GENETIC MATERIAL I - Universitas Brawijaya · GENETIC MATERIAL I: ... Genetic Material Trasmission: ... Kromosom ta: protein dan asam nukleat Asam nukleat ta unit2 nukleotida

GENETIC MATERIAL I:((Chromosome)

Basic Knowledges:Cells

Chromosome

Gen

Normal and Abnormal Chromosome/Gen

Kariotyping

Sex Chromosome

Interspecies Breeding/Mating::

Duck-Goose: TIKTOK

Domba -Kambing

GTC-2013 Klh-2 KLAS FASTRAK

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Tell me what I am ?????

1. By the beginning of the 20th century,

cytologists had observed :

chromosome number is constant in all

cells of a species, but varies widely

between species.

2. Sutton and Boveri (1902)

independently realized the parallel

between Mendelian inheritance and

chromosome transmission, and

proposed the chromosome theory

of inheritance: that Mendelian factors

(genes) are located on chromosomes.GTC-2013 Klh-2 KLAS FASTRAK

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30

60

60

30

30

30

30

30 60

sperm

mother

cell

ovum

mother

cell

sperms produced

by meiosis

fertilizationzygote

ova produced by meiosis

but only one develops to

maturity

ROLE: SPERM AND OOCYTES


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23 unpaired

chromosomes23 unpaired

chromosomes

23 unpaired

chromosomes23 unpaired

chromosomes

Fertilisation

Child

Father

23 pairs of

chromosomes

Sex cells

Meiosis

Mother

23 pairs of

chromosomes

23 pairs of

chromosomes

Genetic Material Trasmission: Meiosis and fertilisation


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Theory of Inheritance: Chromosome

• Inherited traits are controlled by genes that reside in

chromosomes

• Chromosomes are transmitted by gametes to offspring


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Cytogenetics: Cells and chrom arrangement

• Study of chromosomes

• In early 19th century used light

microscopy

• Used to prepare karyotypes:

arrangement of an organisms

chromosomes in homologous

pairs

• Today, use high-resolution

electron microscopy to see the

genes directly GTC-2013 Klh-2 KLAS FASTRAK

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CHROMOSOME IDENTIFICATION

Chromosomes can be identified by:

• Their size: Ukuran

• Their shape (the position of the

centromere) : Bentuk

NB Chromosomes are flexible

• Banding patterns produced by

specific stains (Giemsa) :Pita?pola

Chromosomes are analysed by

organising them into a

KARYOTYPE

© Biologyreference.com


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http://www.biologyreference.com/Ce-Co/Chromosome-Eukaryotic.html


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Karyotyping


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RESULTS OF

KARYOTIOPING: Metode:

Disusun besar- kecil

Besar,bentuk, homolog

Urutan:

Besar—kecil

Besar dan kesamaan

bentuk

Letak/bentuk

acak

Jumlah dapat

dihitung

Manfaat 2 : Penentuan Sex

Manfaat 1:

Penentuan normal-abnormal


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Animals Chromosome


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Animals are selected based on structural &

numerical variations

Eg. Structural and Numerical Variations

Structural- Deletions, Insertions etc.

Numerical- Trisomy, Monosomy, Nullysomy

Disadvantage: low polymorphismGTC-2013 Klh-2 KLAS FASTRAK

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Chromosome Abnormality:

•Muncul dr kesalahan kromosom melakukan replikasi,

saat terjadinya fertilisasi/pembelahan

•Kontribusi terhadap performans reproduksi/kematian embrio

Euploidi: multiplikasi

bilangan dasarMoniploid: N kromosom

Triploid : 3N (N+2N)

Tertaploid : 4N, penggadaan

somatik krn, indukdsi kimia

Atau 2N+2N (tanpa reduksi)

Poliploid: pd tumbuhan gandum

(6N) arbei (8N)

Chromosome Number Variation

Aeuploidi: Tidak melibatkan

semua set krom/hanya bagian

krom.

