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Gregor Gregor MendelMendel
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VocabularyVocabulary
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Pisum sativumPisum sativum
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Genetic Genetic CrossesCrosses
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Mendel’s LawsMendel’s Laws
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DominanceDominance
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GregorMendel
Vocabulary
Pisum sativu
m
Genetic
Crosses
Mendel’s
Laws
Dominance
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Took courses in this Took courses in this subject at the subject at the
University of Vienna University of Vienna that later helped him that later helped him
with his genetic with his genetic studiesstudies
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What is What is mathematics or mathematics or
statistics?statistics?
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Mendel did research Mendel did research on this --- the on this --- the
transmission of transmission of characteristics from characteristics from parent to offspringparent to offspring
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What is heredity?What is heredity?
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Number of traits Number of traits Mendel observed Mendel observed in his study with in his study with
pea plantspea plants
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What is Seven?What is Seven?
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Mendel used this Mendel used this to transfer pollen to transfer pollen from the anther to from the anther to
the stigmathe stigma of of flowersflowers
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What is a small What is a small paint brush?paint brush?
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Mendel was able to Mendel was able to document the document the
traits of each pea traits of each pea generation by generation by controlling thiscontrolling this
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What is What is pollination?pollination?
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Two forms of Two forms of a Genea Gene
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What are alleles?What are alleles?
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Genotype Genotype referred to as referred to as being “Pure”being “Pure”
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What is What is homozygous?homozygous?
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Heterozygous Heterozygous genotypes are genotypes are also called thisalso called this
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What are What are hybrids?hybrids?
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Two forms that a Two forms that a gene or allele gene or allele
may takemay take
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What are What are dominant or dominant or recessive?recessive?
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Mendel stated that Mendel stated that physical traits physical traits
were inherited as were inherited as thesethese
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What are What are “particles”?“particles”?
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Pure parent pea Pure parent pea plants are obtained plants are obtained
by doing thisby doing this
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What is allow to What is allow to self-pollinate?self-pollinate?
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Recessive seed Recessive seed shape in Mendel’s shape in Mendel’s
peaspeas
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What is What is wrinkled?wrinkled?
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Flower part that Flower part that produces pollenproduces pollen
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What is the What is the stamen?stamen?
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Mendel was able to Mendel was able to cross 2 hybrids by cross 2 hybrids by
doing thisdoing this
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What is transfer What is transfer pollen himself or pollen himself or cross-pollinate?cross-pollinate?
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Actual observed Actual observed ratio that Mendel ratio that Mendel
got from an Fgot from an F11 monohybrid Crossmonohybrid Cross
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What is 2.96:1?What is 2.96:1?
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Cross involving 2 Cross involving 2 traitstraits
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What is dihybrid?What is dihybrid?
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Used to solve Used to solve genetic crossesgenetic crosses
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What is a What is a Punnett Square?Punnett Square?
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Percentage of tall Percentage of tall pea plants pea plants
resulting from an resulting from an FF11 Monohybrid Monohybrid
CrossCross
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What is 75%?What is 75%?
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Another name for Another name for an Fan F22 Monohybrid Monohybrid
CrossCross
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What is a What is a testcross?testcross?
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Genotypic ratio Genotypic ratio for an Ffor an F22
Monohybrid Monohybrid CrossCross
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What is 1:1?What is 1:1?
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Number of PNumber of P11 traits that fail traits that fail to appear in to appear in
Mendel’s FMendel’s F11 pea pea plantsplants
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What is one?What is one?
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Trait that appeared Trait that appeared in the Fin the F11
generation was generation was controlled by this controlled by this
factor or allelefactor or allele
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What is What is dominant?dominant?
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Separation of Separation of factors or alleles factors or alleles
during the during the formation of formation of
gametesgametes
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What is the Law What is the Law of Segregation?of Segregation?
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Dihybrid Crosses Dihybrid Crosses showed that alleles showed that alleles
aren’t connected aren’t connected when being when being
distributed to distributed to gametesgametes
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What is the Law What is the Law of Independent of Independent
Assortment?Assortment?
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Number of Possible Number of Possible allele allele
Combinations in an Combinations in an FF11 Dihybrid Cross Dihybrid Cross
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What is four?What is four?
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Used to represent Used to represent alleles or factors alleles or factors that mask othersthat mask others
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What is a Capital What is a Capital Letter?Letter?
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States that States that recessive trait recessive trait alleles have no alleles have no
effect on effect on phenotype when phenotype when
paired with a paired with a dominant trait dominant trait
alleleallele
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What is the Law What is the Law of Dominance?of Dominance?
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Gives hybrids an Gives hybrids an appearance in appearance in between the between the
phenotypes of the phenotypes of the two parentstwo parents
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What is What is Incomplete Incomplete Dominance?Dominance?
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Multiple alleles Multiple alleles for human blood for human blood
type is an type is an exampleexample
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What is What is Codominance?Codominance?
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Type of dominance Type of dominance shown in Mendel’s shown in Mendel’s pea plant crossespea plant crosses
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What is Complete What is Complete Dominance?Dominance?
