Thefirststepinthedevelopmentofagreenfieldgeothermal
resource for electric power and hot water production is
resourceidentification,surfaceexplorationandpreliminary
resource assessment.
Exploration Phase
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GeologicalMapping
Iceland GeoSurveys’ geologists produce detailed maps of potential geothermal resource areas, covering tectonic and stratigraphic features, surface petrology, mineralogy, and lithology resource area. Features of particular interest are fracture zones, which may provide flow paths for the geothermalfluid.
The fundamental purpose of this phase is to determine whether a commercially viable geothermal resource exists. Geological mapping is also important at other stages of geothermal development, e.g. for well siting, well design, and environmental monitoring.
Services•geological mapping• stratigraphic mapping• structural mapping•geothermal mapping• risk assessment•environmental impact
Geophysical exploration gives us information on physical properties of the geothermal system. Various physical parameters are measured, such as resistivity, density, sound velocity and magnetic properties of the subsurface rocks.
Using resistivity surveys, we can assess the structures to map the size and shape of the reservoirs. Monitoring and locating micro earth quakes provides information on fault movements and permeability. In addition, heat mining and tomography inversion give information on sound velocity anomalies. Gravity surveys can locate density variations such as dense intrusions, and magnetic measurements can be used to locate dikes and indicate where demagnetization has occurred due to alteration.
Services• resistivity surveying (TEM/MT and 1D/3D
inversion)•micro seismicity•gravity and geodetic surveying•magnetic surveying•active seismic methods in engineering geology
GeophysicalSurvey
GeochemicalSurvey
Geochemical research plays an important role in geothermal exploration. Chemical composition of geothermal steam and water from natural manifestations, provides initial constraints on reservoir temperature and production properties of thegeothermalfluid.
Temperature sensitive equilibria between the geothermal waters and secondary minerals in the reservoir, control the composition of the geothermal steam and water accessible in geothermal manifestations on the surface.
Services• specialized collection of samples
of geothermal steam and water•analytical services•diffuse soil degassing surveys•hydrogeological studies
and chemical surveys of natural surface waters ingeothermalfields
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300 m
800 m
2235 m
90 m
500 - 700 m
30°
Master valve
Expansion spool
Casing head
18 5/8" Anchor casing
21" drill bit
13 3/8" Production casing
17 ¼" drill bit
Liner hanger
Slotted liner 9 5/8"
12 ¼" drill bit
Casingshoe
22 1/2" Surface casing
Kick-offpoint
Pre-drilling
One of the key factors in geothermal development is siting
and drilling successful wells. With highly specialised equipment,
scientificandengineeringpersonnelandyearsofexperiencein
geothermalfields,IcelandGeoSurveyiswellequippedtocarryout
every step of this subsurface process for their clients, either in its
entirety or as separate tasks.
Iceland GeoSurvey maintains three specially equipped trucks for realtime logging in open and cased wells and another three units for slickline logging with memory tools.
The logging operations are divided into two main temperature categories:
• Well logging below 150°C
• Well logging above 150°C
Directional wellLarge Diameter
Drilling Phase
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Drilling Consultancy
Well Testing & Evaluation
Geothermal well testing involves an array of measurements aimed at gathering information on well characteristics, production potential and reservoir properties. This also includes well stimulations which enhance the output of new production wells. Well testing plays a key role in exploration and production drilling, well maintenance, and geothermal fieldmanagement.
Services • temperature and pressure logging•well test design. Including: singlewell tests, injectiontests,floworpumptests,build-uptests,multiwell tests such as interference tests
•well stimulation• tracer tests•evaluation of wells
including: chemical, physical and mechanical properties
Well Logging
Iceland GeoSurvey provides a wide range of open and cased hole logging services, using highly specialized equipment especially suited for the geothermal sector in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard. We have a long tradition of working in geothermal fields allover the world, and our well trained and experienced personnel can offer expertise in logging operations and consultancy.
Iceland GeoSurveys´ objectives are to provide geothermal logging services that enable a better understanding of subsurface conditions in geothermal systems,andgiveinformationforfieldanalysis.
Services• geologicalsubsurfacestructures ofgeothermalfields
• extentandscaleofthegeothermalreservoirs• reservoirmonitoringandproductionforecasting• chemical,physicalandstructuralproperties
of reservoir rocks• chemicalandphysicalpropertiesofreservoirfluids•chemicalandphysicalprocesses
within geothermal systems
Iceland GeoSurvey has extensive experience in the assessment of surveys and results from previous drilling, enabling us to advise the customer on drilling locations and drilling programmes. We have several decades of experience working in partnership with all the Icelandic power generating companies, in both highandlowtemperaturefields. IcelandGeoSurveyis expert in the design of exploration, production and reinjection wells, both slim and large diameter, vertical and directional.
