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GANGES RIVER
KEY COUNTRY EXPOSURE
RIVER FLOW & RUNOFF MIX
CLIMATE CHANGE: PAST & FUTURE TREND
ICE RESERVES & GLACIER MELT
Bangladesh
Annual flow estimation
Temperature Change (°C)(RCP4.5)
Hydrological Changes (mm/year)(RCP4.5)
China India Nepal
Note: the share of surface water resources refers to the ratio of surface water produced internally by the river in the respective country and the country’s total renewable surface water.
Source: China Water Risk based on data from Center for Water Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Rainfall, snowfall and runoff change areexpressed in equivalent water height. All data are calculated from five ensemble model (BCC-CSM1.1, CanESM2, CCSM4, MIROC5, MPI-ESM-LR) in IPCC AR5.
Source: China Water Risk based on calculation by CAS-IGSNRR usingMPI-HM, PCRGLOBWB and WaterGAP hydrological models
Surface WaterResources
Population
GDP
2%
12%
18%
GDP
Population
Surface WaterResources
12%
42%
33%
1956-2005 2006-2055
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
GDP
Population
Surface WaterResources
59%
98%
99%GDP
Population
Surface WaterResources
0.4%
0.01%
0.004%
Runoff mix in the upper Ganges
Souce: China Water Risk based on Lutz et al (2014)
Glaciermelt11%
Base flow 14%
Snow melt9%
Rainfall-runoff66%
Based on several sources, the contribution ofglacier melt and snow melt to the runoffs inthe Upper Ganges is about 20%
DEFINITIONS (FAO AQUASTAT):− River flow/runoffs: the amount
of river water that flows in a given time
− Surface water produced internally: long-term average annual volume of surface water generated by direct runoff from endogenous precipitation (surface runoff) and groundwater contributions
− Total renewable surface water: the sum of the internal renew-able surface water resources and the total external renewable surface water resources
Glaciers in the Ganges:Number: 7,963-12,641
318
0.87 1.41
34x Three GorgesDams
>Ice reserves:794-1,345 km3 60%
5,700 masl
of Ganges’sglacier areas
are below
-0.4
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
-0.2
1956-2005 2006-2055
Snowfall Rainfall Runoff
-0.09 -0.24
0.59 0.86
-0.020.100
masl = metres above sea level
Glacier area shrinkage:
= 3,244-7,073 km236-42%
2007-2050(under RCP4.5)
422bn m3
Glacier area: 9,012-15,719 km2
Up to 50% size of Belgium
NO WATER, NO GROWTHDoes Asia have enough water to develop?
THE GANGES RIVER BASIN
LengthBasin AreaAnnual flowFlow through
Share of ice & snow melt in upper reachAverage surface water resourcesBasin populationBasin GDP in 2015
Transboundary
2,600 km1.00-1.11 million km2
318-422 billion m3
Bangladesh, China, India, Nepal20% of runoff
388 billion m3
614 millionUS$790 billion (constant 2010 price)YesIndia, Bangladesh signed an agreement in 1996 with regards to the sharing of water by ten-day period from the 1st January to the 31st May every year
THE GANGES MATTERS FOR COUNTRIES, PEOPLE & THE ECONOMY
Total surface water resources = 388 billion m3
Total population= 614 million
Total 2015 GDP (constant 2010 price) = US$790 billion
GDP mix
Industry25%
Agriculture19%
Services56%
Nepal32%
India59%
Water Use Per Unit GDP (m3/USD)
Irraw
addy
Amu
Dan
ya
Brah
map
utra
Mek
ong
Salw
een
Gan
ges
Tarim
Indu
s
Yang
tze
Yello
w
0.39
Bangladesh6%
China3%
India91%
India95%
China0.02%
China0.05%
Nepal5%
Nepal2%
Bangladesh5% Bangladesh 2%
GANGES RIVERThe Ganges, also known as Ganga, is one of the most sacred rivers to Hindus. Starting in western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, it flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India, before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
NO WATER, NO GROWTHDoes Asia have enough water to develop?
Water use mix
Agriculture81%
Municipal9%
Industry10%
Water use per capita: 498m3/pax
For references of all data, please refer to China Water Risk, “No Water, No Growth - Does Asia have enough water to develop?”, 2018© China Water Risk. All rights reserved, 2018. | Contact: [email protected]
For references of all data, please refer to China Water Risk, “No Water, No Growth - Does Asia have enough water to develop?”, 2018© China Water Risk. All rights reserved, 2018. | Contact: [email protected]
Legend
Cities300k-5mn5-10mn
10-15mn
15-20mn
Over 20mn
HKH GlaciersRiver BasinMajor Rivers
GangesGanges
0 100 200km
© China Water Risk. Data Source: ICIMOD; Randolph Glacier Inventory; FAO AQUAmaps; Data Center for Resources and Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesThis map uses UN urban population data. However, if we add rural population and other temporary residents living within the municipal boundary of cities, the total population can be larger.
