53
@)&! ;fn

GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    0

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

@)&! ;fn

Page 2: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g @)!$;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ejg, k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/, g]kfn kf]i6 aS; g+= @%, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M ))((&–!–%%@#@))÷%%@#@#(÷%%@#(()km\ofS; g+= M ))(&&–!–%%@^#%*

Page 3: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

cb'jf jfnLdf c;n s[lif cEof; cjnDjg u/]sf s[ifs ;d"xdf cfj4 ;b:ox?n] c;n s[lif cEof; ckgfO{ pTkfbg ul/g] jfnLsf] lj:t[t clen]v /fVg of] clen]v k'l:tsf tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . cb'jf jfnLdf kflIfs cjnf]sg u/]/ jfnL Joj:yfkg tyf zq'hLj Joj:yfkgdf :jod\ lg0f{o lng ;Ifd eO{ :jR5 tyf :j:y jfnL pTkfbg ug{ ;s'g eGg] g} o; k'l:tsfsf] p2]Zo xf] . ;fy}, o; clen]v k'l:tsfsf dfWodaf6 ;+sng ul/g] hfgsf/L tyf tYof+ssf] cfwf/df ;d"xsf k|fljlws pk;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx? ;lDdlnt ;+o'Qm lgl/If0f 6f]nLnfO{ s[ifssf] v]t jfnL] lgl/If0f ug{ / jfnL pTkfbgdf c;n s[lif cEof; :t/ kfngf u/] gu/]sf] k|dfl0ft ug{ ;3fpg' klg xf] . of] clen]v k'l:tsf cfGtl/s u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f tyf lgoGq0f dfkb08 cg'?k pTkflbt jfnLsf] :jR5tf tyf :j:y:t/ Plsg ;lxt lalqm ljt/0fsf] nflu k|dfl0fs/0f ug{ Pp6f alnof] cfwf/ aGg]5 .

Page 4: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,
Page 5: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

!= c;n s[lif cEof;df cfwfl/t v]tL of]hgf 1

@= jfnL pTkfbg ;DjGwL c;n s[lif cEof;sf] clen]v 2

#= s[ifsåf/f ul/g] v]tL jfnLsf] kflIfs cjnf]sg 11

$= lgl/If0f 6f]nLaf6 :ynut lgl/If0f tyf l;kmfl/; 24

%= c;n s[lif cEof;af6 pTkflbt cb'jf lal qm ljt/0fsf] nflu ;d"xsf] l;kmfl/; 40

^= c;n s[lif cEof; ckgfO{ pTkflbt afnLsf] vr{–cfDbfgLsf] clen]v 43

Page 6: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,
Page 7: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

!= c;n s[lif cEof;df cfwfl/t v]lt of]hgfs[ifssf] gfd M ================================================================================================================

7]ufgf M lhNnf M =============================uf=lj=;=÷g=kf=M ===============================================================

j8f g+= M ===========================ufp“÷6f]n M =======================================================================

hDdf kl/jf/ ;+Vof M

s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof M

s[ifs ;d"xsf] gfd M =========================================================================================================

;d"xdf s[ifsn] ;Dxfn]sf] lhDd]jf/L÷kb M ====================================================

;fn M =========================

c;n s[lif cEof; cGo tl/sfaf6 v]lt ug{ g;lsPsf] hDdf hUufsf]cg'z/0f u/L nufPsf] v]lt u/]sf] If]qkmn If]qkmn

cb'jf jfnL hUufsf] If]qkmn -/f]kgL÷s¶f -/f]kgL÷s¶fhUufsf] g+=

-ljleGg lsQfsf] hUuf eP lsQf g+= jf cGos'g} klxrfg /fVg]_

IFq]kmn -/f]kgL÷s¶f ÷lj3f_ ÷lj3f_-/f]kgL÷s¶f ÷lj3f_ -u_ =s+v+u ÷lj3f_ -v_-s_

hUuf g+= %= ===

hUuf g+= $= ===

hUuf g+= #= ===

hUuf g+= @= ===

hUuf g+= != ===

!

Page 8: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

@

@= jfnL pTkfbg ;DjGwL c;n s[lif cEof;sf] clen]v

@=! cb'jf jfnL Joj:yfkgdf ckgfO{g] c;n s[lif cEof;sf] clen]v

Tfflnsf @=! df lbP cg';f/ s[ifsn] jfnL pTkfbg Joj:yfkgdf ckgfPsf] c;n s[lif cEof;sf] clen]v /fVg' k5{ .

u tfnLsf @=! v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt, jLpsf] kl/df0f / lj?jf b]lv lj?jf / nfOg b]lv nfOg ;Ddsf] b"/L n]Vg'k5{ .

u tfnLsf @=! v08 -v_ df cb'jf jfnLdf sDkf]i6 tyf /;folgs dn -l8PkL, o'l/of tyf kf]6f;_sf] kl/df0f pNn]v ug'{k5{ . o'l/of tyf l8PkLsf] xsdf eg], hUufsf] tof/L of /f]kfO{ ubf{ --a];n 8f]h_ jf lj?jf pld|;s]kl5 6k8«]; ubf{ slt slt dfqf -s]=hL=_ k|of]u u/]sf] xf] ;f] pNn]v ug'{k5{ .

u tfnLsf @=! v08 -u_ df jfnL cg';f/ To; jfnLsf]] s'g cj:yfdf s'g s'g z'IdtTj of xdf]{gsf] k|of]u ePsf] xf]] ltgLx?sf]] gfd, dfqf, k6s, k|of]]u ljlw / k|of]u ug'{sf] sf/0f pNn]]v ug'{ kb{5 .

u tfnLsf @=! v08 -3_ df emf/kftsf] gfd, uf]8d]n tyf ps]/f nufPsf] k6s of cGo s]xL lqmofsnfk u/]sf] xf] ;f]sf] ljj/0f eg'{kb{5 .

u tfnLsf @=! v08 -ª_ df s[ifsn] s'g >f]taf6 l;+rfO{ u/]sf], l;+rfO{sf] tl/sf, l;+rfO{ ug]{ a]nf jfnLsf] cj:yf / slt k6s l;+rfO{ u/]sf] xf] ;f]sf] ljj/0f eg'{kb{5 .

u tfnLsf @=! v08 -r_ df jfnL lng] -vGg]_, ;kmf ug]{, 5gf}6 tyf u|]l8Ë ug]{ / ahf/;Dd 9'jfgL ug]{ sfo{ s] s;/L ul/Psf] xf] :ki6 ug'{k5{ .

u tfnLsf @=! v08 -5_ df jfnLsf] cg'dflgt pTkfbg, vf; pTkfbg / To; dWo] slt kl/df0fdf vfgsf] nflu, jLpsf] nflu / lalqmsf] nflu 5'§\ofPsf] xf] tL s'/fx? n]Vg'k5{ .

Page 9: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

#

tfln

sf @=! cb'j

f jfnL pT

kfbg

c;n

s[lif c

Eof;

cle

n]v -;D

alGw

t s[ifs

n] e

g]{_v08

-s_ M v]tj

f/L ty

f jfnLs

f] tY

of+s M

hUu

fsf]

jfnL

n] 9fs]sf]

hft

jLp

sxf“af6

jLps

f] ls

l;d

jLp

/f]k]s

f]] jLp

kl/d

f0f

jLp

/f]k]s

f]] b'/

L -;

]=dL=_

s}lkmot

gDj

/ If]qk

mn -s¶f÷/

f]kgL_

k|fKt u

/]sf]

-pGgt, :yfgLo_

ldlt

-s]=h

L=_

lj?j

f b]lv n

fO{g

b]lv

lj?j

f nf

O{g

!M …

@M …

#M …

$M …

%M …

Page 10: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

$

v08

-v_ M cb'j

f jfnL

df s

[ifsn]

k|of]u u

/]sf] uf]7]d

n, s

Dkf]i6

tyf /

;folgs

dns

f] df

qf

v08

-u_

M c

b'jf jfnL

df s

[ifsn]

k|of]u u

/]sf] z'Id

tTj

jf x

df]{gs

f] df

qf

=====+g fuUh

=====+g fuU

h

=====+g fuUh

=====+g fuU

h=====+g fuU

h

dnvfb

hUu

f6k

6k6k

hUu

f6k

6k6k

hUu

f6k

6k6k

hUu

f6k

6k6k

hUu

f6k

6k6k

dfg ]fs

tof/L

;]«8;]«8

;]«8to

f/L

;]«8;]«8

;]«8to

f/L

;]«8;]«8

;]«8to

f/L

;]«8;]«8

;]«8to

f/L

;]«8;]«8

;]«8f{bu

!@

#f{bu

!@

#f{bu

!@

#f{bu

!@

#f{bu

!@

#

÷nd]7]fu6i]fkD

s

fo/l'o l8Pk

L ;f6]fk

cGo

dn====

hUu

f g+

tldl]f

s]/u u]fo|kdfg ]f

sg{]fdx÷jTtdI'

zfqffd ]f

s]/u u]fo|kg'

s ]fsL

nfjk6

sf

s/lt u]fo|koZ]2p ]f

su]fo|k_======tl|k L

ndl÷df|u-

]fs]/u u]fo|k fdfy:j

c

================

================

================

================

================

Page 11: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

%

tfnL

sf @=! v08

-3_

M u

f]8d]n

tyf p

s]/f

tfnL

sf @=! v08

-ª_ M l;

