GEOGRAPHY TEST SERIES LUKMAAN IAS

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GEOGRAPHY TEST SCHEDULE FOR MAINS 2018

ONLINE (RAJINDER NAGAR) OFFLINE

NOTE: For offline students only three videos are free, thereafter charges will be applied.

T.N. Chapters Date Time

I Geomorphology, Climatology 16 June 2018 10.00am-1.00 pm

II

Oceanography, Biogeography, Environmental Geography

Discussion of Test-I

23 June 2018 10.00am-1.00 pm

2.00 pm-5.00 pm

III

Perspectives in Human Geography & Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography

Discussion of Test-II

30 June 2018 10.00am-1.00 pm

2.00 pm-5.00 pm

IV

Physical Setting of India and Resources

Discussion of Test-III

07 July 2018 10.00am-1.00 pm

2.00 pm-5.00 pm

V

Population & Settlement Geography, Settlements & Political Aspects

Discussion of Test-IV 14 July 2018

10.00am-1.00 pm

2.00 pm-5.00 pm

VI

Economic Geography, Regional Planning, Regional Development and Planning:

Discussion of Test-V

21 July 2018 10.00am-1.00 pm

2.00 pm-5.00 pm

VII

Agriculture, Industry, Transport, Communication and Trade

Discussion of Test-VI

28 July 2018

10.00am-1.00 pm

2.00 pm-5.00 pm

VIII

Cultural Setting and Contemporary Issues

Discussion of Test-VII 04 Aug. 2018

10.00am-1.00 pm

2.00 pm-5.00 pm

Discussion of Test – VIII 11 Aug. 2018 2.00 pm-5.00 pm

IX Mock Test I Geo Paper-1 12 Aug. 2018 10.00 am-1.00 pm

X Mock Test I Geo Paper-2 12 Aug. 2018 2.00 pm-5.00 pm

Discussion of Test – VIII & IX 18 Aug. 2018 10.00 am-5.00 pm

XI Mock Test II Geo Paper-1 19 Aug. 2018 10.00 am-1.00 pm

XII Mock Test II Geo Paper-2 19 Aug. 2018 2.00 pm-5.00 pm

Discussion of Test – X & XI 26 Aug. 2018 10.00 am-5.00 pm

Note:-Map marking would be accommodated wherever they are relevant.

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T.N CHAPTERS Date Time

I

Geomorphology: Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic and exogenetic forces; Origin and evolution of the earth’s crust; Fundamentals of geomagnetism; Physical conditions of the earth’s interior; Geosynclines; Continental drift; Isostasy; Plate tectonics; Recent views on mountain building; Vulcanicity; Earthquakes and Tsunamis; Concepts of geomorphic cycles and Landscape development; Denudation chronology; Channel morphology; Erosion surfaces; Slope development ; Applied Geomorphology : Geohydrology, economic geology and environment.

Climatology: Temperature and pressure belts of the world; Heat budget of the earth; Atmospheric circulation; atmospheric stability and instability. Planetary and local winds; Monsoons and jet streams; Air masses and fron to genesis, Temperate and tropical cyclones; Types and distribution of precipitation; Weather and Climate; Koppen’s, Thornthwaite’s and Trewartha’s classification of world climates; Hydrological cycle; Global climatic change and role and response of man in climatic changes, Applied climatology and Urban climate.

16 June 2018 10.00am-1.00 pm

II

Oceanography: Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; Temperature and salinity of the oceans; Heat and salt budgets, Ocean deposits; Waves, currents and tides; Marine resources: biotic, mineral and energy resources; Coral reefs, coral bleaching; sea level changes; law of the sea and marine pollution.

Biogeography: Genesis of soils; Classification & distribution of soils; Soil profile; Soil erosion, Degradation & conservation; Factors influencing world distribution of plants & animals; Problems of deforestation & conservation measures; Social forestry; agro-forestry; Wild life; Major gene pool centres.

Environmental Geography: Principle of ecology; Human ecological adaptations; Influence of man on ecology and environment; Global & regional ecological changes & imbalances; Ecosystem their management & conservation; Environmental degradation, management & conservation; Biodiversity & sustainable development; Environmental policy; Environmental hazards & remedial measures; Environmental education & legislation.

