Indo-Ganges: A Basin under Extreme Pressure

Indo-Ganges: A Basin under Extreme Pressure

Targeting Double Dividends:Improving Water Productivity and Alleviating Poverty

http://bfp-indogangetic.iwmi.org:8080/

Bharat Sharma On behalf of

BFP-IGB Team

Nexus-

Paradoxon

Hydrology Socio-Ecology

Water Availability, Cost of Water,

Poverty

Water Development, Holding size

Energy, Productivity

Indus- Gangetic Basin

PakistanIndiaNepal

Bangladesh

Parameters Bangla. India Nepal Pakistan

Acc. to improved water resources,%

74 86 90 91

Acc.to improved sanitation, % 39 33 35 59

Per cap. Electricity consumption, kWh

145 594 91 493

Popu. Below national poverty line

49.8 28.6 30.9 32.6

Agriculture, % of GDP 20.1 18.3 38.2 21.6

Per capita GDP (USD) 406 640 252 632

IRWR (m3/cap./yr) 688 1149 7539 325

SocioSocio--economic and Water Status of economic and Water Status of

IG Basin CountriesIG Basin Countries

Parameter Indus GBM

Resource Stress (scarcity, variation)

0.49 0.39

Development Pressure (exploitation, DW inaccessibility)

0.51 0.17

Ecological Insecurity ( water pollution, ecosystem deterioration)

0.80 0.57

Management Challenges (WU inefficiency, Sani. inaccess., Conflict manage)

0.57 0.65

Vulnerability Index 0.59 0.45

GDP/m3 of water use 3.34* 3.47*

*Global average:$8.6/m3; Avg five top food producers(Bra,Chi,Fra,Mex,US):$ 23.8/m3

Source: Babel and Wahid(2008)( Freshwater under Threat: South Asia)

Freshwater under ThreatFreshwater under Threat

January, 1984

(Rabi crop)

September, 1984

(Kharif crop- wettest period)

January, 2000

(Rabi crop)

September, 2000

(kharif crop- wettest period)

Scaled

$DVI

Biomass and Water Dynamics in Indus and Ganges

(Basin level scale using AVHRR Mega Dataset, IWMI-GIAM)

GRACE satellite remote

sensing a 2000-km

swath running from

eastern Pakistan-

northern India-

Bangladesh showed

that the region is fast

depleting its

groundwater: 54 km3

lost per year in the

world’s most intensively

irrigated area hosting

600 m people, GW

levels fall ~ 10

cm/year averaged

over the entire region.(Science, 2009: 325, 798)

Flooding in the Ganges Basin Flooding in the Ganges Basin

Damages Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan

Deaths 52,033 55,656 5,637 8,877

Population affected (million)

304.63 763.99 2.98 37.69

Homeless 4219724 13210000 84925 4234415

Injured 102390 1561 1072 1981

Estimated Cost (US$ M)

12038.4 29417.2 0.977 2865.2

Period

60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 00-08

$u

mb

er o

f fl

ood

even

ts

0

50

100

150

200

250Eastern Asia

SouthEast Asia

South Asia

West Asia

Water

productivity:WP3

Crop water productivity, kg/m3

Water value-adding $/m3

$et value/costs

Water availability :WP2

Climate water account

Water allocation water hazards

Logic and Structure of BFP-IGB

What is the water balance?How well is the water used?

Policies and Institutions:WP4Water

Water rights Water policies

Governance Power

Farming

Land rights

Infrastructure

Supply chains

Who ‘handles’ the water? Who enables farmer to improve productivity?

What links water, food and poverty?

What are foreseeable risks and opportunities for change?

Knowledge, Impact and Change Management.

BackgroundDemography Rural poverty

Economic overview AgricultureWhat is the overall situation?

Approach of Analysis:Basin to Sub-Basin to Household

• Macro or basin level analysis of poverty/ water poverty, water resources, water productivity, water laws and potential interventions.

•Sub-basin wise HH level detailed analysis of poverty, water resources, water institutions/ policies, interventions.