+rfO{

+g ]fsfuU

hld

lt?xdfg f

s/fme oV'd

s6k ]fs]/u

n]d8]fus6k ]f

sPfun f/]

sp?xkf

nsfo[

s fsP/lu oG

c

================

================

================

================

================

t]f> ]f

s{Ofr+;l

fs/lt

]fs{Of

r+;lfy:j

c 4l[j ]fsL

nfj {fbu {Ofr+;l

ldlt

tomkl}s

_oGc ,

ª/l]fa ,]fn'

s-klxn

f]]f

>]fb]f

>]t]fy}ffR

+}fr“fk

+g= ]fsfuU

h

================

================

================

================

Page 12: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

^

v08

-r_

M j

fnL ln

g] -v

Gg]_,

leqfpg

] tyf y

GSofpg

]

v08

-5=_

M jfnL

pTkfbg

/ ah

f/ Joj

:yfkg

hUu

f g+

tldl ]fs]g

v Lnfj

'gGv

n;mk 6fafs/lt g'

sfyt {Of6

5 ,{Ofmk;f

s/lt ·hl]

sfoKah

f/;D

d<]fo

e'gnl fj

<]foe{'gu ]

s ]s

ª8l]|uL|ufdf; fyt

gwf; Lgfj'9

hUu

f g+

tglfd'gc

vf;

Lmqjl÷f0/f80

e vl]b ]g

v Lnfj

fdfgfv ]

n}mkfc

ulfn ]f

spjl]f

s]/u mqlaltldl

]fs]/u mqlal

pTkfbg

pTkfbg

]fsL

nfj ]fsP

e rLa {fbu f0/tjl

]fs]/u u]fo|k

f0fd/lk ]fsPfo\§'

5_=L

h=]s- f0fd/lk

_=Lh=]

s-_=L

h=]s-

_=Lh=]

s- f0fd/lk tglfd'gc ]f

stlfI_=L

h=]s- f0fd/lk

_=Lh=]

s-

Page 13: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

&

@=@ cb'jf afnL Joj:yfkgdf ckgfO{g] c;n s[lif cEof;sf] clen]v

Tfflnsf @=@ df lbP cg';f/ jfnLdf b]vf k/]sf] /f]u tyf zq' sL/fx? Joj:yfkgdf ckgfO{Psf] c;n s[lif cEof;x?sf] clen]v /fVg'k5{ .

u jfnL] j[l4sf ljleGg cj:yfdf b]vf k/]sf /f]u tyf zq' sL/fx?sf] Joj:yfkgdf k|of]u ePsf /;folgs, h}ljs, jfg:klts tyf cGo s'g} ljiffbL] sf] hfgsf/L s[ifsn] tfnLsf @=@ sf] v08 s, v, u df pNn]v ug'{kb{5 . o;af6 k|dfl0fs/0fsf nflu c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufO{Psf] jfnLdf ;'/lIft tyf Gofof]lrt ?kdf ljiffbLsf] k|of]u x'g uPsf] 5 eGg] cfwf/ to x'ghfG5 .

u jfnL ljsf; tyf j[l4 cg';f/ ljiffbLsf] 5'§f5'§} nut /fVg'k5{ .

u s'g /f]u jf sL/fsf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ljiffbL k|of]u u/]sf] xf] ;f] /f]u jf sL/fsf] gfd n]Vg'kb{5 .

u /;folgs ljiffbLsf] xsdf eg] k|of]u u/]sf] ljiffbLsf] n]ansf] /Ë sf]i7df √ lrgf] nufpg'k5{ .

u s'g ljiffbLsf] k|of]u slt dfqfdf, slt k6s u/]sf] xf] ;f] s'/f n]Vg'kb{5 .

u cGo ljlw of Joj:yfkg tl/sf cGtu{t 3/}df agfO{Psf, kz'd"q, b"w, ;fa'g–kfgL tyf ljleGg oflGqs ljlwx? h:t} km]/f]d]g 6«ofk, nfO6 6«ofk cflb kb{5g\\ . o:tf ljlwx?sf] k|of]u ul/Pdf ;f] af/] cGo ljlw of Joj:yfkg cGtu{t pNn]v ug'{k5{ .

u s'g tl/sf eGgfn] ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ljlw h:t} df6f]df k|of]u u/]sf] xf] jf jf]6 lj?jfdf emf]n agfO{ 5/]sf] xf] ;f] pNn]v ug'{k5{ .

Page 14: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

*

tfnL

sf @=@

cb'j

f jfnL

zq''h

Lj Joj

:yfkg

ug{ c

kgfO{g]

c;n

s[lif c

Eof;

sf] cle

n]v -s[ifs

n] eg]{_

v08

-s_M

/;folgs ljiffb

Lsf] k|o

f]u

ldlt

hUu

f g+

]fs]/u u]fo|k

fo u]f/ g's

]fs

na]n ]f

sLbffijl ]fs]/u u]fo|k

ljiffbLsf]

fs/lt u]fo|k

!

/;folgs

ulfn ]f

sf/Ls

/ª -

√_]gpfu

n df

qf -ld

lndfg ]f

sLbffijl]f

sPe u]fo|k Lbffijl

/ftf]

]fn]xk

lgnf]

xl/o

f]_

nl÷=f|u fj

lj?j

fsf] fy:j

c 4l[j jLp

tyf

pdf/ c

j:yf

;/f cfp

g]]fgfu ]f

s?'z fj

fy:jc 4l[j

4l[j ]fsfgfu

cj:

yf

]gN'mk n'mk cj:

yf

kl/k

Sscj:

yf

!blf

c fs/lt {]g

5 ,n]f3 ]f

s{]s

5 fdDh +

Page 15: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

(

v08

-v_ M h}las j

f jfg:

klts

ljiffb

Lsf] k|o

f]u

ldlt

hUu

f g+

]fs]/u u]fo|k

fo u]f/ g's

ljiffbLsf]

fs/lt u]fo|k

!tomkl}

sstlk:gfj

÷sjl}

hulf

n ]fsf/L

sdf

qfdfg ]f

sLbffijl]f

sPe u]fo|k Lbffijl

4l[j ]fsfj?jl

cj:

yf

jLp

tyf

pdf/ c

j:yf

;/f cfp

g]]fgfu ]f

s?'z fj

fy:jc 4l[j

4l[j ]fsfgfu

cj:

yf

]gN'mk n'mk cj:

yf

kl/k

Sscj:

yf

!blf

c f,

s/lt {]g5 ]g÷pfga ,

n]f3 ]fs{]

s5 fdD

h +

Page 16: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

!)

v08

-u_

M /

f]u s

L/f Jo

j:yfkg

df c

kgfO{Ps

f cGo

ljlwx

?!

4l[j ]fsfj?jl

ldlt

hUu

f g+

]fs]/u u]fo|k

fo u]f/ g's

fqfd ]fs]/u u]fo|k

fs/lt u]fo|k

@tomkl}

scj:

yfdfg ]f

swljlulf

n ]fsf/L

s]f

sPe u]fo|k ]f;fk-

]fsP

e u]fo|k_foV+; ]f

s;oT Pe

jLp

tyf

pdf/ c

j:yf

;/f cfp

g]]fgfu ]f

s?'z fj

fy:jc 4l[j

4l[j ]fsfgfu

cj:

yf

]gN'mk km"n cj:

yf

kl/k

Sscj:

yf

!kfo«6 6Of

n ,kfo«6 g]d]f/]mk ]

nfgGe f

s/lt oGc / blf

c L,gf/v ,Lgfk–g'af

; ,q"d'

zk ,w"b }t:h {yfbk oLgfy: ]

nfgGe wljl gkfy:joJ oG

c

/ ljle

Gg k

f;f]x?

a'em\g

' kb{5

.@

hDd

f 5s]{sf] 3f]n

, ag

fpg]÷

5g]{

tl/s

f, cflb

.

Page 17: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

!!