Discussion of Test-I

23 June 2018

10.00am-1.00 pm

2.00 pm-5.00 pm

III

Perspectives in Human Geography: Areal differentiation; regional synthesis; Dichotomy and dualism; Environmentalism; Quantitative revolution and locational analysis; radical, behavioural, human and welfare approaches; Languages, religions and secularisation; Cultural regions of the world; Human development index.

Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography: Systems analysis in Human geography; Malthusian, Marxian and demographic transition models; Central Place theories of Christaller and Losch;Perroux and Boudeville; Von Thunen’s model of agricultural location; Weber’s model of industrial location; Ostov’s model of stages of growth. Heartland and Rimland theories; Laws of international boundaries and frontiers.

Discussion of Test-II

30 June 2018

10.00am-1.00 pm

2.00 pm-5.00 pm

IV Physical Setting: Space relationship of India with neighboring countries; Structure and relief; Drainage system and watersheds; Physiographic regions; Mechanism of Indian monsoons and rainfall

07 July 2018 10.00am-1.00 pm

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patterns, Tropical cyclones and western disturbances; Floods and droughts; Climatic regions; Natural vegetation; Soil types and their distributions.

Resources: Land, surface and ground water, energy, minerals, biotic and marine resources; Forest & wild life resources and their conservation; Energy crisis.

Discussion of Test-III

2.00 pm-5.00 pm

V

Population and Settlement Geography: Growth and distribution of world population; demographic attributes; Causes and consequences of migration; concepts of over-under-and optimum population; Population theories, world population problems and policies, Social well-being and quality of life; Population as social capital. Types and patterns of rural settlements; Environmental issues in rural settlements; Hierarchy of urban settlements; Urban morphology: Concepts of primate city and rank-size rule; Functional classification of towns; Sphere of urban influence; Rural - urban fringe; Satellite towns; Problems and remedies of urbanization; Sustainable development of cities.

Settlements: Types, patterns and morphology of rural settlements; Urban development’s; Morphology of Indian cities; Functional classification of Indian cities; Conurbations and metropolitan regions; urban sprawl; Slums and associated problems; town planning; Problems of urbanization and remedies.

Political Aspects: Geographical basis of Indian federalism; State reorganization; Emergence of new states; Regional consciousness and interstate issues; international boundary of India and related issues; Cross border terrorism; India’s role in world affairs; Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian Ocean realm.

Discussion of Test-IV

14 July 2018

10.00am-1.00 pm

2.00 pm-5.00 pm

VI

Economic Geography: World economic development: measurement & problems; World resources & their distribution; Energy crisis; the limits to growth; World agriculture: typology of agricultural regions; agricultural inputs & productivity; Food & nutrition problems; Food security; famine: causes, effects & remedies; World industries: locational patterns & problems; patterns of world trade.

Regional Planning: Concept of a region; Types of regions and methods of regionalization; Growth centers and growth poles; Regional imbalances; regional development strategies; environmental issues in regional planning; Planning for sustainable development.

Regional Development and Planning: Experience of regional planning in India; Five Year Plans; Integrated rural development programmes; Panchayati Raj and decentralized planning; Command area development; Watershed management; Planning for backward area, desert, drought prone, hill, tribal area development; multi-level planning; Regional planning and development of island territories.

Discussion of Test-V

21 July 2018

10.00am-1.00 pm

2.00 pm-5.00 pm

VII

Agriculture: Infrastructure: irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power; Institutional factors: land holdings, land tenure and land reforms; Cropping pattern, agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity, crop combination, land capability; Agro & social forestry; Green revolution & its socio-economic & ecological implications; Significance of dry farming; Livestock resources & white revolution; aqua - culture; sericulture, apiculture & poultry; agricultural regionalisation; agro-climatic zones; agro- ecological regions.

28 July 2018

10.00am-1.00 pm

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Industry: Evolution of industries; Locational factors of cotton, jute, textile, iron & steel, aluminium, fertilizer, paper, chemical & pharmaceutical, automobile, cottage & agro-based industries; Industrial houses & complexes including public sector undertakings; Industrial regionalisation; New industrial policies; Multinationals & liberalization; SEZs; Tourism including eco -tourism.

Transport, Communication and Trade: Road, railway, waterway, airway & pipeline networks & their complementary roles in regional development; Growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade; Trade balance; Trade Policy; Export processing zones; Developments in communication and information technology and their impacts on economy and society; Indian space programme.

