Gene to Protein Gene Expression. Figure 17.UN01 DNA RNA Protein

Gene to Protein

Gene Expression

Figure 17.UN01

DNA RNA Protein

Figure 17.3b-1

Nuclearenvelope

DNA

Pre-mRNA

(b) Eukaryotic cell

TRANSCRIPTION

Figure 17.3b-2

RNA PROCESSING

Nuclearenvelope

DNA

Pre-mRNA

(b) Eukaryotic cell

mRNA

TRANSCRIPTION

Figure 17.3b-3

RNA PROCESSING

Nuclearenvelope

DNA

Pre-mRNA

(b) Eukaryotic cell

mRNA

TRANSCRIPTION

TRANSLATION Ribosome

Polypeptide

Figure 17.4

DNAtemplatestrand

TRANSCRIPTION

mRNA

TRANSLATION

Protein

Amino acid

Codon

Trp Phe Gly

5

5

Ser

U U U U U3

3

53

G

G

G G C C

T

C

A

A

AAAAA

T T T T

T

G

G G G

C C C G G

DNAmolecule

Gene 1

Gene 2

Gene 3

C C

Figure 17.7-1 Promoter

RNA polymeraseStart point

DNA

53

Transcription unit

35

Figure 17.8

Transcription initiationcomplex forms

3

DNAPromoter

Nontemplate strand

53

53

53

Transcriptionfactors

RNA polymerase II

Transcription factors

53

53

53

RNA transcript

Transcription initiation complex

5 3

TATA box

T

T T T T T

A A A AA

A A

T

Several transcriptionfactors bind to DNA

2

A eukaryotic promoter1

Start point Template strand



DNA

53

Transcription unit

35

Initiation

53

35

Nontemplate strand of DNA

Template strand of DNARNAtranscriptUnwound

DNA

1

Nontemplatestrand of DNA

RNA nucleotides

RNApolymerase

Templatestrand of DNA

3

35

5

5

3

Newly madeRNA

Direction of transcription

A

A A A

AA

A

T

TT

T

TTT G

GG

C

C C

CC

G

C CC A AA

U

U

U

end

Figure 17.9



DNA

53

Transcription unit

35

Elongation

53

35



DNA2

3535

3

RewoundDNA

RNAtranscript

5

Initiation1



DNA

53

Transcription unit

35

Elongation

53

35



DNA2

3535

3

RewoundDNA

RNAtranscript

5

Termination3

35

5Completed RNA transcript

Direction of transcription (“downstream”)

53

3

Initiation1

Figure 17.10

Protein-codingsegment

Polyadenylationsignal

5 3

35 5Cap UTRStartcodon

G P P P

Stopcodon

UTR

AAUAAA

Poly-A tail

AAA AAA…

Figure 17.11

5 Exon Intron Exon

5CapPre-mRNACodonnumbers

130 31104

mRNA 5Cap

5

Intron Exon

3 UTR

Introns cut out andexons spliced together

3

105 146

Poly-A tail

Codingsegment

Poly-A tail

UTR1146

Figure 17.12-3RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)

5Exon 1

Protein

snRNA

snRNPs

Intron Exon 2

Other proteins

Spliceosome

5

Spliceosomecomponents

Cut-outintronmRNA

5Exon 1 Exon 2

Figure 17.15a

Amino acidattachmentsite

3

5

Hydrogenbonds

Anticodon

(a) Two-dimensional structure

(b) Three-dimensional structure(c) Symbol used

Anticodon Anticodon3 5

Hydrogenbonds

Amino acidattachmentsite5

3

in this book

A A G

Figure 17.15b

Aminoacyl-tRNAsynthetase (enzyme)

Amino acid

P P P Adenosine

ATP

P

P

P

PPi

i

i

Adenosine

tRNA

AdenosineP

tRNA

AMP

Computer model

Aminoacid

Aminoacyl-tRNAsynthetase

Aminoacyl tRNA(“charged tRNA”)

Figure 17.16-4

Figure 17.17b

Exit tunnel

A site (Aminoacyl-tRNA binding site)

Smallsubunit

Largesubunit

P A

P site (Peptidyl-tRNAbinding site)

mRNAbinding site

(b) Schematic model showing binding sites

E site (Exit site)