#= s[ifsåf/f ul/g] v]tL jfnLsf] kflIfs cjnf]sg

s[ifsn] kflIfs ?kdf v]t jfnLsf] cjnf]sg u/L tflnsf # df lbP cg';f/ ljj/0f eg'{kb{5 .

u ;DalGwt s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg'z/0f u/L] nufPsf] cb'jf jfnLsf] k|To]s !% lbgdf cjnf]sg ug'{kb{5 . cjnf]sgsf] bf}/fg s[ifsn] cjnf]sg ;+Vof / ldlt n]vL tfnLsf #=! n] dfu]sf] ljj/0f qmlds ?kdf eg'{kb{5 .

u s[ifsn] k|To]s k6s cfkm"n] cjnf]sg u/]sf] cfwf/df tfnLsf #=! sf] afnL cjnf]sgsf ;"rsx? cg';f/ tfnLsfdf lbPsf]] pko{'Qm sf]i7df 7Ls -√_ lrGxsf] k|of]u u/L k|fKt ;"rgf÷tYofÍ pNn]v ug'{kb{5 .

u s[ifsn] v]taf/Lsf] cjnf]sg ug]{ / of] tfnLsf eg]{ qmd jfnL cjlwe/L g} ug'{kg]{5 .

u tfnLsf #=@ df cjnf]sg kZrft\ jfnL Joj:yfkg tyf /f]u sL/fsf] Joj:yfkg tkm{ ;DalGwt s[ifsn] k|To]s jfnLsf] nflu u/]sf lg0f{o, ckgfPsf lqmofsnfkx? tyf k|ljlwx? :ki6;+u n]Vg'kb{5 .

u jfnL Joj:yfkg cGtu{t v]taf/Ldf ul/g] ljleGg lqmofsnfkx? h:t} emf/kft pv]Ng], ps]/f nfpg], uf]8d]n ug]{, l;+rfO{ of 6k8«]; ug]{ h:tf sfo{x? kb{5g .

u /f]u tyf sL/f Joj:yfkg cGtu{t /;folgs, h}ljs, jfg:klts jf cGo Joj:yfkg ljlw -h:t} ;fa'g kfgL, b'w, ljleGg 6«ofk_ sf]k|of]u x'g ;Sb5 .

u ‘vfB :jR5tf Joj:yfkg tkm{’ cGt/ut jfnLdf /f]usf] ;+qmd0f / /;folgs ljiffbL k|of]usf] cjz]if Go"g ug{ pkof]u ul/Psf pkfox? v'nfpg] .

u TffnLsf #=# df cjnf]sgsf] bf}/fg s[ifsn] cfkm+} ;dfwfg ug{ g;sL cg'z/0f kf7zfnfdf 5nkmnsf] nflu /fVg'kg]{ ;d:ofx? n]Vg'kb{5 . tL ;d:ofx? af/] kf7zfnf ;xhstf{;+u 5nkmn u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfox? vf]Hg' kb{5 .

Page 18: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

!@

tfnL

sf #=! ;D

alGw

t s[ifs

åf/f u

l/g]

v]t

jfnL

sf] kflIfs

cjn

f]sg

?xs

r"; fsg

s]fnj

cg

s]fnj

c4l[j ]f

sLnfj

]fs]f6fd

emf/

kfts

f]]f

sf/Ls 'q

zk]f

s|k ]fsu]f/

d;}fd=+g

=+g fuUh

tyf ljsf;

sf]

lr:o

fgsf]

]fsk]f

s|kk]f

s|k/

ldlt

cj:

yfcj:

yfca:

yf]f|df/

7Ls

/]fhd

ssd

7Ls

a9L

}/]fydW

od}/]w

}/]ffY7Ls

t:z|k

}/]fydW

od}/]w

Page 19: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

!#

?xs

r"; fsg

s]fnj

cg

s]fnj

c4l[j ]f

sLnfj

]fs]f6fd

emf/

kfts

f]]f

sf/Ls 'q

zk]f

s|k ]fsu]f/

d;}fd=+g

=+g fuUh

tyf ljsf;

sf]

lr:o

fgsf]

]fsk]f

s|kk]f

s|k/

ldlt

cj:

yfcj:

yfcj:

yf]f|df/

7Ls

/]fhd

ssd

7Ls

a9L

}/]fydW

od}/]w

}/]ffY7Ls

t:z|k

}/]fydW

od}/]w

Page 20: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

!$

?xs

r"; fsg

s]fnj

cg

s]fnj

c4l[j ]f

sLnfj

]fs]f6fd

emf/

kfts

f]]f

sf/Ls 'q

zk]f

s|k ]fsu]f/

d;}fd=+g

=+g fuUh

tyf ljsf;

sf]

lr:o

fgsf]

]fsk]f

s|kk]f

s|k/

ldlt

cj:

yfcj:

yfca:

yf]f|df/

7Ls

/]fhd

ssd

7Ls

a9L

}/]fydW

od}/]w

yf]/}

7Ls

t:z|k

}/]fydW

od}/]w

Page 21: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

!%

?xs

r"; fsg

s]fnj

cg

s]fnj

c4l[j ]f

sLnfj

]fs]f6fd

emf/

kfts

f]]f

sf/Ls 'q

zk]f

s|k ]fsu]f/

d;}fd=+g

=+g fuUh

tyf ljsf;

sf]

lr:o

fgsf]

]fsk]f

s|kk]f

s|k/

ldlt

cj:

yfcj:

yfca:

yf]f|df/

7Ls

/]fhd

ssd

7Ls

a9L

}/]fydW

od}/]w

yf]/}

7Ls

t:z|k

}/]fydW

od}/]w

Page 22: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

!^

?xs

r"; fsg

s]fnj

cg

s]fnj

c4l[j ]f

sLnfj

]fs]f6fd

emf/

kfts

f]]f

sf/Ls 'q

zk]f

s|k ]fsu]f/

d;}fd=+g

=+g fuUh

tyf ljsf;

sf]

lr:o

fgsf]

]fsk]f

s|kk]f

s|k/

ldlt

cj:

yfcj:

yfca:

yf]f|df/

7Ls

/]fhd

ssd

7Ls

a9L

}/]fydW

od}/]w

yf]/}

7Ls

t:z|k

}/]fydW

od}/]w

Page 23: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

!&

?xs

r"; fsg

s]fnj

cg

s]fnj

c4l[j ]f

sLnfj

]fs]f6fd

emf/

kfts

f]]f

sf/Ls 'q

zk]f

s|k ]fsu]f/

d;}fd=+g

=+g fuUh

tyf ljsf;

sf]

lr:o

fgsf]

]fsk]f

s|kk]f

s|k/

ldlt

cj:

yfcj:

yfca:

yf]f|df/

7Ls

/]fhd

ssd

7Ls

a9L

}/]fydW

od}/]w

yf]/}

7Ls

t:z|k

}/]fydW

od}/]w

Page 24: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

!*

tfln

sf #=@

cjn

f]sgs

f] cfw

f/df

;Da

lGwt

s[ifs

n] a

fnL Jo

j:yf

kg t

yf /

f]u s

L/f lgoG

q0f tk

m{ ckg

fPsf lg0f{o

tyf

s[ofsnfkx?

tldl / =+g gs]f

njc

q]fI gkfy:joJhUu

f g+

hUu

f g+

hUu

f g+

hUu

f g+

hUu

f g+

jfnL Jo

j:yf

kgtk

m{

{mkgkfy:joJ f/Lsu]f/ v

fB :jR

5tf Joj

:yfkgk

m{

jfnL Jo

j:yf

kgtk

m{

{mkgkfy:joJ f/Lsu]f/ v

fB :jR

5tf Joj

:yfkgk

m{

jfnL Jo

j:yf

kgtk

m{

{mkgkfy:joJ f/Lsu]f/ v

fB :jR

5tf Joj

:yfkgk

m{

jfnL Jo

j:yf

kgtk

m{

{mkgkfy:joJ f/Lsu]f/ v

fB :jR

5tf Joj

:yfkgk

m{

Page 25: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

!(

tldl / =+g gs]f

njc

q]fI gkfy:joJhUu

f g+

hUu

f g+

hUu

f g+

hUu

f g+

hUu

f g+

jfnL Jo

j:yf

kgtk

m{

{mkgkfy:joJ f/Lsu]f/ v

fB :jR

5tf Joj

:yfkgk

m{

jfnL Jo

j:yf

kgtk

m{

{mkgkfy:joJ f/Lsu]f/ v

fB :jR

5tf Joj

:yfkgk

m{

jfnL Jo

j:yf

kgtk

m{

{mkgkfy:joJ f/Lsu]f/ v

fB :jR

5tf Joj

:yfkgk

m{

jfnL Jo

j:yf

kgtk

m{

{mkgkfy:joJ f/Lsu]f/ v

fB :jR

5tf Joj

:yfkgk

m{

Page 26: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

@)

tldl / =+g gs]f

njc

q]fI gkfy:joJhUu

f g+

hUu

f g+

hUu

f g+

hUu

f g+

hUu

f g+

jfnL Jo

j:yf

kgtk

m{

{mkgkfy:joJ f/Lsu]f/ v

fB :jR

5tf Joj

:yfkgk

m{

jfnL Jo

j:yf

kgtk

m{

{mkgkfy:joJ f/Lsu]f/ v

fB :jR

5tf Joj

:yfkgk

m{

jfnL Jo

j:yf

kgtk

m{

{mkgkfy:joJ f/Lsu]f/ v

fB :jR

5tf Joj

:yfkgk

m{

jfnL Jo

j:yf

kgtk

m{

{mkgkfy:joJ f/Lsu]f/ v

fB :jR

5tf Joj

:yfkgk

m{

Page 27: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

@!