Monosomik: 2N-1. mortalitas tingi :

memecah (N) =(N+1)

Trisomik: 2N+1, memecah (N+1) =(N)

Tetrasonik: (2N+2)


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STRUCTURAL CROMOSOME VARIATION

Translokasi: krom putus, lengket, bergabung kombinasi

krom non homolog

Resiprok: dua krom non homolog patah di dua segmen diikuti

dengan pertukaran

Fusi sentris: salah satu sentromer krom akrosentris fusi menghasilkan

kromosom metasentris, julah kromosom berkurang satu,

f enotip normal ( beda dengan monosomik,)

Inversi: tjd pemutusan, disisipka kembali terbalik: (1,2,3,4,5,6)

Menjadi (1,2,5,4,3,6) atau A.B.C.D.E.F.G -A.B.C.E.D.F.G

Delesi: kehilangan satu segmen krom ( A>B>C>D>E>F>G --- ABCFG

Duplikasi: Segmen-segmen tambahan, tidak merugukan, malahan

melengkapi dapat bermutasi dalam bentuk baru


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GENETIC MATERIAL .II :DNA-Chromosome Structure:

Size :

•diameter 0.2 – 2 um

•Panjang: 0,2 – 50 um

?M = MOTHER

F = Father (1)

F2 = Father (2)

C = Children

PATERNITY TEST


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Kromosom terletak didalam inti sel berbentuk serabut yang disebut benang kromatin.

Setiap kromosom mengandung rantai DNA.

Potongan pendek DNA disebut gen.

Gen inilah yang membawa sifat keturunan

Setiap gen menempati tempattertentu didalam kromosom yang disebut lokus gen

Gen and Chromosome


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DNA memiliki beberapa fungsi

yaitu :

a) Sebagai pembawa informasi genetik dari satu generasi ke generasi lainnya

b) Mengontrol aktifitas dalam sel, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung

c) Menentukan proses pembentukan protein (sintesis protein)

d) Membentuk RNA


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PROSES ISOLASI DNA

Secara Umum:

(1).Kromosom dikeluarkan dari nukleus

(2). Inti Sel (nukleus) t.a. DNA,

PROTEIN(histone), RNA

(Bahan utama pembentuk kromosom)

ditambahkan RNA ase -------- DNA + Protein

(3). DNA + Protein -------------- DNA saja

(enzim proteinase)GTC-2013 Klh-2 KLAS FASTRAK

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Kromosom ta: protein dan asam nukleat

Asam nukleat ta unit2 nukleotida

Nukleutida ta: 3 mcm molekul utama

(1).gula : a. Deoxy (DNA)

b. Ribose (RNA)

(2). Gusus Phosphat

(3). BASA NITROGEN

Cat: 1 dan 2 identik pd semua sel؛

3 berbeda antar sel

؛ ؛

(3). BASA NITROGEN :

Purine : Adenin (A); Guanin (G).

Pyrimidine : (Cystine (C) ; Uracyl

(U) dan Thymin (T):]

DNA : C.T

RNA : C.U

Pasangan : A-T; C-G


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Sekuen: merunut nukleotida

penyusun rangkaian molekul

DNA


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TranslasiTranskrips

i

Replikasi


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A probe is a

piece of

complementary

DNA of known

sequence,

labeled with

radioactivity so it

can be detected


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DNA recombinant

technology


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RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

Animal and Nutrition

DR. Gatot Ciptadi

DNA

Fingerprinting

Real World

Applications

•

• Crime scene

• Human relatedness

• Paternity

• Animal relatedness

• Anthropology studies

• Disease-causing organisms

• Food identification

• Human remains

• Animals Genetic: Early Selection

• Monitoring transplants


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DNA Fingerprinting: Forensics


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Definition of recombinant DNA technology

A series of procedures used to recombine DNA

segments.. Under certain conditions, a

recombinant DNA molecule can enter a cell and

replicate.

Basic principle of recombinant DNA tech.

The DNA is inserted into another DNA moleculecalled ‘vectorThe recombinant vector is then introduced into ahost cell where it replicates itself, the gene is thenproduced


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GENETIC MATERIAL I - Universitas Brawijaya · GENETIC MATERIAL I: ... Genetic Material Trasmission: ... Kromosom ta: protein dan asam nukleat Asam nukleat ta unit2 nukleotida