•Strong linkages with GGA, NRLP, RWC, Climate Change impact projects

Ganga Basin Focal Project: Water Availability and Access , Levels of Analysis

• Basin Scale Analysis

– Monthly water balance using WEAP

• Sub-basin Scale

– Detailed water balance calculations using SWAT

Data access is the main challenge

Water Resources in Indus-Gangetic Basin

Generation of sub-basin networks for Ganges (and Indus)

BCM

Groundwater Recharge in Indus- Gangetic Basin

Basin $ame Groundwater

Available

(BCM)

Annual Groundwater Draft

(BCM)

Stage of GW

Development

(%)Irrigation Domestic,

Industrial

& others

Total

Ganga BasinIndia 168.7 94.4 8.2 102.4 61

$epal 11.5 0.8 0.3 1.1 10

Bangladesh 64.6 25.2 4.1 29.3 45

Total 244.8 120.4 12.6 132.8 54

Indus BasinIndia 30.2 36.4 1.6 38.0 126

Pakistan* 55.1 46.2 5.1 51.3 93

Total 85.3 82.6 6.7 89.3 105

Groundwater availability and its use in the Indus-Gangetic Basin

Simulation of Glaciers' Contribution to Streamflow

� WEAP glaciers module under development in collaboration with by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)/ IRD, France,

Starting with the Kosi basin

� Time series of streamflows in Nepal are available,

� Glaciers' contribution is significant,

� BFP IGB is developing a SWAT application in this basin,

� => start calibrating WEAP in the Kosi sub-basin and use this setting for sub-basins where

observed time series are not available.

In WEAP

Calibration / Validation

� Calibration / validation against observed streamflows.

� Good results upstream, in high elevated sub-basins.

Calibration Validation

11/78 04/80 08/81 01/83 05/84 09/85 02/87 06/88 11/890

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

WEAP

Observed

Str

eam

flo

w (

Mm

3/m

on

th)

Nash = 0.90Cumulated flow observed = 68.1 km3

Cumulated flow WEAP = 67.7 km3

11/89 04/91 08/92 01/94 05/95 09/96 02/98 06/99 11/000

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

WEAP

Observed

Str

eam

flo

w (

Mm

3/m

on

th)

Nash = 0.78Cumulated flow observed = 67.5 km3

Cumulated flow WEAP = 64.1 km3

Example of Simulated Glaciers' Behaviour

� No chronological data from the region to validate these simulations.

� But in accordance with the literature.

80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 000

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Gla

cie

r to

tal

are

a (

km

2)

Evolution of glacier coverage inRabuwa sub-basin with time

Reduction of 20% in 20 years

80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 000

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000Glaciers

Rainfall-runoff

Year

Str

eam

flo

w (

Mm

3 / y

ea

r)

Glaciers contribution toannual streamflow: about 40%

Study the effect of upstream water resource development and as well as the influence of land use change on the hydrology and water balance of the Gorai River Catchment

Gorai-River Catchment, Bangladesh (SWAT Analysis)

0

100

200

300

400

500

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month

Flo

w (

MC

M)

1965-75 1990-99

Average monthly inflow to the Gorai Catchment measured at Gorai railway-bridge at two time periods

Land Use Change

Comparison of both land use map shows:

• 2% reduction in water bodies from 1977 to 1997

• Settlement area remains constant

• Agriculture area including rice has increased from 52% to 80% from the total basin land extent

• Forest area has decreased from 29% to 4% from 1977 to 1997

-4000

-2000

0

2000

4000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Inp

ut/

Ou

tpu

t (m

m)

Average annual RF (mm) Average annual ET (mm) Average annual RO (mm) Balance closer (mm)

Water Balance Results

-4000

-2000

0

2000

4000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Inp

ut/

ou

tpu

t (m

m)

Average annual RF (mm) Average annual ET (mm) Average annual RO (mm) Balance closer (mm)

Water balance at each sub basin during 1965 to 1975 (1 to 22 are sub basin numbers)

Water balance at each sub basin during 1990 to 1997

0

100

200

300

400

500


Month

Flo

w (

MC

M)

1965-75 _obs

1990-1999_sim_97LU

1965-75 _sim_77LU

0

100

200

300

400

500


Month

Flo

w (

MC

M)

1965-75_sim_77LU

1990-1999_sim_97LU

Average monthly out flow from the sub basin 4

Average monthly out flow from the Catchment outlet (sub basin 22)

0

100

200

300

400

500


Month

Flo

w (

MC

M)

1965-75 1990-99

Average monthly inflow to the Gorai Catchment

•The Upstream part of the basin is extremely effected by the Farakka barrage discharges as flow in the monsoon is reduced and flow in the dry season approaches zero.

