Gargle and Mouthwash research

7/22/2019 Gargle and Mouthwash research

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FIRST ASSIGNMENT BY

NUR ARIFAH BT MOHD SABRI

PROGRAMME:

DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY

SEMESTER ONE

BATCH APRIL 2013

TITLE: GARGLE (Gargarisma)

NAME OF LECTURER: MOHAMMED ALI

ABDULLAH AL-SHEIK WACE


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Drug Administration Routes consist of variety type of taking medicine

and dosage form. For my assignment, I picked GARGLE to explain

further more. First of all, what is gargle? Gargle is type of medicine which

needs us to wash the throat with liquid kept moving about by a stream of

breath. It is called mouthwash by people on earth. The scientific name of

medicine that needs us to gargle is Gargarisma. The trade name for

Gargle medicine is Difflam, Strepsils Spray, Betadline, Hexidine,

Listerine, 32 Care, Divinate, A-Fresh and so on. The prominence one is

Listerine. When doing my research, I found out, over 87 companies make

the product of Gargle. Active ingredients for this type of medicine is

Aluminium Chloride and Potassium Chlorate. Usually, Germany

companies export Gargle type of Medicine. Most of the Mouthwash and

Gargle contains Chlorhexidane. Chlorohexidane is a chemical antiseptic.

Chlorohexidane is one of the substances that useful to will fight against

fungi and develop viruses. But the concentrations of Chlorohexidane is

low concentration in the solution because it will become harmful and peril

to the person if the Chlorohexidane in Mouthwash is in high

concentration. Some people called it oral rinses. Chlorhexidine is often

used as anactive ingredientinmouthwashdesigned to reducedental

plaqueand oralbacteria. It has been shown to have an immediate bactericidal

action and a prolonged bacteriostatic action. The usage of Gargle will make

your oral become more hygiene day by day. Scientific research had proven

that the less stains or colour that does not remain in your mouth, the increased

the efficacy of the products. Heres are some images of the products.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_ingredienthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_ingredienthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_ingredienthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwashhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwashhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwashhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwashhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_ingredient


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Mouthwash or gargle are easy to swallow because they are liquids. Liquids are

easier to swallow than solids and are therefore particularly acceptable for

PEDIATRIC (acknowledgement that give treatment to children) and

GERIATRIC (brach of medicine dealing with the diseases and care of old

people) use. Depends on the ability of the user can whether can handle the

concentration of one full cap or half. The taste of drug is often unpleasant,

solutions can, however, easily be sweetened and flavoured to make them more

PALATABLE. There are several advantages of taking liquid preparations for

oral administration, the latter process several advantages.

FLAVOURS AND PERFUMES

The simple use of sweetening agents may not be sufficient to render palatable

(pleasant and acceptable to human beings mind) a product containing a drug

with a particularly unpleasant taste. In many cases, therefore, a flavouring

agent can be included. Once a suitable flavour had been chosen, it is often


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useful to include a colour associated with that flavour in order to improve the

attractiveness of the product. Another reason for the inclusion of colours is to

enable easy product identification, particularly of poisonous materials,

including weed killers and mineralized mentholated spirit, and for example, to

differentiate between the many types of antiseptic solution. The general term

that we use is oral liquid.

Mouthwash ormouth rinse is a chemotherapeutic agent used as an effective

home care system by the patient to enhanceoral hygiene. Some manufacturers

of mouthwash claim thatantisepticand anti-plaque mouth rinse kill

thebacterial plaquecausingcavities,gingivitis, andbad breath. Anti-cavity

mouth rinse usesfluorideto protect againsttooth decay. It is, however,

generally agreed that the use of mouthwash does not eliminate the need for

bothbrushingandflossing.[1][2][3]As per theAmerican Dental Association,

regular brushing and proper flossing are enough in most cases although the

ADA has placed its Seal of Approval on many mouthwashes that do not

contain alcohol (in addition to regular dental check-ups)

HISTORY-History[edit]

The first known references to mouth rinsing is inAyurvedaandChinese medicine, about

2700 BC, for treatment ofgingivitis.[citation needed] Later, in theGreekandRomanperiods,

mouth rinsing following mechanical cleansing became common among the upper classes,

andHippocratesrecommended a mixture of salt,alum, and vinegar.[5]The JewishTalmud,

dating back about 1800 years, suggests a cure for gum ailments containing "dough water" and

olive oil.[6]

Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the famous 17th centurymicroscopist, discovered living organisms

(living, because they were motile) in deposits on the teeth (what we now call dental plaque).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_hygienehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_hygienehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_hygienehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_carieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_carieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_decayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_decayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_decayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothbrushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothbrushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothbrushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flossinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flossinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Gunsolley-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Gunsolley-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dental_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dental_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dental_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Fischman-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Fischman-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Fischman-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Shifman-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Shifman-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Shifman-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_van_Leeuwenhoekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_van_Leeuwenhoekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_van_Leeuwenhoekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Shifman-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Fischman-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dental_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Gunsolley-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Gunsolley-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flossinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothbrushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_decayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_carieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_hygiene


