GEOGRAPHY A – Component 1

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ADDITIONAL MATERIALS

In addition to this paper you may use a calculator and a ruler if required.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

Answer both questions in Section A.Answer one question from Section B.Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Do not use pencil or gel pen. Do not use correction fluid.Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page.Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.If additional space is required you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet. The question number(s) should be clearly shown.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question.

Your ability to spell, punctuate and use grammar and specialist terms accurately will be assessed in your answer to question 2 (d).

LDE*(S19-C111U10-1)© WJEC CBAC Ltd.

GCSE

C111U10-1

GEOGRAPHY A – Component 1Changing Physical and Human Landscapes

TUESDAY, 21 MAY 2019– AFTERNOON1 hour 30 minutes

S19-C111U10-1

Surname

Other Names

CandidateNumber

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For Examiner’s use only

Question MaximumMark

MarkAwarded

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2 34

SPaG 4

either 3 16

or 4 16

Total 88

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SECTION A: CORE THEMES

Answer all of the questions in this section.

CORE THEME 1: Landscapes and Physical Processes

1. (a) Study the OS Map 1.1 below. It shows part of the Mendip Hills which is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). A full key appears on page 32.

OS Map 1.1 Part of the Mendip Hills AONB

© WJEC CBAC Ltd.

(i) Give the four figure grid reference for the square outlined in red. Circle the correct answer below. [1]

5248 4853 5348

(ii) Circle the correct answer in the following sentence.

The contours in the red box on this map are close together which means that the slopes are steep / gentle / flat. [1]

(iii) Many people visit this part of the UK each year. Give two features of this landscape that attract visitors. [2]

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(iv) Describe one positive impact and one negative impact of having many visitors in a physical landscape you have studied. [4]

Positive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) Study Photograph 1.2 below. It shows Flamborough Head on the east coast of Yorkshire.

Photograph 1.2 Flamborough Head

Landform Tick (√)

Wave-cut platform

Arch

Wave-cut notch

(i) Identify landform A.

Tick (√) the correct box below. [1]

A

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(ii) Complete the paragraph by selecting the correct term from the box below. [3]

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joints gorges bedding planes

attrition spits hydraulic action

longshore drift stacks

The headland at Flamborough is composed of resistant rock.

However, there are horizontal lines of weakness in the cliffs which are

known as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . These lines of weakness can be eroded

easily by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Further erosion can lead to the

formation of caves, arches and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Explain why rock falls occur on the cliffs of some UK coastlines. [6]

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(c) The coastline to the south of Flamborough Head is composed of rocks which are much less resistant to erosion. Study Table 1.3 below.

Table 1.3 Erosion rates at 11 places along the east coast of Yorkshire

Erosion rates in metres per yearbetween 1989-2015

0.120.030.951.081.490.870.981.201.170.681.60

(i) Calculate the median value for these erosion rates. Show your working in the space below. [2]

(ii) Explain why the median value may not be regarded as the most appropriate measure of central tendency for these erosion rates? [2]

The median value is: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(iii) Coastal management strategies are used to reduce the effects of erosion. For one coastal management strategy, explain why there can be unintended consequences of human intervention. [4]

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(d) Study the information in Resource Box 1.4 below and Photograph 1.5 on page 9.

Resource 1.4 - Information about the Nottingham flood defence scheme

NottinghamCity Centre

N Colwick

Long Eaton

Beeston

River T

rent

AttenboroughNature CentreAttenboroughNature Centre

Sawley

WestBridgford

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Keymajor roadsminor roadsurban areas

One of the biggest inland flood protection schemes in the UK opened along the river Trent in September 2012.

• Nottingham has had a long history of flooding. • Flooding in the year 2000 damaged hundreds of homes and businesses. • The Environment Agency scheme cost £45m. It was originally estimated to cost £51m.

• The flood defences are along a 27 kilometre stretch of the river Trent from Sawley (near Long Eaton) to Colwick.

• The work included the raising and rebuilding of flood embankments, constructing new flood walls and replacing or raising flood gates.