tldl / =+g gs]f

njc

q]fI gkfy:joJhUu

f g+

hUu

f g+

hUu

f g+

hUu

f g+

hUu

f g+

jfnL Jo

j:yf

kgtk

m{

{mkgkfy:joJ f/Lsu]f/ v

fB :jR

5tf Joj

:yfkgk

m{

jfnL Jo

j:yf

kgtk

m{

{mkgkfy:joJ f/Lsu]f/ v

fB :jR

5tf Joj

:yfkgk

m{

jfnL Jo

j:yf

kgtk

m{

{mkgkfy:joJ f/Lsu]f/ v

fB :jR

5tf Joj

:yfkgk

m{

jfnL Jo

j:yf

kgtk

m{

{mkgkfy:joJ f/Lsu]f/ v

fB :jR

5tf Joj

:yfkgk

m{

Page 28: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

@@

tfln

sf #=#

cjn

f]sgs

f] bf}/fg

s[ifs

n] c

fkm+} ;d

fwfg u

g{ g;

sL kf7z

fnfd

f 5nkmnsf] nflu

/fVg'k

g]{ ;d

:ofx?

tldl / +g gs]f

njc

?xfo:d; {]gk'gVf/ ulfn ]f

snmk

n5 fdf

nfz7fk != @= != @= != @= != @= != @= != @= != @=

Page 29: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

@#

tldl / +g gs]f

njc

?xfo:d; {]gk'gVf/ ulfn ]f

snmk

n5 fdf

nfz7fk != @= != @= != @= != @= != @= != @= != @=

Page 30: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

@$

$= lgl/If0f 6f]nLaf6 :ynut lgl/If0f tyf l;kmfl/;

;+o'Qm lgl/If0f 6f]nLn] klxnf], bf]>f] / t]>f] lgl/If0f tyf l;kmfl/; ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx?

u o; sfo{sf] d'Vo p2]Zo s[ifsx?n] c;n s[lif cEof; cg'z/0f u/L pTkfbg u/]sf cb'jf jfnLsf] :ynut lgl/If0f u/L lgl/If0fdf kfOPsf tYox?sf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; kfngf u/]sf] :t/ yfxf kfpg' / lgl/If0fsf] glthf cg';f/ ;DalGwt s[ifsx?nfO{ ;'emfj tyf cfjZos l;kmfl/; ug'{ xf] .

u ;d"xsf k|To]s s[ifssf] v]tjf/Ldf jfnL cjlwsf] bf}/fgdf ;d"xsf] k|fljlws pk;ldltsf ;b:ox? / ;DalGwt s[ifs ;xhstf{ ;lDdlnt lgl/If0f 6f]nLjf6 ;+o'Qm ?kdf # k6s lgl/If0f ug'{kg{]5 .

u klxnf] lgl/If0f s[ifsn] v]tdf jfnL nufPsf] jf /f]k]sf] bf]>f] dlxgflt/ / bf]>f] lgl/If0f kf“rf} dlxgflt/ / t]>f] ;ftf} dlxgf lt/ ug'{kb{5 . lgl/If0fsf] bf}/fgdf ;DalGwt s[ifssf] clen]v k'l:tsf 6f]nL;+u x'g'kb{5 .

u klxnf] lgl/If0fsf] bf}/fgdf lgl/If0f 6f]nLn] cjnf]sgdf kfOPsf tYox?sf] cfwf/df tfnLsf g+= $=! v08 -s_ df afnL Joj:yfkgdf ;DalGwt s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/]sf] :t/nfO{ r]slni6df pNn]v ug'{kb{5 . ;fy} tfnLsf g+= $=! v08 -v_ df /f]u sL/f ;DaGwL cGo ljj/0f /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 . To; kl5 klxnf] lgl/If0fsf] lgl/If0f 6f]nLsf] x:tfIf/ tyf cGo ljj/0f /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 .

u bf]>f] lgl/If0fsf] bf}/fgdf klxnf] lgl/If0fdf lbOPsf] l;kmfl/;sf] k'/} kfngf ePsf], cf+lzs dfq kfngf ePsf] of ub}{ gu/]sf] ;f] s'/f tfnLsf $=@ v08 -s_ df pNn]v ug''{kb{5 . ;fy} v08 -v_ df jfnL Joj:yfkgdf ;DjlGwt s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/]sf] :t/nfO{ r]s ln:6df pNn]v ug]{, v08 -u_ df /f]u sL/f ;DjlGw / v08 -3_ df lgl/If0f 6f]nLsf] x:tfIf/ tyf cGo ljj/0f /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 .

u t]>f] lgl/If0fsf] bf}/fgdf bf]>f] lgl/If0fdf lbOPsf] l;kmfl/;sf] k'/} kfngf ePsf], cf+lzs dfq kfngf ePsf] of ub}{ gu/]sf] ;f] s'/f tflnsf g+= $=# v08 -s_ df pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 .

u t]>f] lgl/If0fsf] kl5 lgl/If0fsf] cfwf/df c;n s[lif cEof; kfngf u/]sf] jfnL, hft tyf To; jfnLn] 9fs]sf] jf:tljs If]qkmn n]lv cg'dflgt jfnLsf] pTkfbg tfnLsf g+= $=# v08 -Vf_ df n]Vg'kb{5 . jfnL Joj:yfkgdf u/]sf sfo{x?, /f]u sL/fsf] lgoGq0f tkm{ ;DalGwt s[ifsn] ckgfPsf Joj:yfkg ljlwx?nfO{ lgl/If0f u/]/ 6f]nLn] tfnLsf g+= $=# v08 -3_ df lbOPsf] :t/ cg';f/ r]slni6df lrgf] nufpg'k5{ .

u ;a} lgl/If0fsf] glthfsf] cfwf/df c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L ul/Psf] jfnL] pTkfbg sfo{ tyf /f]u sL/f Joj:yfkg k|lt lgl/If0f 6f]nLsf] ;dli6ut k|lts[of tfnLsf g+= $=# v08 -ª_ df n]Vg'kb{5 . t]>f] lgl/If0f kZrft\ kmf/fdsf] cGtdf lgl/If0f 6f]nLsf] ;a} ;b:ox?n] tyf ;DalGwt s[ifsn] cfkm\gf] gfd n]lv x:tfIf/ ug'{kg]{5 .

Page 31: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

@%

tfnLs

f $=

! ;+o

'Qm lgl/If0f 6

f]nLs

f] klxn

f] lgl/If0f t

yf l;k

mfl/;

s M j

fnL Jo

j:yf

kg ;

DaGw

L -pk

o{'Qm sf]i7

df -√_

lrGx n

ufpg

]_

hUu

f g+

nmkq]fIhft

L/'b ]fs]k]f/

÷{Ofr+;l

dnvfb

n]d8]fuemf/

kft

Lnfj fd|ud;

afnL Jo

j:yf

kgdf

lgsf;

Joj:

yfkg

Joj:

yfkg

sf]

cfufd

L lbgx

?df

wGa|k:t

/]f

s/fw'; {]gk 'g/lunflu

lgl/I

f0f ;/lfmk;l ]f

sLn]f6

♦P

e z]k

/f;'gc

♦a9

L

♦sd

♦P

e z]k

/f;'gc

♦a9

L

♦sd

♦P

e z]k

/f;'gc

♦a9

L

♦sd

♦P

e z]k

/f;'gc

♦a9

L

♦sd

♦/f;'g

c Pe

z]k

♦l;

kmfl/

; hft

♦l;kmfl/;

gePs

f]:y

fgLo <

♦/f;'g

c Pe

z]k

♦l;

kmfl/

; hft

♦l;

kmfl/

;ge

Psf]

♦/f;'g

c Pe

z]k

♦l;

kmfl/

; hft

♦l;

kmfl/

;ge

Psf]

♦/f;'g

c Pe

z]k

♦l;

kmfl/

; hft

♦l;

kmfl/

;ge

Psf]

♦m

Q'okp

♦a9

L

♦sd

♦m

Q'okp

♦a9

L

♦sd

♦m

Q'okp

♦a9

L

♦sd

♦m

Q'okp

♦a9

L

♦sd

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

♦]fs]/u fgnfk {f0'k

♦fg

nfk s

zl+fc

fs]/u

♦]f

s]/ug fgnfk

♦]fs]/u fgnfk {f0'k

♦fg

nfk s

zl+fc

fs]/u

♦]f

s]/ug fgnfk

♦]fs]/u fgnfk {f0'k

♦fg

nfk s

zl+fc

fs]/u

♦]f

s]/ug fgnfk

♦]fs]/u fgnfk {f0'k

♦fg

nfk s

zl+fc

fs]/u

♦]f

s]/ug fgnfk

Page 32: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

@^

v M /

f]u s

L/f Jo

j:yf

kg ;