Discussion of Test-VI

2.00 pm-5.00 pm

VIII

Cultural Setting: Historical Perspective of Indian Society; Racial, linguistic and ethnic diversities; religious minorities; major tribes, tribal areas and their problems; cultural regions; Growth, distribution and density of population; Demographic attributes: sex-ratio, age structure, literacy rate, work-force, dependency ratio, longevity; migration (inter-regional, intra- regional and international) and associated problems; Population problems and policies; Health indicators.

Contemporary Issues: Ecological issues: Environmental hazards: landslides, earthquakes, Tsunamis, floods & droughts, epidemics; Issues relating to environmental pollution; Changes in patterns of land use; Principles of environmental impact assessment & environmental management; Population explosion & food security; Environmental degradation; Deforestation, desertification & soil erosion; Problems of agrarian & industrial unrest; Regional disparities in economic development; Concept of sustainable growth & development; Environmental awareness; Linkage of rivers; Globalisation and Indian economy.

Discussion of Test-VII

04 Aug. 2018

10.00am-1.00 pm

2.00 pm-5.00 pm

Discussion of Test-VIII 11 Aug. 2018 2.00 pm-5.00 pm

IX Mock Test Geo Paper-1 12 Aug. 2018 10.00 am-1.00 pm

X Mock Test Geo Paper-2 12 Aug. 2018 2.00 pm-5.00 pm

DISCUSSION TEST IX & X 18 Aug. 2018 10.00 am-5.00 pm

XI Mock Test Geo Paper-1 19 Aug. 2018 10.00 am-1.00 pm

XII Mock Test Geo Paper-2 19 Aug. 2018 2.00 pm-5.00 pm

DISCUSSION TEST XI & XII 26 Aug. 2018 10.00 am-5.00 pm

Note:-Map marking would be accommodated wherever they are relevant.

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Trend Analysis of previous years question papers and Approach for

Geography Mains 2018

Tirthankar Roy Chowdhary (Geography Faculty, Lukmaan IAS)

Let me present it at the very out-set that deriving a trend for UPSC mains, to many, may

appear as a tedious task and to some extent a futile exercise. Why I say so is because of the

unpredictability associated with the pattern of the papers set in the previous years and the

very complicated nature of the examination. Moreover the high degree of fluctuation in the

marks awarded has only added uncertainty to the aspersions of the aspirants. However if we

are patient enough to analyze from very close quarters we will see that in this apparent chaos

their lies an implicit pattern which may appear complex but can be deciphered if given

adequate attention. My aim here along with the Lukmaan team is to bring out to all the

aspirants this coherent picture so that they can draw inspiration from their own awareness

and can motivate themselves to walk that extra yard that will ensure a guaranteed space in

the eminent final list of selected candidates.

First Things First

1. Syllabus is still the constitution:-In geography mains, UPSC has rarely deviated from the

bounds of the syllabus, all questions that appear unknown or alien at first sight actually have

been taken after ransacking the syllabus comprehensively. So to my mind complete coverage

of the syllabus is indispensable. There are portions of the syllabus that are implicit and others

which are explicit. So where to focus?

2. Focus on Fringes:-It is the fringes or the fine lines in the syllabus that need adequate

attention. For example applied geomorphology and climatology or town planning are

attaining significance with time. So a lot of focus should be on application part of the

knowledge base.

3. Reconciliation between writing skill and knowledge base:-Writing skill, as some wrongly

argue, has not taken a back seat rather it has only grown in importance. You need to

incorporate all the relevant points now in minimum words. This requires economy of words

and for this we need good knowledge and the art of providing illustrations that would

juxtapose our writing skill. This to my mind is the biggest challenge that aspirants face in the

examination hall but if practiced in a diligent manner it can yield good returns.

4. Fast and steady wins the race:-Not only art of writing but also the speed of writing has

surfaced as a impending challenge. Many a time the aspirants fail to attempt all the questions

only to their own detriment. This can be improved by adopting regular and time bound writing

practice.

5. Focus on terms and terminologies:-You all may remember terms like "Basket of Eggs

topography" as asked in the 2016 mains. Such terms are not new but have been recursively

and willingly used by the commission. So one must know the art of interpreting such terms

even though we may not be able to decipher them completely but regular practice and

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concentrated efforts can help us in understanding the import of such words and we can

present our arguments’ and points vociferously.