• Work was carried out at Sawley, Attenborough, Beeston, Nottingham and Colwick.

Map of the River Trent

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Is ‘hard’ engineering the best option to reduce the risk of flooding in the city of Nottingham and the surrounding areas? Justify your reasons. [8]

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Photograph 1.5 - the River Trent at Attenborough Nature Centre

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End of Question 1

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CORE THEME 2: Rural-Urban Links

2. (a) Study Map 2.1 below.

Map 2.1 – Urban areas in Dorset

N

Lyme Regis

Sherborne

DorchesterBridport

WILTSHIRESOMERSET

HANTS.

DORSET

She

y

WeymouthSwanage

Urban area

Poole

Bournemouth

Christchurch

(i) Name one urban area in the south east of Dorset. [1]

(ii) Bournemouth is the largest urban area in Dorset and has a large sphere of influence. Tick (√) one box below to give the correct definition of sphere of influence. [1]

Definition Tick (√)

The daily movement of people into towns and cities to work.

The rank order of places from villages to towns and cities.

The area which is served by a town or city.

(iii) Give one reason why towns and cities have a large sphere of influence. [2]

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(b) Study Graph 2.2 and Table 2.3 below.

Graphs 2.2 Population Pyramids for Dorset in 2008 and 2033 (predicted)

Population 151 500

Population aged 65+ 33 470

(i) Use Table 2.3 to calculate the percentage of people aged 65+ who lived in Poole in 2015. Show your working. [2]

MalesFemales

Percentage of Total Population Percentage of Total Population04 2 2 46 68 810 10

AGE90+

85-8980-8475-7970-7465-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-1910-14

5-90-4

04 2 2 46 68 810 10

AGE90+

85-8980-8475-7970-7465-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-1910-14

5-90-4

Percentage aged 65+: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2008 2033 (predicted)

Table 2.3 – Population data for Poole, Dorset (2015)

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(ii) Give two ways in which the structure of the over 65 population is predicted to change in Dorset by 2033. [2]

(iii) Describe two ways in which an ageing population will create challenges for the UK. [4]

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(iv) The county of Dorset is largely rural with a sparse population. Explain why the population of many remote rural areas is declining. [6]

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© WJEC CBAC Ltd.

Statement Tick (√)

The Amazon Centres are evenly distributed throughout the UK

There are Amazon Centres in every country of the UK

There is a cluster of Amazon Centres in central England

Scotland has the fewest Amazon Centres

The one Amazon Centre in Wales is in the south of the country

There are fewer centres in the northern part of the UK than the southern part

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(c) Amazon is a large internet retailer. Study Map 2.4 below.

Map 2.4 – Amazon Centres in the UK

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N

WALES

ENGLAND

COOOOOSCOTLAND

ERNNORTHERDDLALAIRELAND

= Amazon Centre=

(i) Tick (√) three correct statements in the table which describe the distribution and location of Amazon Centres in the UK. [3]

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(ii) Give one reason why use of the Internet has a negative impact on the high street of towns and cities. [2]

(iii) State three ways in which towns and cities have improved the quality of the high street environment for shoppers. [3]

Way 1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Way 2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Way 3: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(d) Study the information in Resource Box 2.5 on page 17 and page 18.

Resource Box 2.5 – Information about two Global Cities

Edinburgh City Centre

Residential Areas of Edinburgh

Fact File • Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland with a population of nearly 500 000. • Edinburgh Airport is the busiest in Scotland with 33 airlines flying to 130 destinations. • The city has over 4 million visitors every year giving £1.2 billion to the local economy. • A recent survey states that Edinburgh’s residents are the happiest of the 10 largest

UK cities.

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Chennai City Centre

Residential Areas of Chennai

In 2016 both Edinburgh and Chennai were recognised as global cities linking some

important regions to the world economy.

Fact File • Chennai is the 4th largest city of India and has a population of 6.4 million. • It is well connected to all the other main cities in India and its international airport

is the 4th busiest in the country. • Chennai has a booming economy and is well known for its car industry and software

services. • It is considered to be the cultural centre of southern India.