DaGw

L cle

n]v -o;

k'l:ts

f ty

f lgl/If0fsf] bf}/fg

s[ifs

af6

k|fKt h

fgsf/Ls

f] cfw

f/df

_

hUu

f g+

]fs]/u u]fo|k

fo u]f/ g's

]fs]/u u]fo|k

]fs]/u u]fo|k

ljiffbLsf]

f/Ls u]f/ fd|ud;

Ldfufc fdgkfy:joJ f/L

s u]f/ dfg ]f

sLbffijl ulf

n ]fsf/L

snj]

n ]fsLbffijl

k6s

dfqf -ld

ln/t: ]f

sgkfy:joJ]gk{'gu ]

nsfi[

s fd?xgbl ]f

sPe u]fo|k

/ª_=

nl÷=f|u fj

]fsL

n]f6 f0fI/lgl ulfn ]f

s/fw';l;

kmfl/

;

♦fyt tfIl/'; l;

kmfl/

; ljiffbL

]fs]/u u]fo|k

♦Lbffijl tfIl/';

c]f

s]/u u]fo|k♦

]fs]/ug Lx]

s♦

fyt tfIl/'; l;kmfl/

; ljiffbL

]fs]/u u]fo|k

♦Lbffijl tfIl/';

c]f

s]/u u]fo|k♦

]fs]/ug Lx]

s♦

fyt tfIl/'; l;kmfl/

; ljjiffb

L]f

s]/u u]fo|k♦

Lbffijl tfIl/';c

]fs]/u u]fo|k

♦]f

s]/ug Lx]s

♦fyt tfIl/'; l;

kmfl/

; ljiffbL

]fs]/u u]fo|k

♦Lbffijl tfIl/';

c]f

s]/u u]fo|k♦

]fs]/ug Lx]

s

!= @= #= != @= #= != @= #= != @= #=

!= @= #= != @= #= != @= #= != @= #=

Page 33: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

klxnf] lgl/If0fsf lgl/If0f 6f]nLsf] ;b:ox?sf] gfd / x:tfIf/ M

@&

klxnf] lgl/If0f u/]sf] ldlt M =====================================

-s_ d'Vo ;xhstf{sf] gfd M ============================================================== b:tvt M =======================

v_ ;xfos ;xhstf{sf] gfd M =========================================================== b:tvt M =======================

-u_ ;d"xsf] k|fljlws pk;ldltsf ;b:ox? M

!= ============================================================================================ b:tvt M =======================

@= ============================================================================================ b:tvt M =======================

#= ============================================================================================ b:tvt M =======================

-3_ ;DalGwt s[ifssf] gfd M ============================================================= b:tvt M =======================

Page 34: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

@*

hUufsf] g+= s}lkmot/f]u sL/f Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL l;kmfl/; ul/Psf sfo{x?sf]

sfof{Gjog cj:yf

vfB :jR5tf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL l;kmfl/; ul/Psf sfo{x?sf] sfof{Gjo cj:yf

jfnL Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] sfo{ x?sf] sfof{Gjog cj:yf

tflnsf $=@ ;+o'Qm lgl/If0f 6f]nLsf] bf]>f] lgl/If0f tyf l;kmfl/;sM klxnf] lgl/If0fdf lgl/If0f 6f]nLåf/f lbPsf] l;kmfl/; tyf ;'emfjnfO{ ;DalGwt s[ifsn] kfngf u/] gu/]sf] cj:yf M

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

Page 35: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

@(

-v_ jfnL Jo

j:yf

kg ;

DaGw

L -p

ko{'Qm sf]i7

df -

√_ lrGx n

ufpg

]_

hUu

f g+

nmkq]fIhft

L/'b ]fs]k]f/

{Ofr+;l

dnvfb

n]d8]fuemf/

kft

Lnfj fd|ud;

jfnL Jo

j:yf

kgdf

Joj:

yfkg

sf]

cfufd

L lbgx

?df

:t/

]fs/fw'; {]gk 'g/lu

nflu

lgl/I

f0f ;/lfmk;l ]f

sLn]f6

♦P

e z]k

/f;'gc

♦a9

L

♦sd

♦P

e z]k

/f;'gc

♦a9

L

♦sd

♦P

e z]k

/f;'gc

♦a9

L

♦sd

♦P

e z]k

/f;'gc

♦a9

L

♦sd

♦/f;'g

c Pe

z]k

♦l;

kmfl/

; hft

♦l;

kmfl/

;oLgfy: ]f

sPeg

♦/f;'g

c Pe

z]k

♦l;

kmfl/

; hft

♦l;

kmfl/

;ge

Psf]

♦/f;'g

c Pe

z]k

♦l;

kmfl/

; hft

♦l;

kmfl/

;ge

Psf]

♦/f;'g

c Pe

z]k

♦l;

kmfl/

; hft

♦l;

kmfl/

;ge

Psf]

♦m

Q'okp

♦a9

L

♦sd

♦m

Q'okp

♦a9

L

♦sd

♦m

Q'okp

♦a9

L

♦sd

♦m

Q'okp

♦a9

L

♦sd

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

♦]f

s]/u fgnfk {f0'k

♦fg

nfk s

zl+fc

fs]/u

♦]f

s]/ug fgnfk

♦]f

s]/u fgnfk {f0'k

♦fg

nfk s

zl+fc

fs]/u

♦]f

s]/ug fgnfk

♦]f

s]/u fgnfk {f0'k

♦fg

nfk s

zl+fc

fs]/u

♦]f

s]/ug fgnfk

♦]f

s]/u fgnfk {f0'k

♦fg

nfk s

zl+fc

fs]/u

♦]f

s]/ug fgnfk

Page 36: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

#)

-u

_ /f]u

sL/f Jo

j:yf

kg ;

DaGw

L -c

len]v k

'l:ts

f ty

f lgl/If0fsf] bf}/fg

s[ifs

af6

k|fKt h

fgsf/Ls

f] cfw

f/df

_

hUu

f g+

]fs]/u u]fo|k

fo u]f/ g's

]fs]/u u]fo|k

]fs]/u u]fo|k

ljiffbLsf]

f/Ls u]f/ fd|ud;

Ldfufc fdgkfy:joJ

f/Ls u]f/

dfg ]fsLbffijl

ulfn ]f

sf/Ls

nj]n ]f

sLbffijlk6

sdf

qf -======÷

/t: ]fsgkfy:joJ

]gk{'gu ]n

sfi[s fd?xgbl

]fsP

e u]fo|k/ª

======_

]fsL

n]f6 f0fI/lgl ulfn ]f

s/fw';l;

kmfl/

;

♦fyt tfIl/'; l;

kmfl/

; ljiffbL

]fs]/u u]fo|k

♦Lbffijl tfIl/';

c]f

s]/u u]fo|k♦

]fs]/ug Lx]

s♦

fyt tfIl/'; l;kmfl/

; ljiffbL

]fs]/u u]fo|k

♦Lbffijl tfIl/';

c]f

s]/u u]fo|k♦

]fs]/ug Lx]

s♦

fyt tfIl/'; l;kmfl/

; ljiffbL

]fs]/u u]fo|k

♦Lbffijl tfIl/';

c]f

s]/u u]fo|k♦

]fs]/ug Lx]

s♦

fyt tfIl/'; l;kmfl/

; ljiffbL

]fs]/u u]fo|k

♦Lbffijl tfIl/';

c]f

s]/u u]fo|k♦

]fs]/ug Lx]

s

!= @= #= != @= #= != @= #= != @= #=

!= @= #= != @= #= != @= #= != @= #=

Page 37: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

#!

