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Gender-based Violence
SIPU ITP, 2011
Material developed for Sida through NCG/KL by C Wennerholm, A Nordlund and J Förberg
1
Towards a definition• GBV, VAW, Sexual violence - used
interchangeably
• No single internationally accepted definition for GBV See handout!
• Critique: too narrow focus, focuses on VAW, women as victims
2
Focus on women vs gender
Women• For long time VAW
considered in terms of outside the home.
• Domestic violence, occurring in the home, “private business”
(still argument not to interfere).
• Women as the victims.
Gender• Centrality of gender relations
in the violence; societal and relational context of GBV
• Women and men
• Issue of power relations
• Social variables as ethnicity, nationality, poverty, class, age, sexual orientation, other
3
Reality
• GBV is violence directed at individuals on the basis of their gender: – Women, men, girls, boys – Strong link to sexuality
• Women and girls tend to be the majority of the victims.
• GBV is indiscriminate - cuts across racial, ethnic, class, economic, religious divides.
• See handout!
4
Different ways of organising/ analyzing GBV, types
Sexual violence
• harassment, rape, incest, trafficking..
Physical violence
• battering, female infanticide, child beating…
Psychological violence
• threats, insults, blackmailing, humiliation, oppression…
Socio-economic violence
• discriminatory access to basic health care, inadequate shelter and food, armed conflict…
5
Different ways of organising/analizing GBV,i.e. risk factors (context specific) (Ecological
approach, Ellsberg (WB 2008)
• Intimate partner violence as a child, abuse or witness to violence as a child, HIV status, absent or rejecting father…
At individual level
• Association with gang members, delinquent or patriarchal peers, male control over HH, multiple partners of the husband, economic hardship, male alcohol/substance abuse…
At relationship level
• Lack of economic opportunities for men, high neighborhood crime rate…
At social/ community level
• Cultural norms supporting violence, or male dominance and women’s obedience and sexual availability, discriminating policies and laws, women’s access and control over resources…
At institutional/state level
6
Causes/Risk factors to GBV (main)
Gender roles and unequal power
structures
Poverty, ignorance and social unrest
Stress (by change)
Sense of insecurity
Conflict
Drugs, alcohol
7
Gender normsViolence often about
men seeking what they believe is
rightfully theirs.
The need to demonstrate they
are “real men”, particularly in
times of conflict
Men with more traditional views on
manhood - more likely to have participated in
delinquency, been arrested or used VAW
He beats me, he loves me…
8
Men - not only perpetrators
9
Indirect targets of GBV Rape in public or in front of family, or as threat, or institutional (mass rape in war)
Socialised into violent behaviour Do not cry, be strong, defend your family and country...
Witness or victim of violence - more likely to reproduce violence
Gender norms – some protective factors
• 90 societies world wide: family violence (Levinson1989): – Characteristics of societies were family violence is less likely to occur – Co-operation, commitment, sharing and equality
• Reduced personal exposure to violence
• 74 programs targeting gun perpetrators in 38 countries:
– 2/3 less prone to violence in programs including: – masculinity,
– intimate partnership,
– non-violent conflict resolution
• Social, economic and political empowerment of young men and women, particularly in conflict
10
Acts of violence committed
GBV
Against women because they are
women
Against men because they are
menAgainst LGBT persons
because they are LGBT persons
11
Based on roles and expectations in a certain society
And because of unequal power structures
Impacts on all sectors in society…