Resource Box 2.5 continued

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‘Global cities in HICs have fewer and different challenges compared to global cities in NICs or LICs.’ How far do you agree with this statement? [8]

Your ability to spell, punctuate and use grammar and specialist terminology accurately will be assessed in your answer to this question. [4]

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SECTION B: OPTIONS

Answer one question in this section.Choose either Question 3 (Theme 3) OR Question 4 (Theme 4).

THEME 3: Tectonic Landscapes and Hazards

3. (a) Study Graph 3.1 below.

Graph 3.1 – Seismometer readings during an earthquake event

20:15– 5

5

0

amou

nt o

f sha

king

time in hours20:20 20:25 20:30 20:35

Describe the changes shown on the graph. [2]

(b) (i) Give two human factors that increase the vulnerability of communities to tectonic hazards. [2]

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(ii) Explain why pyroclastic flows are a significant volcanic hazard. [4]

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Mount Agung

Location of Mount Agung N

20 kilometres

B A L I

Mount AgungUbud

8km evacuation zone10km evacuation zone

1963 area affected

B A L I

Mount Agung volcano danger zone

Fact File • Mount Agung is an active volcano on the island of Bali, Indonesia. • A major eruption occurred in 1963 when 1500 people were killed. • By November 2017 the volcano alert status was at its highest level. • 100 000 people were told to evacuate but only 40 000 did leave the area. • There was a potential for a bigger eruption with warnings of mudflows and

pyroclastic flows. • Bali is the most popular tourist destination in Indonesia. • 3.4 million foreign tourists visited the island between January - July 2017.

Resource Box 3.2 – Mount Agung during September to November 2017

Eruption of smoke and volcanic ash

(c) Study the information in Resource Box 3.2 below.

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Should permanent exclusion zones be set up around all active volcanoes to reduce the risks associated with eruptions? Justify your decision. [8]

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THEME 4: Coastal Hazards and their Management

If you have answered question 3, do not answer question 4.

4. (a) Study Graph 4.1 below.

Graph 4.1 – Sea levels between 1990 – 2017

0

20

40

60

80

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017date

sea

leve

l cha

nge

(mm

)

Describe the changes shown on the graph. [2]

(b) (i) Give two human factors that increase the vulnerability of communities to coastal hazards. [2]

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(ii) Explain why powerful storms can cause coastal flooding. [4]

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(c) Study the information in Resource Box 4.2 below.

Resource Box 4.2 – Fairbourne on the west coast of Wales

Fairbourne Village

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6160 62 63 64

6160 62 63 64

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13

14

15

12

13

14

High risk of flooding

15

51 52 53

N

Fact File • It is the responsibility of local councils in England and Wales to prepare a Shoreline

Management Plan (SMP). • They have to decide whether or not to build new coastal defences (or repair old

ones). • Fairbourne has a population of 721 (Census 2011). • The SMP for Fairbourne recommends that the village will enter into managed

retreat in 2025. The council will then stop maintaining the sea defences. • Angry villagers have not accepted the predictions that sea level rise will affect their

village. • Fairbourne’s 2 mile long Blue Flag beach attracts visitors throughout the year.

The land is very flat, only just above sea level and at high risk of flooding

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Should all communities be protected from coastal flooding in the face of rising sea levels? Justify your decision. [8]

End of Question 4

END OF PAPER

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ROADS AND PATHS

RAILWAYS

PUBLIC RIGHTS OF WAY

OTHER PUBLIC ACCESS

BOUNDARIES

WATER FEATURES

Not necessarily rights of way LAND FEATURES

Landranger series (1:50 000 scale)LANDRANGER MAP SYMBOLS

B 4518

B 885 A 855

Danger Area

1

M1

A 470

A 493

Ferry V

Elevated

Junction number

Servicearea

Unfenced Dual carriageway

Footbridge

BridgeRoad generally more than 4m wide

Road generally less than 4m wide

Motorway (dual carriageway)

Primary Route

Main road

Road under construction

Secondary road

Narrow road with passing places

Other road, drive or track

Path

Gradient: steeper than 20% (1 in 5)/14% to 20% (1 in 7 to 1 in 5)Gates / Road tunnel

Ferry (passenger) / Ferry (vehicle)

FootpathBridlewayRestricted byway (not for use bymechanically propelled vehicles)

The representation on this map of any other road,track or path is no evedence of the existence of aright of way.