Services• selection of well sites
and description of well targets•well design•design of drilling programs•advice to overcome drilling problems•mud logging and onsite geological consulting•well logging and well orientation
measurements•well injection tests and stimulation
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Effective and sustainable development of geothermal resources
requires an accurate knowledge of their longterm production capacity,
careful management at all times, including the close monitoring of
the system during energy production and mitigation of any potential
environmental impacts.
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Resource Management
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Resource Assessment
Geothermal resource assessment involves studies and research aimed at evaluating the nature and energy production capacity of geothermal systems, based on the data available at any given time or stage of the development of a system. This may be surface exploration data, the results of the drilling of exploration and production wells, as well as production monitoring data.
Services •conceptual modelling•volumetric assessment•geothermal system modelling•estimation of the effects of reinjection•evaluation of the production•optimizationoffielddevelopment
Field Management
Comprehensiveandefficientresourcemanagementisan essential part of successful geo ther mal utilization, especially in order to prevent overexploitation and general operational prob lems. It relies on the proper understanding of the geothermal system involved, which in turn depends on extensive data, information and research.
Through careful monitoring of longterm pro duction, we can obtain vital information on the nature and properties of the geothermal system. Such monitoring data provides the basis for geothermal reservoir modelling.
Services• physicalmonitoring• chemicalmonitoring• indirectmonitoring• geothermalsystemmodelling• reinjectionplanning• environmentalmonitoring• sustainabilityassessment
Environmental Studies
Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) are an important aspect of any geothermal project, from the earliest planning stages through to postproject analysis. Environmental studies may involve the comparison with other available energy sources. These could include fossil fuels, hydro power, nuclear power, renewable energy sources, for instance, solar, wind, tide etc., or indeed the preference for no project.
The chief environmental issues addressed by Iceland GeoSurvey in geothermal utilization are:
• surface disturbance•physicaleffectsoffluidwithdrawal•noise• thermal pollution•groundwater contamination•gas emissions
Services•monitoring environmental changes•gravity and levelling surveys before utilization•groundwater studies• reinjection studies•gas emission monitoring
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Iceland GeoSurveys’ experience in providing services to the Icelandic
power industry and district heating services spans seven decades. Over
the years, we have been able to advise the Icelandic government in areas
of geothermal research and development. We are proud to have taken
the leading role in converting Iceland to the use of renewable energy and
to achieving a total of more than 90% of domestic heating in Iceland,
sourced directly from geothermal power.Utilisation of Geothermal Energy
in Iceland 2014
Primary Energy Use in Iceland 1940–2013
Swimming pools 4%
Snow melting 4%
Industry 2%
Fish farming5%
Greenhouses 2%
Electricity generation41%
Space heating43%
Reykjanes
Svartsengi
Nesjavellir
Hellisheiði
Krafla
Bjarnarflag
Þeistareykir
High-temperature areaLow-temperature area
Sour
ce: O
rkus
tofn
un
Icelandic Knowhow
0
50
100
150
200
250
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
PJ
Relative use
Coal Oil
Geothermal
HydropowerPeat
Coal
Oil
Geothermal
Hydropower
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
1009080706050403020100
1950 1970 19902 010
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Services for the Power Industry
Reykjanes Power Plant100 MWeClient: HS OrkaDate: 1999 ongoing
Svartsengi Power Plant75 MWe and 150 MWtClient: HS OrkaDate: 1971 ongoing
Hellisheiði Power Plant303 MWe & 133 MWtClient: Orkuveita ReykjavíkurDate: 1947 ongoing
Nesjavellir Power Plant120 MWe & 300 MWtClient: Orkuveita ReykjavíkurDate: 1947 ongoing
KraflaPowerPlant60 MWeCent: LandsvirkjunDate: 1974 ongoing
Námafjall/Bjarnarflag Power Plant 3 MWeClient: LandsvirkjunDate: 1960 ongoing
ÞeistareykirClient: Þeistareykir ehf.Date: 1972 ongoing
• geological mapping• geochemical exploration• TEM and MT soundings• siting of all wells • drilling consultancy and
drill monitoring• well logging • well testing • numerical modelling • gravimetric measurements
and monitoring • volumetric assessment • conceptual modelling • reservoir monitoring • geochemical monitoring • environmental monitoring
Iceland GeoSurveys’ experts have decades of experience in exploration and utilization of lowtemperature systems, having taken part in the development of district heating systems in Iceland. More than 90% of Icelandic homes are heated with geothermal energy, and most towns now have geothermal district heating.