:yfg M ldlt M

=+;=+mq tl/sf / cj:yf

! f8's“f8f“e ,gbfkTp- 5 fdgfy: tfIl/'; f0/f80e ]fs?xLbffijl ]s<_f9f6 vl]b flu|df; Bfv fyt

@ f0/f80e L/u ]gsl; g9k n'j]]n fdf8f“e LnsS; ?xLbffijl ]s<5 ]fsP/lu

# fsP/lu f0/f80e f9f6 vl]b 't:j Bfv ?xhL|u / n]t ,gwGO ]s5g<

$ xg]/ dD; wljc ]fdfn fd]f6fdug]{ / /;c fdy:fj: jgfd ]s]fsPe tfil|kb" ]f6fd 6fa?x'f0fjhl / {yfbk sglof;/ oGh'tfw

5 <

% |kb"if0fo'Qm L/u fi]zjl- {5k fd{skD; ]fsLgfk |kb"lift q]fI ]foT ]skfgL lgsf; < ]fs?xfnfzwj ,u]fBp

& s] lhjf0f'af6 k|b"lift kfgLsf] dfWodaf6 cb'jf k|b"if0f x'g] vt/f/x]sf] 5 <

* ]fsP/lu fy:joJ ]]g'w tfx / {Lkr {Ofn/fbdfs {]gu dfs fdt]v ]s5 <

( gz{]bgl }g'sGwLaD; {Ofmk;/; tumQloJ {Ofn{]gu {ofs fdt]v ]s 5< ]fsPObl

!) v]t jf kmfd{df vfBa:t' kvfNg] jf 5fGg] sfd ug]{, 5'§ofpg],JolQmnfO{ emf8f kvfnf jf 3fp vl6/f ePsf] cj:yfdf vfBa:t'eGbf 6f9f /xg lgb]{zg ul/Psf] 5 <

!! d';f, ;f¨nf cflbsf] ;Dks{df /x]sf] vfB tyf Kofls¨ ;fdflu|< 5 ]fsPOfgkc ofkp ]s gS]f/ f0fib"|k ]fs?x/fh}fc fyt

!@ {g rflxg] ;fdflu|x? 9'¨f, sf7sfu ªhl]sfoK / gpfqel Lnfj ]slj 5<|kb"lift 6fjblfc f6i ]fs/jfgh / fzzl ,'tfw ,fmq'6

!# ,/jfgh gwf; L/fj; ]g'x u]fo|k ulfn ]fsLgfj'9 ]fsfj'bc ]su]fo|k glk {gu Lgfj'9 {yfbk sglof;/ oGc fyt nd]7]fu ,bfvnd

< 5G'x

!$ fmk; {j"k {'gu Lgfj'9 fj'bc {Ofngwf; L/fj; ;+qmldt ]ft:oT ]sul/G5 <

l6Kk0fL

-3_ M vfB ;'/Iff ;DaGwL clen]v -o; k'l:tsf tyf lgl/If0fsf] bf}/fg s[ifsaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df_

Page 38: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

bf];|f] lgl/If0fsf lgl/If0f 6f]nLsf] ;b:ox?sf] gfd / x:tfIf/ M

#@

bF]>F] lgl/If0f u/]sf] ldlt M =====================================

-s_ d'Vo ;xhstf{sf] gfd M ============================================================== b:tvt M =======================

v_ ;xfos ;xhstf{sf] gfd M =========================================================== b:tvt M =======================

-u_ ;d"xsf] k|fljlws pk;ldltsf ;b:ox? M

!= ============================================================================================ b:tvt M =======================

@= ============================================================================================ b:tvt M =======================

#= ============================================================================================ b:tvt M =======================

-3_ ;DalGwt s[ifssf] gfd M ============================================================= b:tvt M =======================

Page 39: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

##

hUufsf] g+= s}lkmot/f]u sL/f Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL l;kmfl/; ul/Psf sfo{x?sf]

sfof{Gjog cj:yf

vfB :jR5tf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL l;kmfl/; ul/Psf sfo{x?sf] sfof{Gjo cj:yf

jfnL Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] sfo{ x?sf] sfof{Gjog cj:yf

tflnsf $=# ;+o'Qm lgl/If0f 6f]nLsf] bf]>f] lgl/If0f tyf l;kmfl/;sM klxnf] lgl/If0fdf lgl/If0f 6f]nLåf/f lbPsf] l;kmfl/; tyf ;'emfjnfO{ ;DalGwt s[ifsn] kfngf u/] gu/]sf] cj:yf M

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

u/]sf]cf+lzs u/]sf]k'/} gu/]sf] -gu/]sf] eP s] s] gu/]sf]<_

Page 40: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

#$

-v

_ jfnL Jo

j:yf

kg ;

DaGw

L -p

ko{'Qm sf]i7

df -

√_ lrGx n

ufpg

]_

hUu

f g+

nmkq]fIhft

L/'b ]fs]k]f/

÷{Ofr+;l

dnvfb

n]d8]fuemf/

kft

Lnfa fd|ud;

jfnL Jo

j:yf

kgdf

lgsf;

Joj:

yfkg

Joj:

yfkg

sf]

cfufd

L lbgx

?df

wGa|k:t

/]f

s/fw'; {]gk 'g/lunflu

lgl/I

f0f ;/lfmk;l ]f

sLn]f6

♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦

Pe

z]k/f;'g

c a9L

sd

Pe

z]k/f;'g

c a9L

sd

Pe

z]k/f;'g

c a9L

sd

Pe

z]k/f;'g

c a9L

sd

♦/f;'g

c Pe

z]k

♦l;

kmfl/

; hft

♦l;

kmfl/

;oLgfy: ]f

sPeg

♦/f;'g

c Pe

z]k

♦l;

kmfl/

; hft

♦l;

kmfl/

;ge

Psf]

♦/f;'g

c Pe

z]k

♦l;

kmfl/

; hft

♦l;

kmfl/

;ge

Psf]

♦/f;'g

c Pe

z]k

♦l;

kmfl/

; hft

♦l;

kmfl/

;ge

Psf]

♦m

Q'okp

♦a9

L

♦sd

♦m

Q'okp

♦a9

L

♦sd

♦m

Q'okp

♦a9

L

♦sd

♦m

Q'okp

♦a9

L

♦sd

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

mQ'okp ls

l;dn

]

♦ePs

f]

♦ge

Psf]

♦]f

s]/u fgnfk {f0'k

♦fg

nfk s

zl+fc

fs]/u

♦]f

s]/ug fgnfk

♦]f

s]/u fgnfk {f0'k

♦fg

nfk s

zl+fc

fs]/u

♦]f

s]/ug fgnfk

♦]f

s]/u fgnfk {f0'k

♦fg

nfk s

zl+fc

fs]/u

♦]f

s]/ug fgnfk

♦]f

s]/u fgnfk {f0'k

♦fg

nfk s

zl+fc

fs]/u

♦]f

s]/ug fgnfk

Page 41: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

#%

-u_ /f]u

sL/f Jo

j:yf

kg ;

DaGw

L -s

[ifsn] c

len]v k

'l:ts

fdf pN

n]v u

/]sf] hfgsf/L ty

f lgl/If0fsf] bf}/fg

s[ifs

af6

k|fKt

yk h

fgsf/Ls

f] cfw

f/df

_

hUu

f g+

]fs]/u u]fo|k

fo u]f/ g's

]fs]/u u]fo|k

]fs]/u u]fo|k

ljiffbLsf]

f/Ls u]f/ fd|ud;

Ldfufc fdgkfy:joJ f/L

s u]f/ dfg ]f

sLbffijl ulf

n ]fsf/L

snj]

n ]fsLbffijl

k6s

dfqf -======

/t: ]fsgkfy:joJ

{]gk{'gu ]n

sfi[s fd?xgbl

]fsP

e u]fo|k/ª

÷========_

]fsL

n]f6 f0fI/lgl ulfn ]f

s/fw';l;

kmfl/

;

♦fyt tfIl/'; l;

kmfl/

; ljiffbL

]fs]/u u]fo|k

♦Lbffijl tfIl/';

c]f

s]/u u]fo|k♦

]fs]/ug Lx]

s♦

fyt tfIl/'; l;kmfl/

; ljiffbL

]fs]/u u]fo|k

♦Lbffijl tfIl/';

c]f

s]/u u]fo|k♦

]fs]/ug Lx]

s♦

fyt tfIl/'; l;kmfl/

; ljiffbL

]fs]/u u]fo|k

♦Lbffijl tfIl/';

c]f

s]/u u]fo|k♦

]fs]/ug Lx]

s♦

fyt tfIl/'; l;kmfl/

; ljiffbL

]fs]/u u]fo|k

♦Lbffijl tfIl/';

c]f

s]/u u]fo|k♦

]fs]/ug Lx]

s

!= @= #= != @= #= != @= #= != @= #=

!= @= #= != @= #= != @= #= != @= #=

Page 42: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

:yfg M ldlt M

=+;=+mq tl/sf / cj:yf

! f8's“f8f“e ,gbfkTp- 5 fdgfy: tfIl/'; f0/f80e ]fs?xLbffijl ]s<_f9f6 vl]b flu|df; Bfv fyt

@ f0/f80e L/u ]gsl; g9k n'j]]n fdf8f“e LnsS; ?xLbffijl ]s<5 ]fsP/lu

# fsP/lu f0/f80e f9f6 vl]b 't:j Bfv ?xhL|u / n]t ,gwGO ]s5g<

$ xg]/ dD; wljc ]fdfn fd]f6fdug]{ / /;c fdy:fj: jgfd ]s]fsPe tfil|kb" ]f6fd 6fa?x'f0fjhl / {yfbk sglof;/ oGh'tfw

5 <

% |kb"if0fo'Qm L/u fi]zjl- {5k fd{skD; ]fsLgfk |kb"lift q]fI ]foT ]skfgL lgsf; < ]fs?xfnfzwj ,u]fBp