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He also found organisms in water from the canal next to his home in Delft. He experimented

with samples by adding vinegar or brandy and found that this resulted in the immediate

immobilization or killing of the organisms suspended in water. Next he tried rinsing the

mouth of himself and somebody else with a mouthwash containing vinegar or brandy and

found that living organisms remained in the dental plaque. He concludedcorrectlythat

the mouthwash either did not reach, or was not present long enough, to kill the plaque

organisms.[citation needed]

That remained the state of affairs until the late 1960s when Harald Loe (at the time a

professor at theRoyal Dental CollegeinAarhus,Denmark) demonstrated that

achlorhexidinecompound could prevent the build-up of dental plaque. The reason for

chlorhexidine effectiveness is that it strongly adheres to surfaces in the mouth and thus

remains present in effective concentrations for many hours.[7]

Since then commercial interest in mouthwashes has been intense and several newer products

claim effectiveness in reducing the build-up in dental plaque and the associated severity of

gingivitis (inflammation of the gums), in addition to fighting bad breath. Many of these

solutions aim to control the Volatile Sulfur Compound (VSC)-creating anaerobic bacteria that

live in the mouth and excrete substances that lead to bad breath and unpleasant mouth taste

Usage[edit]

Common use involves rinsing the mouth with about 20ml(2/3fl oz) of mouthwash two times

a day after brushing. The wash is typically swished orgargledfor about half a minute and

then spat out. In some brands, theexpectorateis stained, so that one can see the bacteria and

debris.[10][11]Some may suggest that it is probably advisable to use mouthwash at least an

hour after brushing with toothpaste when the toothpaste containssodium lauryl sulfate, since

the anionic compounds in the SLStoothpastecan deactivate cationic agents present in the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorhexidinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorhexidinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorhexidinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Loe-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Loe-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Loe-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliliterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliliterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliliterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_ouncehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_ouncehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_ouncehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garglinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garglinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garglinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Kozlovsky-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Kozlovsky-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Kozlovsky-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_lauryl_sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_lauryl_sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_lauryl_sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_lauryl_sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Kozlovsky-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Kozlovsky-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garglinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_ouncehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliliterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Loe-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorhexidinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed


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mouthrinse.[12]However, many would disagree with this hypothesis; in fact, many of the

popular mouthwashes contain sodium lauryl sulfate as an ingredient (e.g., Listerine Total

Care).[citation needed]

Active ingredients[edit]

Each commercial brand of mouthwash has different ingredients. Theactive ingredientsare

usually alcohol,[13]chlorhexidine gluconate,[11][13][14]cetylpyridinium

chloride[13]hexetidine,[13]benzoic acid(acts as a buffer),[13]methyl salicylate,[citation

needed]triclosan[15],benzalkonium chloride,[citation needed]methylparaben,[citation needed]hydrogen

peroxide,[citation needed]domiphen bromide[citation needed] and sometimesfluoride,[16][citation

needed]enzymes,[citation needed] andcalcium[citation needed]. They can also includeessential oilsthat

have some antibacterial

properties,[13][17]likephenol,[13]thymol,[13]eugenol,[13]eucalyptol[citation needed] ormenthol[citation

needed]. Ingredients also include water, sweeteners such assorbitol,sucralose,sodium

saccharin, andxylitol(which doubles as a bacterial inhibitor).[18]

A study suggested that cetylpyridinium chloride could be as effective as chlorhexidine in

mouthwashes.[19]Another study suggested that mouthwashes based onessential oilscould be

more effective than traditional mouthwashes.[17]

Sometimes a significant amount ofalcohol(up to 27% vol) is added,[20]as a carrier for

theflavor, to provide "bite".[21]Because of the alcohol content, it is possible to fail

abreathalyzertest after rinsing although breath alcohol levels return to normal after 10

minutes[citation needed]. In addition, alcohol is a drying agent and may worsen chronic bad

breath.[citation needed] Recently, the possibility that the alcohol used in mouthrinses acts as a

carcinogen was raised, but there is to date no scientific consensus on the

issue.[22][23][24]

Commercial mouthwashes usually contain a preservative such assodium
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Levy-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domiphen_bromidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylparabenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_salicylatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-cleef-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-cleef-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-cleef-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-cleef-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetylpyridinium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetylpyridinium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Ribeiro-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Rosenberg1-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Rosenberg1-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorhexidine_gluconatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-cleef-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_ingredienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Rosenberg2-12


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benzoateto preserve freshness once the container has been opened. Many newer brands are

alcohol-free and contain odor-elimination agents such as oxidizers, as well as odor-

preventing agents such aszincionto keep future bad breath from developing.[citation needed]

Alternative mouthwash ingredients[edit]

A salt mouthwash is a home treatment for mouth infections and/or injuries, or post

extraction, and is made by dissolving a teaspoon ofsaltin a cup of warm water.