•Simulations from the downstream or the outlet of the basin shows that flows are reduced during the monsoon season, however, flows in the dry season, esp. March-May has not changed in the two periods and is effected by the land use in the whole basin

Completed/ Planned Outputs for WP 2

1. Energy supply and expansion of irrigation in the Indus-Gangetic basin: Published(C A Scott, Bharat Sharma, JRBM,2009, 7(1): 1-6)

2. Hydro-geology and Water Resources of Indus-Gangetic Basin: Comparative Analysis of Issues and Opportunities" ( Bharat R Sharma and G. Ambili )- Accepted as a Review Paper

3. Setting of a Decision Support Tool for Assessment and Allocation of the Water Resource in the Indo-Ganges Basin (WEAP Modelling):

(Dev D Condappa, Luna Bharati, Bharat Sharma)

4. Challenges and Prospects of Sustainable Groundwater Management in the Indus Basin, Pakistan: ( Asad Qureshi and //.)

5. Water, Climate Change, and Adaptation: Focus on the Gages River Basin : (H R

Hostermann, PG McCornick, EJ Kistin, A Pant, B R Sharma, L Bharati, Working Paper

published in collaboration with Nicholas Institute, Duke University, USA)

6. Water Availability and Access Analysis in Selected Sub-basins of the Ganges basin ( Luna Bharati, V. Smakhtin, Bharat Sharma, Priyantha)

Estimating Water Productivity in the Indus-Gangetic Basin

http://bfp-indogangetic.iwmi.org:8080/

• Magnitude – What’s the current status?

• Spatial Variation – How does it vary within and among regions?

• Causes – Why is WP varying (both high and low)?

• Scope for improvement – How much potential for, where?

• Irrigated vs. rainfed – What’s the option for sustainable development under water scarcity and food deficit condition?

• Crop vs. livestock and fisheries – How is livestock and fisheries contributing to water use outputs?

Data collection

Introd.

Data

LULC

Prod.

Water

Results

Plan

A ground truth mission was conducted in India from 8th -17th Oct, 2008

• Across Indus and Gangetic river basin

• >2700km covered

• 175 samples

– LULC

– Cropping pattern

– Agricultural productivity (cut and farmer survey)

– Water use (rainfed, surface/GW)

– Social-economic survey

A “crop dominance map” of namely year 2008 shows major crops rice and wheat

area, and other mixed croplands. Watering sources are also given for IGB map.

Introd.

Data

LULC

Prod.

Water

Results

Plan

Crop Dominance Map

Introd.

Data

LULC

Prod.

Water

Results

Plan

Crop ProductivityStep 2. Pixel wise rice productivity map interpolation using MODIS data

Paddy rice yield map of 2005NDVI composition

of 29 Aug – 5 Sept 2005 for rice area

MODIS 250m NDVI at rice heading stage was used to

interpolate yield from district average to pixel

wise employing rice yield ~ NDVI linear relationship.

Actual ET Estimation

Introd.

Data

LULC

Prod.

Water

Results

Plan

Actual ET Calculation by Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) Approach

Seasonal actual ET map (2005 Jun 10 – Oct 15)

potential ET map (2005 Sept 21)

ETa – the actual Evapotranspiration, mm.

ETf – the evaporative fraction, 0-1, unitless.

ET0 – Potential ET, mm.

Tx – the Land Surface Temperature (LST) of pixel x from thermal data.

TH/TC – the LST of hottest/coldest pixels.

CH

xHf

TT

TTET

−

−=

fpa ETETET ∗=

SSEB

ET fraction map (2005 Sept 21)

MODIS LST 2005 Sept 21

Water Productivity Maps

Introd.

Data

LULC

Prod.