6. Akin to General studies:-Many times aspirants have the grievance that the questions that

were asked were to GS kindish or borders along principles of generality. However it is nothing

but lack of awareness questions may be general as was the case with Geography paper-II in

2014 and 2015 mains but their answers would still require some in-depth knowledge of the

subject. This is where many candidates fail to differentiate their answers i.e. on a qualitative

front they find themselves wanting.

Changes Over the Years

The kind of questions asked is still directly related to the syllabus as one can see by glancing

through the previous years papers. Though the questions did go on to ask some smaller

aspects related to the topics yet there was nothing very tough. Some questions were still,

somewhat, copy of things asked in previous years’ papers, only requiring a much crisper and

leaner approach in content coverage and presentation, due to the question size.

Some newer topics are also added in the syllabus normally not available in the mostly

available books. There is a great likelihood that these newer topics will be focused in the

coming years’ papers. Also content in a presentable format is required at preparation level

only so as to easily convert in a desirable answer.

India Map questions require a more comprehensive coverage as option of choosing between

locations does not exist anymore.

What should be the approach for 2017 mains?

There is no standard approach and it differs from aspirant to aspirant. However some general

principles can always help in writing a good answer. These are tools of effective management

and they can help any aspirant if He/She imbibes them. Though there are many instruments

that can help us in improving our quality but due to paucity of space i will be able to share

only a few of them however i would be more than happy to share other strategies and tools

to anyone and everyone who is interested. Here are some of the tools that i would like to

share with you :

1) Complete your syllabus:-Try to first produce a comprehensive picture covering all the

content for every topic.

For example if a question is asked on agriculture in general or types of farming in particular

this following chart can help you recollect points and will also add substance to your answer

writing.

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This would also help in map marking for example;

This would help in summarizing the syllabus in a concrete and concise manner and would help in

recalling certain important points at brisk pace.

2) Work on the illustrations this add muscle to your answers:-

For example just with the help of illustrations we can summaries a difficult topic like

'Paleomagnetism' and this also attracts the examiner

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3) To understand a question fully, one must know that a question has keywords. Every question has

a ‘topic’ and a ‘directive’.

For example 2015 Geography paper I asked a question as follows

Q. "Present day landforms bear more complexity than simplicity". Elucidate.

In the above question "Present day landforms bear more complexity than simplicity"-is the topic and

“Elucidate"- is the directive. One needs to understand this and differentiate the topic from the

directive then present the topic in the light of the directive. So one must be aware of the dynamics of

the different directives.

4) Try to interrelate topics and present a systematic coherent picture.

For example try to interlink climate change ,global warming ,economic governance ,economic

development ,energy security, ecological services, human technological developments etc to develop

greater understanding of the issue and present a holistic answer this comes generally handy while

attempting human geography questions in paper I and II .However they have relevance in physical

geography as well

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There are a plethora of such techniques that would greatly enhance your writing skill but as i already

mentioned that i am unable to touch all of them here in this paper due to paucity of space.

Questions you need to ask yourself

For UPSC Civil Services Mains Examination, a serious aspirant is required to write thoughtful, well-

structured, logically conclusive answers that depict his in-depth understanding of a particular subject.

This is the reason why most IAS aspirants lay major emphasis on practicing writing the answers for

UPSC Mains Examination. However, in the process of learning and adapting to new topics related to

subjects, there is a lot of confusion about the time one needs to allot to answer writing.

While working on your enhancing your Answer Writing Skills for this Examination, you need to ask a

bunch of questions to yourself.

1) Am I dedicating enough time to a particular question?

2) Is the language accurate according to the nature of the question?

3) Am I able to correlate both logic and objective behind the question properly?

Message:-

Our effort here in Lukmaan IAS is to enhance all these skills and for which we will conduct our content

enrichment classes for geography optional along with Geography mains test series. There would be

sectional as well as comprehensive mock tests with good practice of map-marking. The programs

would commence shortly after the preliminary exam all interested candidates can contact Lukmaan

IAS.