Recently, the use of herbal mouthwashes such aspersicais increasing, due to the perceived

discoloration effects and unpleasant taste of chlorhexidine.[25]Research has also indicated

thatsesame and sunflower oilsmight be alternatives to chlorhexidine.[26][27]Other products

likehydrogen peroxidehave been tried out as stand-alone[28]and in combination with

chlorhexidine, due to some inconsistent results regarding its[clarification

needed] usefulness.[29]Another study has demonstrated that daily use of analum-containing

mouthrinse was safe and produced a significant effect on plaque that supplemented the

benefits of daily toothbrushing.[30]

Compounding[edit]

Custom mouthwashes, called "magic mouthwash" may be prescribed by dentists for post oral

surgeries. Variations are common, and some are done withover-the-counterproducts.[citation

needed]

Health risks[edit]

A literature review by Michael McCullough and Camile Farah, published in theAustralian

Dental Journalin 2008, focused on a possible connection between mouthwashes that contain

alcohol, and an increased risk of oral cancer.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_benzoatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_benzoatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadora_persicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadora_persicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadora_persicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_pulling#Scientific_assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_pulling#Scientific_assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_pulling#Scientific_assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Hasturk-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Hasturk-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Hasturk-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_mouthwashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_mouthwashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_mouthwashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-counter_drughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-counter_drughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-counter_drughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-counter_drughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_mouthwashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-Hasturk-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_pulling#Scientific_assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadora_persicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouthwash&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_benzoate


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There is now sufficient evidence to accept the proposition that developing oral cancer is

increased or contributed to by the use of alcohol-containing mouthwashes. Whilst many of

these products may have been shown to be effective in penetrating oral microbial biofilms in

vitro and reducing oral bacterial load, it would be wise to restrict their use to short-term

therapeutic situations if needed. Perhaps the use of mouthwashes that do not contain alcohol

may be equally effective. Further, mouthrinses should be prescribed by dentists, like any

other medication. There may well be a reason for the use of alcohol-containing mouthrinses,

but only for a particular situation and for a limited and controlled period of time. As such,

patients should be provided with written instructions for mouthwash use, and mouthwash use

should be restricted to adults for short durations and specific, clearly defined reasons. It is the

opinion of the authors that, in light of the evidence currently available of the association of

alcohol-containing mouthwashes with the development of oral cancer, it would be

inadvisable for oral healthcare professionals to recommend the long-term use of alcohol-

containing mouthwashes.

McCullough and Farah,Australian Dental Journal[31]

McCullough and Farah also state that the risk of acquiring cancer rises almost five times for

users of alcohol-containing mouthwash who neither smoke nor drink (with a higher rate of

increase for those who do).[32]In addition, the authors highlight side effects from several

mainstream mouthwashes that included dental erosion and accidental poisoning of children.

The review garnered media attention[33]and conflicting opinions from other researchers.

Yinka Ebo ofCancer Research UKdisputed the findings, concluding that "there is still not

enough evidence to suggest that using mouthwash that contains alcohol will increase the risk

of mouth cancer".[34]Studies conducted in 1985,[35]1995,[36]and 2003[37]did not support an

association between alcohol-containing mouth rinses and oral cancer. Andrew Penman, chief
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executive ofThe Cancer Council New South Wales, called for further research on the

matter.[38]In a March 2009 brief, the American Dental Association said "the available

evidence does not support a connection between oral cancer and alcohol-containing

mouthrinse".[39]

Microbiome research and future products[edit]

Research in the field ofmicrobiomesshows that only a limited set of microbes cause tooth

decay, with most of the bacteria in the human mouth being harmless. Focused attention on

cavity-causing bacteria such asStreptococcus mutanshas led research into new mouthwash

treatments that prevent these bacteria from initially growing. While current mouthwash

treatments must be used with a degree of frequency to prevent this bacteria from regrowing,

future treatments could provide a viable long term solution.[40]

Brands[edit]

Cpacol Colgate Corsodyl Dentyl pH Listerine Oral-B Sarakan Scope (mouthwash) Tantum verde
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Mouthwash is marketed as a way to battle bad breath head on, but how well does it really

work? The answer lies in its battle strategy. Most people who use mouthwash report a

cleaner, fresher mouth -- at least until the next match. Mouthwash can tag team

with brushing and flossing -- but mouthwash alone will not win the fight against bad breath.

