Genetic Engineering

Regular Biology

Selective Breeding

This is the process of allowing those organisms with specific characteristics to reproduce

This allows the most desirable traits to be passed onto the next generation

Currently – most domestic animals and crop plants are results of this

Results of Selective Breeding

Hybridization – when 2 dissimilar organisms are crossed to get the best of both organisms

Imbreeding – to continue breeding individuals with similar traits to retain characteristics This does allow more recessive defects

to appear from generation to generation

Introducing Mutations

Mutations can also be introduced by using radiation and/or chemicals In bacteria – radiation was used to

make bacteria that can digest oil In plants – chemicals were used to

make polyploidy plants that were stronger than the original (bananas and citrus)

Genetic Manipulation

Is the process of changing the DNA This uses the knowledge of structure

and chemical properties to be able to change the DNA

This requires being able to extract the DNA, ID the desired sequence of bases, cutting and pasting new pieces of DNA, and then copying the DNA

This is called genetic engineering

Steps of Genetic Engineering

Extract DNA – by opening and removing DNA from the cell

Read the Sequence – DNA polymerase is used to copy the DNA in a test tube and they use dyes to mark certain nucleotide bases so they can find the piece they want

How Genetic Engineering Works

Cutting the DNA – using restrictive enzymes to break apart DNA at a specific locations they can get the piece they want

Separating DNA – using electrophoresis to separate the DNA fragments to study

Pasting – using enzymes to put together the desired sequence Recombinant DNA – process of putting

together genes from one organism to another Making Copies – scientist use a process

called polymerase chain reaction which adds a piece of DNA to both ends to keep it replicating

Genetic Engineering

Cell Transformation in Bacteria

Cell transformation - is the process of taking DNA from outside the of the cell to inside a new cell

The process In bacteria

Foreign DNA is joined to a circular DNA called a plasmid

This plasmid has a DNA sequence that ensures it will replicate if it gets into a bacterial cell

It also has a genetic marker that allows it to be recognized if it carries foreign DNA

Plasmid is mixed with bacteria Treated with anti-bacteria to kill all cell

except those with the new gene

Using Bacteria For Genetic Engineering

Cell Transformation In Plants And Animals

In plant cells Use bacterium to transfer a plasmid into

the plant cells They can also remove the cell wall and

allow the DNA to enter directly In animal cells

Some can have DNA injected directly into the cell’s nucleus and then the DNA can be inserted into the chromosomes

Or a DNA sequence can be attached to the ends of the DNA molecule that only allow the chromosome to attach to specific sequences (new DNA)

What Comes After The Bacteria Or A Virus Has the New DNA

Transgenic Organisms

These are organisms that have genes from other species

Transgenic microorganisms – include fast growing bacterium that are used in health and industry for items like insulin, growth hormones, clotting factor

Transgenic Organisms

Transgenic animals – used to improve the food supply, improve immunity, allow organisms to be more resistant to diseases

Transgenic plants – used to make plants grow faster, produce more food, resistant to disease, more nutritious, resistant to drought/temp/salts/etc.

Cloning

A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.

How The nucleus of body cell is removed Cell is fused with an egg cell from

another adult The embryo is places in the foster mom

Cloning Cartoon

Cloning Cartoon

Cloning Cartoon