Water

Results

Plan

Rice productivity (kg/m3)

Mean AVG SDV Min Max

0.618 0.618 0.306 0.09 2.5

Rice water productivity for 4 major IGB countries (unit: kg/m3)

Country ADMIN_NAME WP_MEAN Country ADMIN_NAME WP_MEAN

Bangladesh Chittagong 0.445 Pakistan North-west Frontier 0.451

Bangladesh Dhaka 0.496 Pakistan FAT 0.525

Bangladesh Barisal 0.533 Pakistan Azad Kashmir 0.580

Bangladesh Khulna 0.796 Pakistan Baluchistan 0.657

Bangladesh Rajshahi 0.856 Pakistan Sind 0.732

Pakistan Punjab 0.755

Average 0.625 Average 0.617

Nepal Lumbini 0.542 India Madhya Pradesh 0.393

Nepal Sagarmatha 0.556 India Himachal Pradesh 0.407

Nepal Janakpur 0.578 India Bihar 0.408

Nepal Bagmati 0.583 India Jammu & Kashmir 0.430

Nepal Gandaki 0.607 India Uttar Pradesh 0.560

Nepal Seti 0.699 India West Bengal 0.718

Nepal Bheri 0.713 India Rajasthan 0.720

Nepal Rapti 0.715 India Haryana 0.746

Nepal Narayani 0.754 India Delhi 0.818

Nepal Mahakali 0.792 India Punjab 0.833

Nepal Kosi 0.904

Nepal Mechi 0.964

Average 0.701 Average 0.603


Introd.

Data

LULC

Prod.

Water

Results

Plan

Paddy productivity (kg/m3)

Wheat Water Productivity in the Indus- Gangetic Basin


Introd.

Data

LULC

Prod.

Water

Results

Plan

Preliminary findings:

1. Basin average evapo-transpiration (328mm) is close to long term average precipitation (323mm) for the rice growing period;

2. Water productivity in Indo-Gangetic river basin is generally low, meaning great scope for improvement;

3. Significant variability exists across fields and regions. General decline from North-west to South-east could be observed;

4. The variability shows no direct relationship with climate conditions, implying the significance of irrigation;

5. Sugarcane, pulses and millet make significant contributions to the overall productivity of water.

Region District Main source of irrigation

Crop yield (tons/ ha)

Paddy Wheat

Lower Bist Doab

Jallandhar Tubewell 6.26 4.68

Kapurthala Tubewell 5.98 4.73

Sub-Mountainous

Hoshiarpur Conjunctive Use 4.46 3.82

Canal irrigation 3.47 2.80

Source: Kumar et al (2008)

Differences in Paddy and Wheat Yield due to Source of Irrigation in Punjab

32

SWAP—Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant relationship model for part of Rechna Doab sub-basin

Saturatedzone

Plant

rain/irrigation

Deep Groundwater

Atmosphere

Unsaturatedzone

interception

surface runoff

drainage/infiltration

transpirationsoil evaporation

Flow / transport of:soil water, heat, solutes

Influenced by:hysteresis

soil spatial variabilitywater repellency

seepage/percolation

1. Water productivity determinatio

ns at the plot level.

2. Water productivity issues on sub-basin

level based on salt and

water balance studies.

Fisheries Water Productivity in Lower Ganges Basin,

Bangladesh

• Assess Fisheries-water Productivity

• Evaluate fisheries & aquaculture potential

• Identify the issues that hinder the productivity potential

• Identify high potential and low cost options/interventions for fisheries productivity

• Evaluate policy and institutional issues to address fisheries potential

• Identify present level economic use of land and water from different agricultural land-use systems including aquaculture and intergrated farming systems

• Suggest innovative use of land and water to maximize productivity –with high potential and value added outputs

Those hinder the

productivity potential

Fish Productivity

Analyze historical data then temporal

variation

Analysis of Sub-basin Area (situation analysis)

Potential Identification and

Evaluation

Identification ofIssues

Capture Fisheries

Aquaculture

Identify the low cost and high potential intervention

Evaluate policy and Institutional issues to address

fisheries potential

Analyze present data then spatial

variation

-Inst. Strength

-Co-management institutions- Habitat loss/degradation

- Seasonality, depth, connectivity

Recommended Interventions

TechnologyInstitutional efficiency

Access to water

HH Sample Distribution

Capture Fishery systems

A total 132, 27 and 42 HHs were selected for River, Beel and

canal system respectively from 3 selected districts

Culture Fishery systems

A total 33, 284, 17, 52, 16, 52, 1 and 67 HHs were selected for Intensive,

semi-intensive, IAA, Rice-fish, Shrimp, fresh-water prawn, nursery and others system respectively from

3 selected districts

Variation in productivity between the

habitat

Capture Fisheries

-Baors have higher overall productivity.