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Book List For Geography Optional

Paper-I (World Geography)

• Physical Geography – Majid Hussain/ Savindra Singh

• Modern Physical Geography – Strahler and Strahler (Optional)

• Certificate Physical and Human Geography – Goh Cheng Leong

• Physical Geography Made Simple – Rupa Publication

• Dictionary of Physical Geography – Penguin

• Evolution of Geographical Thought – Majid Hussain

• Economic and Social Geography Made Simple – Rupa Publication

• Models in Geography – Majid Hussain

• Dictionary of Human Geography

• Orient Blackswan Atlas

Paper-II (Indian Geography)

• India – A Comprehensive Geography – Khullar

• Regional Planning in India – Mahesh Chand

• Indian Geography - Majid Hussain

• India Year Book – Publication Division

• Yojana and Kurukshetra Magazines

• Economic survey 2016-17

• News Papers

• Oxford Student Atlas

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ENHANCE YOUR WRITING SKILL

THE PREFACE

Generally, the aspirants’ main focus is to write answers so that the paper is completed on time. In that

intense pressure, it hardly matter that what exactly is being asked by the question, especially the key

terms used in the questions and the pre-fix or the suffix mentioned in the question, for example,

analyse/describe/explain, etc., therefore, there is a mismatch between the demand of the question

and what actually has been written.

Most students know their subject, the concepts, theories and topics but they do not know how to

present them. Remember,

EXAMINATION IS AN ART AND NOT NECESSARILY A TEST OF KNOWLEDGE.

You often see a student who has studied less hours but do well in examinations. Those who burn their

midnight oil for nights and nights together and do not even pick up the calls of near and dear ones` do

not do well in their examinations. Why so? They often blame their bad luck, some bad omen, curses

of the hated ones. Quit this blame game, don’t curse your labour and sincerity. Probably the cause lies

in your lack of writing skill.

Give some thought to this, for every question of GS and Optional you follow a pattern of writing

answers in which you normally first introduce the topic or the problem, then you write all aspects in

different paragraphs and then you write a good conclusion. You have not written anything wrong but

you don’t get good marks. The question is why? We think you did three things or at least one of them:

THE THREE PRINCIPLES THAT YOU IGNORE IN UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS

1. You did not read the questions very sincerely

2. You did not care for the directions or commands or demands or whatever you may call it like Discus, critically examine, Explain, Illustrate etc.

3. You did not give attention to the context of the question, parts of the question and the interrelation of the questions.

PLEASE, PLEASE AND PLEASE read the questions as sincerely as possible followed by

• Take your time in selection of the questions

• Write first that question answer you are most prepared

• Focus on the substance of the answer rather than length

• There should be a balance between quantity and quality

• Relate with context, content and command of the question

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The philosophy of 3Cs for good answer

Context

Content Command

THE LENGTH OF THE ANSWER HAS LES RELEVANCE THAN THE SUBSTANCE

You may say, Sir, where is the time to brood so much, I will miss the answers. We must tell you don’t

write the maximum number of words you are allowed. There is a limit on the maximum words but not

one on the minimum but then the words must be adequate. In writing your answers you write the

first paragraph in essay form and the rest in points but the last paragraph of conclusion should be in

essay form. There can be changes in this scheme if there is expediency.

So, to come to the main point; Read the question carefully and decide on three things:

1. What is the exact meaning of the question?

2. How many parts the question has?

3. What are the directions, demands or commands of the question?

Explanations 1. How better one understands the meaning depends upon the level of knowledge and understanding on

the subject-matter /topic on which question has been framed.

2. The context of the question means largely why/when/what of the question.

3. A question can have different parts which may require answering to all parts.

4. One should have better understanding of Pre-fixes and suffixes which determine the command and

direction of the question.

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UNDERSTANDING TERMINOLOGIES USED IN QUESTIONS It is the pre-fix or suffix of the question which determines direction and command of the answer. It is for your convenience, we are trying to make explicit what is meant by these words and what you will write.

Terminology Meaning and demand

Discuss In discuss you have to write two or all the aspects of an issue. Don’t criticize, simply present all the sides in an analytical manner. As the conclusion you write a brief summary of all the sides.