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Genetic Genetic RatiosRatios
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Genetic Genetic DisordersDisorders
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GenesGenes
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Sex-LinkedSex-Linked
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MutationsMutations
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Human Human GeneticsGenetics
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Genetic
Ratios
Genetic Disorder
s
Genes Sex-linked
Mutations
Human Genetic
s
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PP11 Monohybrid Monohybrid genotypic ratiogenotypic ratio
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What is All Alike?What is All Alike?
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FF11 Monohybrid Monohybrid genotypic ratiogenotypic ratio
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What is 1:2:1?What is 1:2:1?
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FF22 Monohybrid Monohybrid genotypic ratiogenotypic ratio
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What is 1:1?What is 1:1?
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FF11 Dihybrid Dihybrid Phenotypic ratioPhenotypic ratio
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What is 9:3:3:1?What is 9:3:3:1?
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Probability of Probability of getting hybrids getting hybrids
from an Ffrom an F11 Monohybrid CrossMonohybrid Cross
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What is 50% or What is 50% or ½?½?
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Family record Family record showing the showing the
inheritance of a inheritance of a trait over several trait over several
generationsgenerations
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What is a What is a pedigree?pedigree?
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Type of mutation Type of mutation that causes death, that causes death, often before birthoften before birth
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What is a lethal What is a lethal mutation?mutation?
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Genetic disorder Genetic disorder that produces a that produces a
defective form of defective form of hemoglobinhemoglobin
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What is sickle cell What is sickle cell anemia?anemia?
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Chromosome Chromosome mutation resulting mutation resulting in Down Syndromein Down Syndrome
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What is What is nondisjunction?nondisjunction?
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Genetic disorder in Genetic disorder in which the body can which the body can not metabolize the not metabolize the
amino acid amino acid phenylalaninephenylalanine
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What is PKU?What is PKU?
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Alternate forms of Alternate forms of a Genea Gene
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What are alleles?What are alleles?
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Genes are Genes are carried on thesecarried on these
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What are What are chromosomes?chromosomes?
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Shows the linear Shows the linear sequence of genes sequence of genes on a chromosomeon a chromosome
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What is a What is a chromosome chromosome
map?map?
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Gene mutation Gene mutation involving a involving a
single nucleotidesingle nucleotide
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What is a point What is a point mutation?mutation?
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Genes found on the Genes found on the same chromosome same chromosome are said to be thisare said to be this
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What is linked?What is linked?
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Genotype for Genotype for malesmales
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What is XY?What is XY?
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Sex chromosome Sex chromosome that carries the that carries the
most genesmost genes
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What is the X What is the X chromosome?chromosome?
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X-linked disease X-linked disease usually in males usually in males that impairs the that impairs the
ability of blood to ability of blood to clotclot
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What is What is hemophilia?hemophilia?
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Females that do Females that do not express a trait not express a trait but can pass the but can pass the trait on to their trait on to their
offspringoffspring
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What are What are carriers?carriers?
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The presence of The presence of male or female male or female
hormones affects hormones affects these traitsthese traits
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What are sex-What are sex-influenced traits?influenced traits?
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A mutation may A mutation may take place in any take place in any
of theseof these
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What is a cell?What is a cell?
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Mutations that Mutations that aren’t passed on to aren’t passed on to
offspringoffspring
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What are somatic What are somatic mutations?mutations?
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Organisms with Organisms with these have a these have a
better chance of better chance of reproducingreproducing
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What is a What is a beneficial beneficial mutation?mutation?
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Loss of a piece of a Loss of a piece of a chromosome due chromosome due to chromosomal to chromosomal
breakagebreakage
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What is a deletion?What is a deletion?
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Condition in which Condition in which a zygote has only a zygote has only 45 chromosomes45 chromosomes
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What is What is monosomy?monosomy?
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Trait controlled by Trait controlled by two or more genes two or more genes such as eye or skin such as eye or skin
colorcolor
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What is a What is a polygenic trait?polygenic trait?
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Genetic disorder Genetic disorder found in European found in European Jews in which the Jews in which the nervous system of nervous system of
infants infants deterioratesdeteriorates
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What is Tay-What is Tay-Sachs disease?Sachs disease?
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Genetic disorder Genetic disorder carried on the X carried on the X
chromosome chromosome resulting in the resulting in the wasting away of wasting away of
musclesmuscles
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What is muscular What is muscular dystrophy?dystrophy?
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XXY chromosomes XXY chromosomes in a malein a male
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What is What is Klinefelter’s Klinefelter’s syndrome?syndrome?
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Screening for this Screening for this disorder is disorder is performed performed
immediately after immediately after birth in the United birth in the United
StatesStates
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What is PKU?What is PKU?
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Final Final JeopardyJeopardy
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This type of This type of dominance occurs dominance occurs
when heterozygous when heterozygous individuals & individuals &
dominant dominant homozygous homozygous
individuals are individuals are indistinguishable in indistinguishable in
phenotypephenotype
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What is What is complete complete
dominance?dominance?