-These habitats are semi-closed systems and more manageable than beels,

and therefore better production.

- North-Eastern part of sub-basin (Faridpur) is the only area where productivity in both habitat types is reasonably high, and this may be related to the proximity of the water bodies and connected through tributaries and distributaries to the river

Padma.

0.00%

20.00%

40.00%

60.00%

80.00%

100.00%

Non Res

pons

e

Yes No

Chuadanga

Narail

Bagerhat

Leasing rights of the fishers in different parts of the basin

Access to Aquatic Resources

-- Fishers told that, adjacent villagers, land owners and local influential barred them illegally from fishing.

--They have complained to the concerned department but failed almost all the time.

6.58

26.32

7.89

1.32

5.26

10.53

9.21

22.37

10.53

District Fisheries office

Lease holder

Muslim f isher's

No barrier

Police

People/f ishers of

adjacent village

Ow ner of adjacent

ponds/pagars/ gher

Local influential

Chairman

Barriers imposed by different actors (%)

-- Poor fishermen are deprived of leasing right to the open water

bodies

Variations in Fish Productivity Between Habitat

Cultured pondCulturable pond Derelict pond

Culture Fisheries

Exceptionally high aquaculture productivity is linked mainly to the strong presence of Govt. agencies/institutions and NGOs, and to a well established seed production and supply system (e.g. highly density of Hatchery, Nursery and grow out ponds). The marketing facilities of the products also well dynamic (e.g. processing plants, depots etc.)

Lower productivity in aquaculture systems is due to mostly to weak institutional links and multiple-ownership of the ponds

-The most productive use of water was found to be achieved in rice-fish system (in Chuadanga) in terms of economic output.

- Water productivity of intensive fish culture was found to be the highest in some ponds but it was considered not yet to be an ideally valued efficiency as the standard deviation was high and not conclusive.

SystemAverage Productivity (kg/m3) Remarks

Chuadanga Narail Bagerhat

Low-input pond 0.046 (67) Value in parenthesis indicate the HH sample number

Semi-intensive 0.22 (111) 0.15 (126) 0.074 (47)

Intensive 0.24 (26) 0.18 (7) -

Rice-Fish 0.31 (11) 0.095 (7) 0.051 (34)

Duck-checken-Fish - 0.093 (1) 0.072 (16)

Bagda Culture - 0.068 (1) 0.034 (15)

Galda Culture - 0.073 (38) 0.037 (14)

Nursery - - 0.051 (1)

Water productivity for aquaculture based on HH survey

Culture Fisheries

Capture FisheriesOpen Water System (Capture fisheries): Govt. and Private

Constrains Opportunity Probable solutions Remarks

- Land type changes (changes of water body types) and cultivate cereal crop- Leasing system is not productive friendly and complexInsufficient capital, coordination, and management instruments- Conflict for Property right in floodplain area- Illegal fishing in non-leased area- Environmental degradation and destructive fishing- Lack of sustainable management technology- Insufficient training and extension services due- Manpower deficiency- Communication/roads and transportation facilities- Lack of policy regarding sustainable environmental friendly culture management

-Water availability period also longer then upper part

-Separation of Judiciary from executive has facilitating to implement legal aspects

-New “Jomohal”

policy need to be pro-poor

-Existing management practice with Community based management

- Develop more fish sanctuaries followed by habitat restoration, which have wider beneficial impact of fisheries productivity- Conservation of natural breeding place/sanctuary development and management- Leasing system of pubic water need to change for productive and sustainability consideration.- On-field training- Agriculture policy need be integrated and made synchronized with the other natural resource policies e.g. water policy, fisheries policy, environment policy those advocate for mechanisms for enhanced ecosystem productivity; as the

Sum up of the technical, social and institutional based on:

Secondary doc HH survey, FGD, Farm visit, Professional and Expert judgments

Closed and Semi-closed Water System (Culture fisheries)

Constrains

Opportunity Probable

solutions

Remarks

-Multi-ownership pond (pond getting from ancestor) -Conflicts –-Cash Capital; credit support-Sustainable marketing system-Wrong leasing system in case of Govt. ponds-Lack of policy regarding sustainable environmental friendly culture management-Quality seed, feed, fertilizer and other materials for fish culture-Lack of Environment friendly sustainable technology-Lack of required Trained/skilled manpower for training and extension services-Communication/roads and transportation facilities