Critically Discuss Critically discuss again has to aspects. In discuss one writes two aspects or all aspects of an issue or the problem. Discuss is an elaboration in which all the aspects of a problem, issue and a phenomenon are to be presented. Critically discuss is a popular command. Critically discuss indicate, one has to present all the aspects by examining its pros and cons. One does not only present all aspects but evaluate the different aspects. Critically discuss refers to examine either two aspects or aspects by examining aspects. One has to give the plus points and minus points of a phenomenon. For example one has to critically discuss the Gandhian view of nonviolence. In this one has to see the plus points of nonviolence and one must give the example of India`s national struggle. Then one has to severely criticise the concept of non violence and cite all the negative aspects of nonviolence.

Explain It is also a common directive. You write the meaning of the problem, all aspects involved in it. You simply try to write all the why which may emerge in the problem. We can give an example; Why smart city programme, this has to be written in `explain smart city. Explain is the answer to all `why`. It touches and explores all aspects.

Explanations require you to write the context of the question. You explain or convince by providing this context. In simple terms you write all aspects without any criticism and your opinion.

critically examine, examine and evaluate

These all indicate the same meaning. You first write after two lines of introduction, a brief statement of what the idea or presentation is. Only then you evaluate, criticise or examine. Examine does not mean only a rejection of the idea it also mean support and praise. In such questions you do not criticise on your own. You are not eligible to criticise as scholars. Criticise on the basis of scholar`s views. In nutshell, you should demolish the proposition.

Comment Generally this is presented at the end of the question and so it is called suffix. In comment, you write the different aspects of a problem or issue or the topic in an analytical manner and you also give your opinion. In comment the whole problem or issue is presented and different aspects and different views are presented related to the issue or the problem. No criticisms are to be attempted. Criticism is the view of a scholar and comment is your view.

Critically Comment Critically comment is a double evaluation in simple terms. In comment one has to give one`s view on any particular issue. In comment one has the liberty to make any comments showing the for or against views. The comment is not baseless. It requires you to do a general perusal and then you comment. This general perusal is also a type of evaluation.

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Critically comment requires you to show all the aspects with an evaluation which is systematic and on concrete grounds. One has to meticulously see one by one all issues issue. The evaluation is on certain criteria. This evaluation must indicate the merits and demerits of the given topic or problem. Critically comment therefore, indicate to comment after evaluation in a systematic way. Comment is the view of some body in a deliberate manner but when it is critically comment then the view has to be given after systematic evaluation. For example, if one has to comment on the question of nationalism, one can simply say nationalism is sacrosanct and nobody should be allowed say anything against it. The other non critical comment can be nationalism has many bases and there can be different views on it. Critically comment has to go by an evaluation of the principle of nationalism and then one takes a position. One has to evaluate both the consequences of nationalism and also the positive effects of natinalism.

Analyse It is also a very frequent directive. You simply remember one analogy. As the medical students dissect insects or human organs in their laboratories so you analyse a problem. You go deeper, you want to see the inner meanings.

Critically Analyse We have already presented the meaning of analyze. One has to dissect any phenomenon trying to go deeper and present the causes of any phenomenon. This requires one to go inside any phenomenon and do the drain searching. Critically analyze means one is an intense drain inspector. One does not only show the underlying causes of a phenomenon but show all other dimensions. Critically analyze requires any one to show the underlying causes but also the plus and minus of any cause. This refers to seeing and imagining all the interrelated aspects of the causes. This is in-depth and analyzes underlying and interrelated causes. For example one has to critically analyze the problem of black money in India. One has to write the sources of black money, the causes of black money, why it is difficult to identify black money, how other countries like USA have done this. Critically analyze does not mean you have to more rather deeper causes in very brief.

Describe It is the simplest directive. Describe is the description of a phenomenon or a simple statement of facts. In describe neither you criticise nor you analyse. You directly write about the apparent features. You write in straight way the features.

Illustrate, Elucidate, Enumerate and Elaborate

They are almost identical terms. Normally in central services examinations `describe` is not given but other queries are there. In all these cases you state the facts or arguments in a straight forward manner. No criticisms should be attempted. Detailed description is required.

Distinguish It indicates a directive when you have to write the differences between two or more phenomenon. You distinguish all aspects.

Compare It is a directive in which you first, in very brief present the meanings of the phenomena you are to compare. Then you write the differences as well as similarities of the two. In the conclusion when you are summarizing write what are more, the similarities or the differences.

Substantiate It means you have to prove a particular proposition. You give only positive aspects. You present your arguments as a lawyer. You convince the examiner.

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