& s] lhjf0f'af6 k|b"lift kfgLsf] dfWodaf6 cb'jf k|b"if0f x'g] vt/f/x]sf] 5 <

* ]fsP/lu fy:joJ ]]g'w tfx / {Lkr {Ofn/fbdfs {]gu dfs fdt]v ]s5 <

( gz{]bgl }g'sGwLaD; {Ofmk;/; tumQloJ {Ofn{]gu {ofs fdt]v ]s 5< ]fsPObl

!) v]t jf kmfd{df vfBa:t' kvfNg] jf 5fGg] sfd ug]{, 5'§ofpg],JolQmnfO{ emf8f kvfnf jf 3fp vl6/f ePsf] cj:yfdf vfBa:t'eGbf 6f9f /xg lgb]{zg ul/Psf] 5 <

!! d';f, ;f¨nf cflbsf] ;Dks{df /x]sf] vfB tyf Kofls¨ ;fdflu|< 5 ]fsPOfgkc ofkp ]s gS]f/ f0fib"|k ]fs?x/fh}fc fyt

!@ {g rflxg] ;fdflu|x? 9'¨f, sf7sfu ªhl]sfoK / gpfqel Lnfj ]slj 5<|kb"lift 6fjblfc f6i ]fs/jfgh / fzzl ,'tfw ,fmq'6

!# ,/jfgh gwf; L/fj; ]g'x u]fo|k ulfn ]fsLgfj'9 ]fsfj'bc ]su]fo|k glk {gu Lgfj'9 {yfbk sglof;/ oGc fyt nd]7]fu ,bfvnd

< 5G'x

!$ fmk; {j"k {'gu Lgfj'9 fj'bc {Ofngwf; L/fj; ;+qmldt ]ft:oT ]sul/G5 <

l6Kk0fL

-3_ M vfB ;'/Iff ;DaGwL clen]v -o; k'l:tsf tyf lgl/If0fsf] bf}/fg s[ifsaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df_

#^

Page 43: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

t]>f] lgl/If0fsf lgl/If0f 6f]nLsf] ;b:ox?sf] gfd / x:tfIf/ M

tfnLsf g+= $=$ M lgl/If0f 6f]nLsf] ;dli6ut lg0f{o tyf k|ltq[mof

#&

t]>F] lgl/If0f u/]sf] ldlt M =====================================

-s_ d'Vo ;xhstf{sf] gfd M ============================================================== b:tvt M =======================

v_ ;xfos ;xhstf{sf] gfd M =========================================================== b:tvt M =======================

-u_ ;d"xsf] k|fljlws pk;ldltsf ;b:ox? M

!= ============================================================================================ b:tvt M =======================

@= ============================================================================================ b:tvt M =======================

#= ============================================================================================ b:tvt M =======================

-3_ ;DalGwt s[ifssf] gfd M ============================================================= b:tvt M =======================

hUuf g+= tq[mofl|k÷o{f0gl

gf]6 M klxnf], bf]>f] / t]>f] lgl/If0fsf] cfwf/df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof;sf] kfngf u/]sf] cfwf/df t]>f] lgl/If0f 6f]nLn] ;dli6ut lg0f{o tyf k|lts[of lbg] .

Page 44: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

#*

%= c;n s[lif cEof;af6 pTkflbt cb'jf lalqm ljt/0fsf] nflu ;d"xsf] l;kmfl/;

c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L pTkflbt cb'jfsf] k|dfl0fs/0f tyf lalqm ljt/0fsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ bfloTj ;d"x :jod\sf] x'G5 . To;sf] nflu k|To]s ;d"xn] ;b:o s[ifsx?sf] v8f, jfnL cg'udg tyf lgl/If0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 . k|To]s cb'jf jfnL c;n s[lif cEof; ;d"xdf jfnL pTkfbg tyf zq'hLj Joj:yfkgdf c;n s[lif cEof;sf] oyf]lrt k|of]u u/] gu/]sf] lgl/If0f ug{ ;DalGwt s[ifs ;xhstf{x? / ;d"xsf] k|fljlws pk;ldltsf ;b:ox? ;lDdlnt ;+o'Qm lgl/If0f 6f]nL u7g ePsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}, lgl/If0f 6f]nLsf] klxnf] lgl/If0f cufj} jfnL nufO{;s]kl5 ;d"xsf] sfo{sf/L ;ldltn]] klg cfkm\gf ;b:ox?n]] k]z u/]sf] c;n s[lif cEof;df cfwfl/t jfnL pTkfbg of]hgf cg';f/ sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] af/] klg v]taf/L cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf k|To]s ;d"xn] ldnfpg' kb{5 .

c;n s[lif cEof;jf6 pTkflbt :j:y jfnL lalqm ljt/0fsf] nflu ;d"xsf] l;kmfl/; kqsf] 9f“rf tfnLsf % df lbOPsf] 5 . c;n s[lif cEof;af6 pTkflbt :j:y jfnLsf] k|dfl0fs/0f / lalqm ljt/0f ug{ l;kmfl/;sf nflu ;d"xn] lgDg k|lqmofx? cjnDag ug'{kg]{5 .

!= lgl/If0f 6f]nLsf] t]>f] lgl/If0f ;lsgf ;fy ;d"xn] a}7s af]nfpg' kb{5 .

@= a}7ssf lbg ;d"xsf ;a} ;b:ox?n]] cfkm\gf] c;n s[lif cEof; clen]v k'l:tsf sfo{sf/L ;ldltnfO{ a'emfpg' kb{5 .

@= ;d"x a}7sdf ;b:o s[ifsx?sf]] :j:y pTkfbgsf] lalqm ljt/0fsf nflu 5nkmn ug'kb{5 .

#= ;d"xsf] a}7sn] u/]sf] 5nkmn tyf lg0f{ox?nfO{ 5'§} :jR5 tyf :j:y jfnL pTkfbg l;kmfl/; /lhi6/ v8f u/L To;df a}7ssf] lg0f{o r9fpg'kb{5 .

$= ;DalGwt s[ifssf] clen]v k"l:tsfdf ul/Psf l;kmfl/; tyf sfo{sf/L ;ldltn] u/]sf] cg'udgsf] glthf dfly 5nkmn u/L ;d"xn] lg0f{o ug]{5 .

%= o;/L ul/Psf] lg0f{osf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt s[ifsnfO{ lghsf] :jR5 tyf :j:y jfnL pTkfbg clen]v k'l:tsfdf cfjZos ljj/0f v'nfO{ lalqm ljt/0fsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{5 .

^= of] sfo{;d"xsf] k|To]s s[ifssf] nflu 5'§f5'§} ug'{kg]{5 .

&= lg0f{odf ;xefuL kbflwsf/Lx?sf] gfd tyf x:tfIf/ ePsf] x'g'kg]{5 .

;d"x a}7sdf l;kmfl/;sf nflu rflxg] cfjZos sfuhftx? M

!= sfo{sf/L ;ldltn] ;d"xsf ;b:ox?sf] v]taf/L tyf jfnL pTkfbgsf] cg'udg u/L lbPsf] k|ltj]bg

@= ;DalGwt s[ifsx?sf] c;n s[lif cEof; clen]v k"l:tsf

#= ;d"xn] v8f u/]sf] c;n s[lif cEof;df cfwfl/t ;d"xsf] jfnL pTkfbg of]hgf clen]v /lhi6/

Page 45: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

#(

$= ;d"xsf] :jR5 tyf :j:y jfnL pTkfbg l;kmfl/; /lhi6/

c;n s[lif cEof; ckgfO{ pTkflbt cb'jf k|dfl0fs/0f tyf l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/x? M

lgl/If0f 6f]nLsf] ltg j6} lgl/If0fsf] glthf tyf l;kmfl/; kl5 o; clen]v k'l:tsfnfO{ ;DalGwt s[ifsn] ;d"xsf] a}7sdf k]z u/]df .

sfo{sf/L ;ldltn] cg'udg ubf{ ;d"xsf] of]hgf th"{df u/]/ agfPsf] clen]vdf ;DalGwt s[ifssf] c;n s[lif cEof; ckgfO{ nufpg] afnL, hft tyf To; jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn ;xL ePdf .

;+o'Qm lgl/If0f 6f]nLsf] klxnf] / bf]>]f lgl/If0f kZrft\ lbPsf] ;'emfj tyf l;kmfl/;nfO{ ;DalGwt s[ifsn] k'0f{ ?kdf kfngf u/]sf] b]lvPdf .

;+o'Qm lgl/If0f 6f]nLn] klxnf], bf]>]f tyf t]>f] lgl/If0fsf] bf}/fgdf ;DalGwt s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof;sf] kfngf u/]sf :t/, l;kmfl/; tyf glthfsf] cfwf/df.

klxnf], bf]>]f tyf t]>f] lgl/If0f u/]kl5 ;+o'Qm lgl/If0f 6f]nLn] lbPsf] ;du| k|ltq[mof tyf l6Kk0fLsf] cfwf/df .