- Almost every HH unit has a pond in middle stream - Educated youth are engaging with this farming system- Young professional are like to take challenges for future betterment

Community based fish culture and management in large open and semi closed water-bodiesHatchery, nursery, feed mills, Fish-dipo, processing plant,Decentralized fish seed technology extension can help (personal/society/political)Extension services strengthen upto union level by increasing sufficient skilled manpower

Sum up of the technical, social and institutional based on:

Secondary doc HH survey, FGD, Farm visit, Professional and Expert judgments

Outputs for Water Productivity Analysis of IG Basin

1. Dignosing irrigation performance and water productivity through satellite remote sesing and secondary data in a large irrigation system in Pakistan: Published

( M D Ahmad, H Turral, A. Nazeer; Agril. Water Manage.-2008)

2. Integrating remote sensing, census and weather data for an assessment of rice yield, water consumption and water productivity in the Indo-Gangetic river basin (CAI XueLiang1† & Bharat Sharma2

(Accepted for “Agricultural Water Management” Ref. MS. No. AGWAT2336R1, ISI Journal

3. Remote sensing and census based assessment and scope for improvement of rice and wheat water productivity in the Indo-Gangetic basin (CAI XueLiang1† & Bharat Sharma2) to be presented at International Conference in Wuhan, China and accepted for “Science in China”

4. A coupled approach for regional rice water use and productivity assessment in Indo-Gangetic river basin, Cai Xueliang & B R Sharma ( Accepted for presentation during International FSES-2009, IIT, Kharagpur, India)

5. Wheat Water Productivity in Indo-Gangetic River Basin Assessed from Remote Sensing and Census Information ( B R Sharma & C Xueliang) ( Accepted for presentation during International FSES-2009, IIT, Kharagpur, India)

6. Fisheries-Water productivity of the IGB/EGB: Bangladesh in the context of Gorai-Madhumati sub-basin : Issues /Barriers and opportunities for improvement ( G. Mustafa, S H Avila, MG Khan, A Brroks)

7. An assessment of agricultural water productivity in the Indo-Gangetic River basin: Current status and scope for improvement: X Cai, B R Sharma et al., : IWMI Research Report ( Proposed)JJJJJJ..

Water and Land Policies and Institutions

• Water and Energy Policies in the Indus-Gangetic Basin

•Governance of Informal Water Economies: Framework for Study of Water Governance in the Indo-Gangetic Basin

•The Water Sector Policy and Legal Framework in the Indo-Gangetic Basin: Trends, their Drivers and Implications

• Land and Water Bodies Leasing Policies in the Indus- Gangetic Basin

Components of Water Governance

Legal and Regulatory Framework

Policy Implementation

Water administration

InstitutionalEnvironment

Institutional Arrangements

e.g.Water markets

WUAsWater Right

Why are we doing this study?

• South Asian countries are known for their limited state capacity and a huge mismatch between state’s ambitions and capabilities.

• Society is in many ways powerful than the state.

• Laws are most often statement of intent and most often not even that!

Definitions (Subject to interpretation)

Water resource

development

Water resource

management

Water resource governance

An orientation towards increasing resource exploitation. E.g. expanding irrigation and hydropower generation.

Laws to manage Public Production

Recognition of the need to regulate exploitation and establishment of rules and institutions for this purpose.

Laws to promote and regulate

Expansion of rules and institutional structures from resource regulation to also address social issues. E.g. decentralization & participation in planning; equitable access amongst different sectors and marginalised groups; adoption of integrated resource planning approaches.

Orientation of Water Sector Legal Instruments between Water Resource Development, Management & Governance in the IGB

Most irrigation investments in

1960s to 1980s, and laws in 1990s and

2000? WHY?