E

Figure 17.18

InitiatortRNA

mRNA

5

53Start codon

Smallribosomalsubunit

mRNA binding site

3

Translation initiation complex

5 33U

UA

A GC

P

P site

i

GTP GDP

Met Met

Largeribosomalsubunit

E A

5

Figure 17.5Second mRNA base

Fir

st m

RN

A b

ase

(5

end

of

cod

on

)

Th

ird

mR

NA

bas

e (3

en

d o

f co

do

n)

UUU

UUC

UUA

CUU

CUC

CUA

CUG

Phe

Leu

Leu

Ile

UCU

UCC

UCA

UCG

Ser

CCU

CCC

CCA

CCG

UAU

UACTyr

Pro

Thr

UAA Stop

UAG Stop

UGA Stop

UGU

UGCCys

UGG Trp

GC

U

U

C

A

U

U

C

C

CA

U

A

A

A

G

G

His

Gln

Asn

Lys

Asp

CAU CGU

CAC

CAA

CAG

CGC

CGA

CGG

G

AUU

AUC

AUA

ACU

ACC

ACA

AAU

AAC

AAA

AGU

AGC

AGA

Arg

Ser

Arg

Gly

ACGAUG AAG AGG

GUU

GUC

GUA

GUG

GCU

GCC

GCA

GCG

GAU

GAC

GAA

GAG

Val Ala

GGU

GGC

GGA

GGGGlu

Gly

G

U

C

A

Met orstart

UUG

G

Figure 17.6

(a) Tobacco plant expressing a firefly gene gene

(b) Pig expressing a jellyfish

Amino end ofpolypeptide

mRNA

5

E

Psite

Asite

3

E

GTP

GDP P i

P A

Figure 17.19-2


mRNA

5

E

Psite

Asite

3

E

GTP

GDP P i

P A

E

P A

Figure 17.19-3


mRNA

5

E

Asite

3

E

GTP

GDP P i

P A

E

P A

GTP

GDP P i

P A

E

Ribosome ready fornext aminoacyl tRNA

Psite

Figure 17.19-4

Figure 17.20-3

Releasefactor

Stop codon(UAG, UAA, or UGA)

3

5

3

5

Freepolypeptide

2 GTP

5

3

2 GDP 2 iP

Figure 17.26TRANSCRIPTION

DNA

RNApolymerase

ExonRNAtranscript

RNAPROCESSING

NUCLEUS

Intron

RNA transcript(pre-mRNA)

Poly-A

Poly-A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

AMINO ACIDACTIVATION

Aminoacid

tRNA

5 C

ap

Poly-A

3

GrowingpolypeptidemRNA

Aminoacyl(charged)tRNA

Anticodon

Ribosomalsubunits

A

AE

TRANSLATION

5 Cap

CYTOPLASM

P

E

Codon

Ribosome

5

3

Figure 17.2

Minimal medium

No growth:Mutant cellscannot growand divide

Growth:Wild-typecells growingand dividing

EXPERIMENT RESULTS

CONCLUSION

Classes of Neurospora crassa

Wild type Class I mutants Class II mutants Class III mutants

Minimalmedium(MM)(control)

MM ornithine

MM citrulline

Co

nd

itio

n

MM arginine(control)

Summaryof results

Can grow withor without anysupplements

Can grow onornithine,citrulline, orarginine

Can grow onlyon citrulline orarginine

Require arginineto grow

Wild type

Class I mutants(mutation in

gene A)

Class II mutants(mutation in

gene B)

Class III mutants(mutation in

gene C)

Gene (codes forenzyme)

Gene A

Gene B

Gene C

Precursor Precursor Precursor PrecursorEnzyme A Enzyme A Enzyme A Enzyme A

Enzyme B Enzyme B Enzyme B Enzyme B

Enzyme C Enzyme C Enzyme C Enzyme C

Ornithine Ornithine Ornithine Ornithine

Citrulline Citrulline Citrulline Citrulline

Arginine Arginine Arginine Arginine

Figure 17.2a

Minimal medium

No growth:Mutant cellscannot growand divide

Growth:Wild-typecells growingand dividing

EXPERIMENT

Figure 17.2bRESULTS

Classes of Neurospora crassa

Wild type Class I mutants Class II mutants Class III mutants

Minimalmedium(MM)(control)

MM ornithine

MM citrullineC

on

dit

ion

MM arginine(control)

Summaryof results

Can grow withor without anysupplements

Can grow onornithine,citrulline, orarginine

Can grow onlyon citrulline orarginine

Require arginineto grow

Growth Nogrowth

Figure 17.2c

CONCLUSION

Wild type

Class I mutants(mutation in

gene A)

