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Genomics. study of molecular organization of genomes, their information content, and gene products they encode divided into three areas structural genomics physical nature of genomes functional genomics how genome functions comparative genomics compares genomes of different organisms. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Genomics
• study of molecular organization of genomes, their information content, and gene products they encode
• divided into three areas– structural genomics
• physical nature of genomes
– functional genomics• how genome functions
– comparative genomics• compares genomes of different organisms
Functional Genomics
• determination of how genome works
• three common approaches– genome annotation – study of RNA-level gene expression– study of protein-level gene expression
Evaluation of Protein-Level Gene Expression
• proteome– entire collection of proteins that an organism
produces
• proteomics– study of the proteome
Types of proteomic analysis
• functional proteomics– study of function of cellular proteins, how they
interact, and ways they are regulated
• structural proteomics– using known protein structures to predict three-
dimensional structures of other proteins and protein complexes
Evaluation of Protein-Level Gene Expression…
• usual approach is two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
• can also couple two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with mass spectrometry
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis• separation of a mixture of proteins
along two dimensions– first dimension – isoelectric focusing
• each protein moves through pH gradient until reaches pH that equals its isoelectric point
– second dimension – SDS gel electrophoresis
• proteins separated based on size
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis• when coupled with mass spectrometry,
used to:– determine mass of each protein– determine amino acid composition or
sequence of each protein– identify protein
樟芝最早的研究文獻報告在1990年發表,歸類為靈芝屬。
1995年張東柱等人依樟芝子實體型態及真菌的培養基特性,將樟芝重新命名為 Antrodia cinnamomea
1997年吳聲華等人,依據前兩次文獻將樟芝命名 Antrodia camphorata 。
樟芝的生理活性物質以三帖類、固醇類、多醣體等化合物為主
抗菌研究•樟芝的甲醇萃取物可以有效抑制金黃葡萄球菌及鬚滄小芽癬生長,且對腸道弛緩運動、血小板凝集作用以及多種腸道菌有抑制效果
•樟芝菌絲多醣體具有抑制B型肝炎抗毒以及抑制B型肝炎病毒核心抗原(HBe)的活性
Lee et.al., FEMS Microbiology Letters 209 (2002)
保肝作用•Song 等人 (2002) 利用四氯化碳誘導大鼠急性肝損傷,來測試樟芝菌絲體深層培養之發酵濾液乾燥物 (DMF) –降低肝臟血清之發炎指標 -GOT 及 GPT 之生化值–在肝臟組織病理切片中發現,能降低 CCl4對大鼠引發之肝細胞發炎 (inflammation) 及壞死 (necrosis) 等肝損傷現象
對腫瘤細胞反應能力
•Hsue 等人 (2004) 可引發 HL-60 進行 apoptosis
The calpain inhibitor CP1B MMP-mRNA
expression in the leukemic THP-1 cells (Popp
et. al., Biol Chem 384)
Human Galectin-1
A beta-galactoside binding protein.
Cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and cell death.
Tumor-immune privilege .
(Rubinstein et. al., Cancer cell 5,2004)
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A
(eIF-5A) Lysine residue hypusine Proliferation and transformation of eukaryotic
cells Highly expressed in tumor cells. (Prostate,o
varian, lung adenocarcinomas )
Chen et. al. Proteomics 2003
down-regulation of hypusine synthesis Carraglia et. al., Adv Exp Med Biol. 472
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A
(eIF-5A)
Human calcium-dependent protease (Calpain)
Cell progression to apotosis
v-src transformation (Carraglia et. al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 22)
Degradation of p53 (Kubbatut et. al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 17)
Calpain inhibitor 1 p53-dependent apotosis (Atencio et. al., Cell Growth Differ. 11)
Annexin V
A calcium-binding protein annexin V
As inhibitor of protein kinase C
Annexin V proteins are highly expressed in tumor cells, including breast tumor, bladder cancer)
(Celis et. al., Mol. Cell. Proteomics 1)