Page 46: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

$)

tfnLsf %=! c;n s[lif cEof; ckgfO{ pTkflbt cb'jf k|dfl0fs/0f gd"gf

f0fd/lk / Lnfj ]fs]/u f0/sLf0fd|k=+;=mq =+g fuUh hft _=Lh=]s- f0fd/lk tomkl}s

]fssfi[s sbfkTp ]fs{]gu tf0lfd|k tux"d;

_fj'uc ]fstldl;kp swljlf|k-

gfd M gfd M

b:tvt M b:tvt M

ldlt M ldlt M

kf5 ]fsx"d;

ldlt ====================================

======================================================================== sfi[s sbfkTp

================= {fij Lnfj gbfkTp ======================================================================================= fgfu]7

================================================================================================== dfg ]fsx"d; {]gu ;/lfmk;l

=+g t]s+;

c;n s[lif cEof; cb'jf pTkfbgsf] ;d"xut k|dfl0fs/0f

Page 47: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

$!

^= c;n s[lif cEof; ckgfO{ pTkflbt afnLsf] vr{–cfDbfgLsf] clen]v

;xefuL s[ifsn] cfkm\gf] v]tjf/Ldf c;n s[lif cEof;df cfwfl/t pTkfbgsf nflu u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ / pTkfbgsf] lalqm kl5 k|fKt /sdsf] nfe nfutsf] clen]v /fVg of] kmf/fd k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . o;af6 s[ifsn] jfnL cg';f/ 5'§f5'§} nfe nfut lgsfNg ;Ifd x'g]5g\ . nfe nfut ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df pTkflbt a:t'sf] lalqm ljt/0fsf nflu d"No lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . k|To]s jfnLsf] nflu v]tsf] tof/L b]lv g} pTkfbg vr{ -;fdflu| tyf >d_ sf] lx;fa /fVb} hfg'k5{ .

u tfnLsf ^ sf] cfwf/df ;xeflu s[ifsx?n] pTkfbg ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{ / To;jf6 cfPsf] nfesf] lx;fa ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

u s[ifsnfO{ a'em\g ;lhnf] x'g]u/L pTkfbg vr{, >d vr{, cfDbfgL, nfe cflb laifox? /flvPsf] 5 .

u ;DalGwt vr{ tyf cfDbfgLsf] OsfO{ klg tfnLsf d} lbOPsf] 5 . olb tfnLsfsf] OsfO{ km/s k/]df To;} tfnLsfdf s] OsfO{ xf] pNn]v ug'{xf]nf .

u jfnLsf] d'Vo tyf ;xfos pTkfbgnfO{ Tolt a]nfsf] lalqm d"Nodf hf]8]/ s"n cfDbfgLdf r9fpg'k5{ .

u o;/L s"n cfDbfgLaf6 s"n vr{ 36fP/ nfe of gf]S;fg lgsfNg ;lsG5 .

Page 48: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

$@

tfnLsf ^= c;n s[lif cEof;af6 pTkflbt cb'jf jfnLsf] vr{–cfDbfgLsf] clen]v

hftM M=+g fuUh jfnL cjlw

=+;=mq ljj/0f PsfO{ kl/df0f {OfsP tl|k ds/ n"s tomkl}s_=?- oN'd -?=_

! tufndlu|f; gbfkTp

!=! ljp Lh]s

!=@ dnvfb

nd]7]fu÷6i]fkDs=s Lh]s

v=/f;folgs dn

– l8PkL Lh]s

fo/l'o – Lh]s

;f6]fk – Lh]s

jTt dI'z =u Lh]s÷df|u

!=# _5lk / 3lc 'gK]f/- {Ofr“;l k6s

!=$ sL6gfzs ljifflb =nl=dl÷df|u

!=% blffijl szfgL;'9 =nl=dl÷df|u

!=^ 5fkf] ]fs]f8

!=& dlu|f; oGc

======================================

======================================

======================================

tufndlu|f; gbfkTp n"s

@ >d nfut

@=! 6}fg5 pLj

s= Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/

fi?'k – lbg

– dlxnf

v= kl/jf/sf ;b:o

fi?'k – lbg

– dlxnf

Page 49: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

$#

@=@ L/fot ]fs]f6fd / gdlhs= Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/

fi?'k –– dlxnf

lbg

v= kl/jf/sf ;b:ofi?'k –

– dlxnflbg

Lnx / _L8]fh- ?]fu =u lbg

/6Sfo«6 =3 306f@=# ]gK]f/ljp

s= Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/fi?'k –

– dlxnflbg

v= kl/jf/sf ;b:ofi?'k –

– dlxnflbg

@=$ u]fo|k nd]7]fu÷6i]fkDss= Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/

fi?'k –– dlxnf

lbg

v= kl/jf/sf ;b:ofi?'k –

– dlxnflbg

@=% u]fo|k ]fsnd sglof;f/

s= Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/fi?'k –

– dlxnflbg

v= kl/jf/sf ;b:o

fi?'k –

– dlxnf lbg

@=^ blfoTO ]gNfx nd ,f/]sp ,n]d8]fu ,]gpf6x tfk/fme ,]gNfsgl Lg'|j

s= Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/

fi?'k –

– dlxnflbg

Page 50: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

$$

v= kl/jf/sf ;b:o

fi?'k –– dlxnf lbg

@=& u]fo|k Ofr“;ls= Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/

fi?'k –– dlxnf

lbg

v= kl/jf/sf ;b:ofi?'k –

– dlxnflbg

@=* jfnL vGg]s= Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/

fi?'k –– dlxnf

lbg

v= kl/jf/sf ;b:ofi?'k –

– dlxnflbg

@=( {]gu fmk;s= Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/

fi?'k –– dlxnf

lbg

v= kl/jf/sf ;b:ofi?'k –

– dlxnflbg

@=!) Lgfj'9

s= Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/fi?'k –

– dlxnflbg

v= kl/jf/sf ;b:o

fi?'k –

– dlxnflbg

@=!! ,]gpfs'; ,Ofmk;/; dtGlc ]fsgbfkTp {]gu f0/f80e / {]gu Ëhl]sfoK

s= Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/

fi?'k –

– dlxnflbg

Page 51: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

$%

v= kl/jf/sf ;b:o

fi?'k –

– dlxnf lbg

@=!@ tufn d> ]fs/fs|k oGc

s= Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/

fi?'k –

– dlxnf lbg

v= kl/jf/sf ;b:o

fi?'k –

– dlxnf lbg

# ?x{rv fs/fs|k oGc

hfoA fdLh“'k tufn =s

f8fe ]fsgdlh =v

f§s;f«x =u

s ]fsdlu|f; gbfkTp- tufn n"s

_{rv oGc±tufn d>±tufn

v nmktl|k n"s

gbfkTp Lnfj oV'd Lh]s

_ Lg'|j- pfd Lh]s

hDdf

u _s–v- efn b"v

3 _s÷v- tfk'gc tufn Mefn

Page 52: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,
Page 53: GAP Book final for print...v08 -s_ df s[ifsn] c;n s[lif cEof; cg';/0f u/L nufPsf] hUuf g+= cg';f/ cb'jf jfnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn, hft, jLpsf] >f]t, jLpsf] lsl;d, jLp /f]k]sf]] ldlt,

fnfz7fk sfi[s oY:j:

_je'gc- 80v # fsufdbl

♦ r]f; sdTfgh[>

♦ {Ofs;l {f0"kh]fv

♦ ]gS; gnl o{f0gl

Lnff0|k 'ofg:

mqr {Ofs;l je'gc

80b?]d

f0fi]nZjl z]j/lk Lnfa (AESA)

Xbo w8sg

♦ ;d:of ;dfwfg

♦ gbfkTp gf1 fyt wljl|k

u]fox; gkfy:joJ fyt L|udf;

{Ofg'; n;c

;xhLs/0f

{Ofs;l je'gc

gs]fnjc

f0/stl't:|k / /fr+;

xfnN;/; swljlf|k

_tGf4;l /fr- ufe /fr fsob|x

♦ :jR5 / :j:y afnL pTkfbg

♦ ]g\me'a {Ofnz]j/lk Lnfa

♦ /frjl/]x / gs]fnjc tdlogl

♦ ]gGa fIb ?xsfi[s

∗ ?xfo:d; fsfi]zjl gfy:

/ut

∗ wGaD;;/tGc ]fsrLa?xjTt fsz]j/lk Lnfa

Designed by: Ratna Kumar Jha and Parashuram Adhikari

Computer layout ‘n’ printed by: Chitran Ad Media Pvt. Ltd. Tel: 9849651240/9818891537

sfi[s;xeflutf

cWoog kl/If0f tyf?x;foEc sdTfu]fo|k