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genitourinary cancer
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UROLOGY SUB DIVISIONDEPARTMENT OF SURGERY
MEDICAL SCHOOLUNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
I. RENAL TUMORS
A. Grawitz Tumor
B. Wilms Tumor
ll. UPPER URINARY TRACT.
TUMORS
(Pelvio-calyces system &
Ureter)
III. BLADDER TUMORS
IV. TESTICULAR TUMORS
V. PROSTATE CANCER
VI. PENILE CANCER
RENAL TUMORS
A. Simplified classification of renal tumors:
Benign tumors cystic lesion, oncocytoma, angiomyolipoma (AML)
Malignant :
- Nephroblastoma (Wilms’ tumor)
- Renal Cell Ca (adenocarcinoma, “hypernephroma”)
B. Renal masses classified by pathology of Renal Tumors
c. Renal masses classified by radiographic
appearance
Simple cyst
Complex cyst
Fatty tumors (AML)
All others:
- Oncocytoma
- Renal cell ca ect.
A benign renal neoplasm
It is composed of variable amounts of fat, vascular, and smooth muscle elements
The fat density of the tumour on CT has been regarded to be pathognomonic
It occurs in more than 50% of individuals with tuberous sclerosis, often bilaterally. Angiomyolipomata also occur in 40% of women who have a rare, cystic lung disease called lymphangioleiomyomatosis, or LAM.
Tumor < 4 cm can be observed
Nephrectomy in patients with acute or
potentially life-threatening hemorrhage
Selective embolization in patients with
bilateral disease
± 3% of all adult malignancies
Male: Female: 3 : 2
6th and 7th decade of life, uncommon in childhood
Renal cell carcinoma arise from the renal epithelium and account for about 85 percent of renal cancers
A quarter of the patients present with advanced disease, (mRCC)
A third of the patients who undergo resection of localized disease will have a recurrence
Incidental findings on USG
Symptoms : - Hematuria
- Flank pain
- Abdominal/flank mass
Others: Varicocelle / Lower extremity oedema
Para-neoplastic symptoms:
Increased LED / LDH / Ca+
Unexplained fever
CBC, metabolic panel (ESR, LDH, Ca+ )
Urinalysis
Abdominal/pelvic ultrasound / CT or MRI with or without contrast depending on renal function
Chest imaging
Bone scan, if clinically indicated
Brain MRI, if clinically indicated
If urothelial carcinoma suspected, consider urine cytology, URS or retrograde pyelography
Consider needle biopsy, if clinically indicated
Clear cell / conventional 70 -
80%
Papillary 10 - 15%
Chromophobic 4 - 5%
Collecting duct < 1%
Medullary cell < 1%
Oncocytoma 3 - 7%
Treatment :
Nephron-sparing surgery
Radical Nephrectomy
Chemotherapi
Immunotherapi
Lung 29 – 54 %
Bone 16 - 27 %
Liver 2 - 10 %
Brain 1 – 7 %
About ± 5-7% of all renal tumors 90% are TCC, 9% squamous cell ca TCC of the renal pelvis is 3-4 times more
frequent than TCC of the ureter : = 3-4 : 1 Incidence increases with age, peaks
during 6th - 7th decades 50% of ureteral tumors are multicentric 5-years overall survival rate is
significantly related to tumor stage
Risk factors: Chronic infection Longstanding stone Analgesic abuse Smoking Occupation (chemical, petroleum, plastic,
coal, asphalt) Exposure to cyclophosphamide (alkylating
agent)
Diagnostic: History: hematuria, pain/colic Urine cytology Imaging: KUB/IVU, CT Scan Endoscopy: RPG, Cystoscopy, URS
(biopsy prn) Staging: Chest X-ray, Bone Scan
Ureterectomy (resection & anastomosis) in selected cases whenever possible
Nephro-ureterectomy Endoscopic management Instilation therapy
Most common malignancy of the urinary tract
Male > Female 75-85% of patients with bladder cancer
present with disease confined to the mucosa
The average age at diagnosis is 65 years
Aromatic amines Smoking Trauma to the urothelium induced by
infection, instrumentation, and calculi Genetic
TCC 90 % SCC 5 – 10 %
Adeno Ca 2 %
Sarcoma
PUN LMP
Undifferentiated
Unknown
Symptoms: Hematuria 85 – 90 % dysuria,frequency, urgency
Diagnosis: Urine cytology Imaging: USG / KUB & IVU / CT-SCAN Cystoscopy/TUR & biopsy:
- Tumor size- Location / single or multiple- Tumor base biopsy
Based on:
• Tumor type/grade/stage/size• Primary/recurrence• Location• Focality• Co-morbidity
Intra vesical Chemotherapi Transurethtral Resection of Baldder Tumor Radical Cystectomi Radiotherapi Chemotherapi