Class II mutants(mutation in

gene B)

Class III mutants(mutation in

gene C)

Gene (codes forenzyme)

Gene A

Gene B

Gene C

Precursor Precursor Precursor PrecursorEnzyme A Enzyme A Enzyme A Enzyme A

Enzyme B Enzyme B Enzyme B Enzyme B

Ornithine Ornithine Ornithine Ornithine

Enzyme C Enzyme C Enzyme CEnzyme C

Citrulline Citrulline Citrulline Citrulline

Arginine Arginine Arginine Arginine

Figure 17.23

Wild-type hemoglobin

Wild-type hemoglobin DNA3

3

35

5 3

35

5553

mRNA

A AGC T T

A AGmRNA

Normal hemoglobin

Glu

Sickle-cell hemoglobin

Val

AA

AUG

GT

T

Sickle-cell hemoglobin

Mutant hemoglobin DNAC

Figure 17.24a

Wild type

DNA template strand

mRNA5

5

Protein

Amino endStopCarboxyl end

33

3

5

Met Lys Phe Gly

A instead of G

(a) Nucleotide-pair substitution: silent

StopMet Lys Phe Gly

U instead of C

A

A

A A

A A A A

A AT

T T T T T

T T TT

C C C C

C

C

G G G G

G

G

A

A A A AG GGU U U U U

53

35A

A A

A A A A

A AT

T T T T T

T T TT

C C C C

G G G G

A

A

A G A A A AG GGU U U U U

T

U 35

Figure 17.24b

Wild type

DNA template strand

mRNA5

5

Protein


33

3

5

Met Lys Phe Gly

T instead of C

(a) Nucleotide-pair substitution: missense

StopMet Lys Phe Ser

A instead of G

A

A

A A

A A A A

A AT

T T T T T

T T TT

C C C C

C

C

G G G G

G

G

A


53

35A

A A

A A A A

A AT

T T T T T

T T TT

C C T C

G

G

GA

A G A A A AA GGU U U U U 35

A C

C

G

Figure 17.24c

Wild type

DNA template strand

mRNA5

5

Protein


33

3

5

Met Lys Phe Gly

A instead of T

(a) Nucleotide-pair substitution: nonsense

Met

A

A

A A

A A A A

A AT

T T T T T

T T TT

C C C C

C

C

G G G G

G

G

A


53

35A

A

A A A A

A AT

T A T T T

T T TT

C C C

G

G

GA

A G U A A AGGU U U U U 35

C

C

G

T instead of C

C

GT

U instead of A

G

Stop

Figure 17.24d

Wild type

DNA template strand

mRNA5

5

Protein


33

3

5

Met Lys Phe Gly

A

A

A A

A A A A

A AT

T T T T T

T T TT

C C C C

C

C

G G G G

G

G

A


(b) Nucleotide-pair insertion or deletion: frameshift causingimmediate nonsense

Extra A

Extra U

53

5

3

3

5

Met

1 nucleotide-pair insertion

Stop

A C A A GT T A TC T A C G

T A T AT G T CT GG A T GA

A G U A U AU GAU G U U C

A T

A

AG

Figure 17.24e

DNA template strand

mRNA5

5

Protein


33

3

5

Met Lys Phe Gly

A

A

A A

A A A A

A AT

T T T T T

T T TT

C C C C

C

C

G G G G

G

G

A


(b) Nucleotide-pair insertion or deletion: frameshift causingextensive missense

Wild type

missing

missing

A

U

A A AT T TC C A T TC C G

A AT T TG GA A ATCG G

A G A A GU U U C A AG G U 3

53

35

Met Lys Leu Ala

1 nucleotide-pair deletion

5

Figure 17.24f

DNA template strand

mRNA5

5

Protein


33

3

5

Met Lys Phe Gly

A

A

A A

A A A A

A AT

T T T T T

T T TT

C C C C

C

C

G G G G

G

G

A


(b) Nucleotide-pair insertion or deletion: no frameshift, but oneamino acid missing

Wild type

AT C A A A A T TC C G

T T C missing

missing

Stop

53

35

35

Met Phe Gly

3 nucleotide-pair deletion

A GU C A AG GU U U U

T GA A AT T TT CG G

A A G

Documents

Gene to Protein Gene Expression. Figure 17.UN01 DNA RNA Protein