Services for the District Heating Systems
• geological mapping• geochemical exploration• TEM and MT soundings• siting of all wells • drilling consultancy and drill monitoring• well logging • well testing • numerical modelling • gravimetric measurements and monitoring • volumetric assessment • conceptual modelling • reservoir monitoring • geochemical monitoring • environmental monitoring
For decades Iceland GeoSurvey has been working for all the geothermal power companiesinIcelandinthefieldof:
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Experience Worldwide
Iceland GeoSurvey has decades of experience conducting research
and assessment in very different conditions from the permafrost
of Siberia to the extreme heat of Ethiopia. In addition to providing
services, Iceland GeoSurvey takes part in many research projects,
sometimes with the support of energy companies or domestic and
international research funds.
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DominicaClient: Government of the Commonwealth of DominicaDate: 20112012
• Iceland GeoSurvey was in charge of geological consultation and temperature and pressure logging during drilling of three slim exploration wells, one injection well and one production well.
• Conduct discharge measurements and samplingoffluid.
• Carry out environmental monitoring related to potential pollution of groundwater and air in connection with the drilling and the discharge measurements.
Drilling Consultancy & Environmental Monitoring
Client: The Icelandic International Development Agency (ICEIDA) and the ministry of Energy and Mines in Nicaragua (MEM)Date: 20062012
The primary goal of the project was to enhance the utilization of geothermal resources in Nicaragua for power production.• Organize initial seminars and meetings. • Needs assessment for the project. • Coordination of work of 15 professionals and
other Icelandic and local experts. • Shortcourses,technicalassistance,field
training, laboratory renovation, training in resource assessment and management, borehole geology, optical mineralogy, numerical modelling and interpretation of geochemical and geophysical data.
Geothermal Capacity Building Project in Nicaragua
Surface Exploration, Resource Estimation & Geothermal Consultation
Montelago, PhilippinesClient: Emerging PowerDate: 2014
Geothermal consultation and planning and processing of MT and TEM resistivity survey inMontelagogeothermalfield.• MT and TEM measurements with
equipment. from Iceland GeoSurvey.• InfieldIcelandGeoSurveycarriedoutthe
data acquisition, performed QC, process data performed 1D inversion of the data and prepared for 3D inversions.
• After the campaign, a 3D inversion was carriedoutattheoffice.
• Study of previous data, consultation and a preliminary volumetric assessment.
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Geothermal Training
Distribution of geothermal knowledge is our passion and
teaching and training has always been an important part of
Iceland GeoSurveys’ activities. Among our clients are the United
Nations University Geothermal Training Programme (UNUGTP),
Universities in Iceland and institutions and companies worldwide.
Geothermal Utilization17%
21%
Reservoir Engineering
Drilling Technology
17%
Chemistry of Thermal Fluids
7%
Environmental Science Borehole Geology
14%
Specialization of Fellows at UNUGTP in Iceland 2014
24%
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United Nations University Geothermal Training Programme (UNU-GTP)
Iceland GeoSurvey has conduct more than 6070% of the teaching at the UNUGTP since its foundation in 1979. Each year around 2030 fellows graduate from the 6 months training programme. Specialists from Iceland GeoSurvey are also advisors to MSc and PhD graduate students supported by the UNUGTP and lead most of the teaching in annual workshops that are held by the UNUGTP in Africa and Central America.
Universities
Iceland GeoSurvey employees give lectures at various couses at the University of Iceland, Reykjavík University and Iceland School of Energy in their respective fields of expertise. The samespecialists also act as advisors for students working on their MSc and PhD degrees.
Iceland GeoSurvey offers tailormade training courses for professionals of institutions and companies worldwide. The topics can range from geothermal exploration to reservoir engineering and geothermal utilization.
We work closely with our clients and the courses aredesignedtomeetspecificneedsandgoalsonrequest, and can be either held on location or in IcelandGeoSurveys’offices.
Iceland GeoSurvey has provided tailormade courses in most continents, ranging in length from one or two days to several weeks.
For further information don´t hesitate to contact us at [email protected]
Tailor-made Courses
Study Lines• Geological Exploration
• Borhole Geology
• Geophysical Exploration
• Borhole Geophysics
• Reservoir Engineering
• Chemistry of Thermal Fluids
• Environmental Science
• Geothermal Utilization
• Drilling Technology
Iceland GeoSurveyGrensásvegur 9108 Reykjavík, IcelandTelephone: +354 528 1500Fax: +354 528 1699
Rangárvellir603 Akureyri, IcelandTelephone: +354 528 1500Fax: +354 528 1599
E-mail: [email protected]: www.isor.is
Geothermal
70 Years of Experience
ICEL AND GEOSURVEY