Check Out the Competition

Bad breath comes from the mouth bacteria that cause dental plaque and release volatile sulfur

compounds, which create a foul-smelling odor. Most mouthwashes are developed to either

reduce the amount of bacteria or neutralize the compounds themselves, temporarily covering

the odor until they build back up again.

Since we all have bacteria in our mouths, we're all susceptible to a little musty breath at times

-- and mouthwash offers a quick fix for the problem. But for those who suffer from chronic

bad breath, orhalitosis, mouthwash probably won't help. Halitosis is often the result of

another problem like tooth decay, gum disease, dry mouth, sinus or stomach conditions, as

well as medical ordental problems that affect the mouth.

If you think you might have halitosis, you're not alone: An estimated 25 percent of

Americans have chronic bad breath. What many people don't realize is that they have a cure

right under their noses -- a dentist can diagnose and treat bad breath and help you keep it

from returning in the future.

In This Corner

When bad breath makes an occasional appearance, you have a few options to treat it. There

are two types of mouthwash for you to consider as part of youroral hygiene routine:

Cosmetic -- Cosmetic mouthwash is used to freshen breath. Although over-the-counter

mouthwash masks bad breath, it doesn't cure halitosis and its effect only lasts up to three

hours. But anti-bacterial mouthwashes do reduce bacteria and remove debris before or after

brushing, which can give an extra boost to your oral hygiene routine.
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Therapeutic -- These mouth rinses help control the oral problems that cause bad breath.

Therapeutic mouthwashes may be recommended to reduce dental plaque,

control gingivitis (keep in mind that mouthwash is not a gum disease treatment and

periodontal disease can only be treated by a dentist) and provide relief from oral

pain; fluoride rinses help strengthen teeth and prevent tooth decay. Some therapeutic

mouthwashes can only be prescribed by a dentist and may be used to help keep the mouth

clean afteroral surgery.

Step Into the Ring

Your mouthwash should contain directions for usage. Follow the directions and use only the

proper amount indicated on the label to reduce the possibility of side effects. Most

mouthwashes should be swished around the oral cavity for 30 seconds and spit out. Avoid

swallowing mouthwash, as the ingredients can upset your stomach. After rinsing, you should

not eat or drink anything for at least 30 minutes, as to not diminish its effectiveness. For

lasting results, don't smoke -- smoking not only causes bad breath but also ruins the

effectiveness of mouthwash.

Be On the Look Out

Some mouthwashes contain a high level of alcohol, which has no therapeutic value.

Surprisingly, alcohol doesn't kill germs but is used as a preservative to sustain the

mouthwash's active ingredients. Unfortunately, alcohol-containing mouth rinses can cause a

burning sensation for some patients. Mouthwash is also not recommended forchildren under

the age of 12 as it poses a risk of alcohol poisoning if swallowed.

Recently, there's been much debate as to whether these mouth rinses cause more harm than

good. Some say that alcohol-containing mouthwashes may end up causing the same problem

they're designed to fix. Alcohol is a drying agent -- and if your mouth is dry, you can't

produce saliva. A dry mouth is a perfect environment for the bacteria that cause bad breath
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12/13

and tooth decay to grow. Saliva works like a natural mouthwash, helping wash away the

elements that contribute to mouth odor. If you suffer from dry mouth, a mouthwash that

contains alcohol may not be for you.

That isn't to say you should avoid mouthwashes with alcohol. Different substances affect

people in different ways, so a mouthwash with high alcohol content may not bother you.

There is also no evidence that using an alcohol-containing mouthwash increases your risk

oforal cancer-- but you should read the label for other side effects, as some mouthwashes

can cause tooth stains, ulcers and tooth sensitivity. Your dentist can help you decide which

mouthwash is best for you.

Earn Your Title

Mouthwash can be beneficial for those who are prone to oral problems. Anti-bacterial mouth

rinses can help those who are extremely susceptible to tooth decay or gingivitis, an early

stage of gum disease. Mouthwashes may also be recommended for geriatric ordisabled

patients who might have dexterity problems or trouble managingdental products.

But for most of us, mouthwash is not meant to be a substitute for proper oral hygiene

techniques. The best way to get rid of bacteria is through brushing and flossing, which you

should be doing on a daily basis. Although mouthwash will reduce bacteria, it will not cure

the oral problems that cause bad breath. If you want to "smack down" halitosis, visit your

dentist regularly fordental treatment.

My brother always use mouthwash. And based on his feedbacks, mouthwash is

really working for those who are having unpleasant smell of breath.

How to Use Mouthwash Properly

Pour about 20ml of your favorite mouthwash into a small cup.

2
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After brushing your teeth, pour the mouthwash into your mouth.

Do not swallow.

Gargle it for about 45 seconds.

Spit it out into the sink

REFERENCE

www.1800dentist.com

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