National Trail, Scotland’s Great Trails,European Long Distance Path andselected Recreational Routes

Cycle Network number;National / Regional

Contours are at 10metres vertical interval

Heights are to thenearest metre abovemean sea level

Other route with public access(not normally shown in urban areas)

The exact nature of the rights onthese routes and the existence ofany restrictions may be checkedwith the local highway authority.Alignments are based on the bestinformation available. These routesare not shown on maps of ScotlandFiring and Test Ranges in the area.

Danger! Observe warning notices.

County, Unitary Authority, Metropolitan Districtor London Borough

Public rights of way shown on this map have beentaken from local authority definitive maps and lateramendments.The symbols show the defined route so far as thescale of the mapping will allow.

Rights of way are liable to change and may not beclearly defined on the ground. Please check withthe relevant local authority for the latestinformation. Rights of way are not shown on mapsin Scotland.

Byway open to all traffic

On-road cycle route

Traffic-free cycle route

LC

a

ruin

Level crossing

Light rail system station

Siding

Station, (a) principalTrack multiple or single

Track under constructionLight rail system,narrow gauge or tramwayBridges, footbridge

Tunnel, cutting Viaduct, embankment

District

National

National Park

Bridge

Canal

Towpath

Aqueduct

Lake

Weir Normal tidal limit

Canal (dry)

SlopesMarsh or salting

Lock

SandDunes

Footbridge

Cliff

Flat rockFord

MudShingle

BeaconLighthouse (in use)

Lighthouse (disused)

High water markLow water mark

Current or former place of worship;with towerwith spire, minaret or dome

Heliport

Triangulation pillar

Place of worship

Wind pump

Wind turbine

Electricity transmission line(pylons shown at standard spacing)

Pipe line(arrow indicates direction of flow)

Buildings

Important building (selected)

Bus or coach station

Glass structure

Graticule intersection at 5' intervals

Windmill with or without sails

Mast

Landfill site or slag/spoil heap

Cutting, embankment

Coniferous wood

Non-coniferous wood

Mixed wood

Orchard

Park or ornamental ground

Access land (symbols indicateowner or agency - see below)

National Trust; always open,limited access - observe local signs

National Trust for Scotland;always open, limited access -observe local signs

Forestry Commission

Natural Resources Wales

50

14 4

BrCemy

CGCHCollFmHo

HosplMP

MSMus

PPCPHStaSchTHUniv

550

580

600

650

Scree

Clif f

Clif f

Outcrop

Where two heights are shown, the first isthe height of the natural ground in thelocation of the triangulation pillar, and thesecond (in brackets) to a separate pointwhich is the natural summit.

Recreation / leisure / sports centre

RomanNon-Roman

Site of battle(with date)

1066

Visible earthworkSite of antiquity

Selected places of tourist interest

Golf course or links

Youth hostel

Walks / trails

Camp site / Caravan site

Camping and caravan site

Picnic site

Viewpoint 180°

Viewpoint 360°

Information centre, all year / seasonal

Nature reserve

Visitor centre

Garden / arboretum

Park & Ride, all year / seasonal

Parking

World Heritage site or area

BridgeCemetryCattle gridClubhouseCollegeFarmHouseHospitalMilepost

MilestoneMuseumPost officePublic convenience (in rural areas)Public houseStationSchoolTown Hall, Guildhall or equivalentUniversity

Phone, public / emergency / roadside assistance

Not shown on maps of Scotland

ABBREVIATIONS

HEIGHTS HEIGHTS

ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL INFORMATION

TOURIST INFORMATION

See website for full list

Ferry P

Documents

GEOGRAPHY A – Component 1