Genes Can Cause Disease: Sickle Cell Disease

http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/exhibitions/genes/images/1-3-5-1-4-2-1-3-1-0-0.jpg

The change of a single base-pair causes one change in the amino acid

sequence of the hemoglobin molecule

http://www.wasdarwinright.com/images/sickle%20cell%20DNA.gif

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/evo/hemoglobin.gif

Normal vs. Sickle Cell Hemoglobin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BRCA_Genes-location_of_BRCA1_and_BRCA2_on_chromosomes_13_and_17.gif from http://press2.nci.nih.gov/sciencebehind/cioc/survival/49.1.htm

Genes can Increase the Risk of Disease: BRCA Genes and Cancer

Type of Cancer

General Population That Will Develop Disease

Women With BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutation Who Will Develop Disease

Breast 13.2% 36-85%

Ovarian 1.7%  16-60%

Source: National Cancer Institute (http://www.cancer.gov)

BRCA2 is also associated with increased risk of prostate cancer,male breast cancer, and pancreatic cancer.

BRCA genes and increased cancer risk

Malnutrition and Disease

http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/nut/images/malnutrition_chart.gif

In the US, Overnutrition is More Prevalent

http://www.wirednewyork.com/hotels/marriott_marquis/images/marriott_marquis_elevators.jpg

http://www.gkivdo.com/gkii/wire_3.jpg

Elevator cable for passenger elevators has a safety factor of about 11

Biological Safety Factors(ratio of capacity to load)

• Human Pancreas (enzyme secretion) – About 10

• Human Kidney (plasma filtration) – About 4

• Human Mammary Gland (milk production)– About 3

• Mammalian Lungs (aerobic capacity) – About 1.25 - 2

From: Jared Diamond “Quantitative Evolutionary Design’ J. Physiol 2002, 542: 337-345

http://www.biologymad.com/Immunology/inflammation.jpg

Inflammation

http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/PTHL312abc/312a/02/Graphics/figure01.gif

Cilia on the respiratory epithelium

Scarring

http://www.shands.org/health/graphics/images/en/10296.jpg

http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/mystro157/year/arnold3.jpg

How Cells DieNecrosis vs. Apoptosis

http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh25-3/image01.gif

Developing human hand before web apoptosis

http://www.i-am-pregnant.com/img/day48-hand.gif

Developing hand after web apoptosis

http://www.grg.org/breakingnews2001.htm

Ischemic Stroke

http://strokecenter.stanford.edu/guide/images/thrombotic.jpg

Modified from: http://www.chrononhotonthologos.com/inactive/strokedr/hbothera.htm

                                     

       

.

.Area of necrotic (dead) tissue

Cells in the surrounding area are commonly irreversibly damaged.

Cells in this region often undergo apoptosis in the hours after the stroke.

Damage Control Apoptosis of Irreversible Injured Cells

http://www.easterncarolinaent.com/Allergy-Triggers-copy.jpg

Common Allergens

http://www.euromeds.co.uk/allergy-treatment-information.htm

Allergen binds to IgE, which links to mast cells, triggering release of histamine.

                                                                                              

http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem227/nucleicfunction/cancer/cancergrowth.gif

The Development of Cancer

http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem227/nucleicfunction/cancer/cancer.html

http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem227/nucleicfunction/cancer/cancer.html

http://www.medicinenet.com/images/illustrations/butterfly_rash.jpg

http://www.naturosante.ch/B.L.-lupus-evolution-1.jpg