Orientation of Water Sector Legal Instruments between Water Resource Development, Management & Governance in the IGB

02468

1012141618202224262830

Ins

tru

me

nts

1900 to

1909

1910 to

1919

1920 to

1929

1930 to

1939

1940 to

1949

1950 to

1959

1960 to

1969

1970 to

1979

1980 to

1989

1990 to

1999

2000 to

2009

Decade

Irrigation & Drainage Bangladesh Irrigation & Drainage India Irrigation & Drainage Nepal Irrigation & Drainage Pakistan

Hydropower Bangladesh Hydropower India Hydropower Nepal Hydropower Pakistan

Watershed Mgt Bangladesh Watershed Mgt India Watershed Mgt Nepal Watershed Mgt Pakistan

Environmental Mgt Bangladesh Environmental Mgt India Environmental Mgt Nepal Environmental Mgt Pakistan

Flood Mgt Bangladesh Flood Mgt India Flood Mgt Nepal Flood Mgt Pakistan

Water Quality Bangladesh Water Quality India Water Quality Nepal Water Quality Pakistan

Drinking water supply Bangladesh Drinking water supply India Drinking water supply Nepal Drinking water supply Pakistan

Municipal Water Bangladesh Municipal Water India Municipal Water Nepal Municipal Water Pakistan

Water Use Efficiency Bangladesh Water Use Efficiency India Water Use Efficiency Nepal Water Use Efficiency Pakistan

IWRM Bangladesh IWRM India IWRM Nepal IWRM Pakistan

Dispute Resolution Bangladesh Dispute Resolution India Dispute Resolution Nepal Dispute Resolution Pakistan

Groundwater Bangladesh Groundwater India Groundwater Nepal Groundwater Pakistan

Cost Recovery Bangladesh Cost Recovery India Cost Recovery Nepal Cost Recovery Pakistan

IWRM India

Water Quality India

Irrigation & Drainage Pakistan

GW India

Focus of Water Sector Legal Instruments in the IGB (By Decade)

Water Sector Legal Instruments in the IGB Countries (By Primary Focus)

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Nepal

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Pakis

tan

Bangla

desh

India

Nepal

Pakis

tan

Bangla

desh

India

Nepal

Pakis

tan

Irrigation

&

Drainage

Hydropow erWatershed

Mgt

Environmental

Mgt

Flood Mgt Water

Quality

Drinking

w ater

supply

Municipal

Water

Water Use

Eff iciency

IWRM Dispute

Resolution

Groundw ater Cost

Recovery

Primary Focus

2000 to 2009

1990 to 1999

1980 to 1989

1970 to 1979

1960 to 1969

1950 to 1959

1940 to 1949

1930 to 1939

1920 to 1929

1910 to 1919

1900 to 1909

IWRM emerging in 2000s across IGB

GW a key priority for India

in 1990s

I&D dominant in BD over last 50 years & in PK in 1990s

Expansion from I&D to IWRM in BD in last 20 yrs

Energy Divide in South Asia’s groundwater irrigation economy

Bangladesh and Pakistan have metered out electric tubewells. West Bengal is

following suit.

Eastern India has de-electrified its country-side

In Indian Indus basin, farmers have held the

political Class to ransom and kept meters out.

Distribution of GW structures in India andthe Indus-Gangetic basin

In 1990, buying a liter of diesel required selling less than a kg of rice or wheat; today, it requires 3-5

times more.

kg rice/litre of diesel

Diesel (Rs/l)

Rice (Rs/kg)

India 5.67 34.00 6.00

Pakistan 3.20 37.80 11.80

Bangladesh 3.89 35.00 9.00

Nepal terai 5.70 57.00 10.00

Desperate Strategies:Small-holder/Water Buyer

Responses to Diesel Price Increase

West Bengal: Chinese diesel/kerosene pumps to the aid of India’s agrarian poor

Diesel-saving crop substitution: boro rice on a decline Among diesel pump buyers; Return to rainfed farming

Energy substitution: PDS kerosene for diesel; Electricity preferred but connections hard to come by

Forced exit from unviable farming-for landless who Cultivated leased land with rented diesel pumps

Energy saving irrigation practices: alternate furrow; Rubber pipes; adjacent fields leased to use drainage

Gambler’s response: shift to high value, high input, High risk crops-summer onion in North Bihar

Large increases in monopoly rents and power of electric tubewell owners:Uttar Pradesh

Pump irrigation price for water buyers is rising 30-40%

faster than diesel price

Pump irrigation price is downwardly sticky; it does not fall when diesel price falls.

It is common for farmers in

eastern India to pay Rs 80-120 for 50 m3 of water.

Outputs from Policy and Institutions Studies

1. Is irrigation water free ? A reality check in the Indo-Gangetic basin : T shah, M U Hasan, M Z Khattak, P S Banerjee, OP Singh, SU Rehman;

World Development (2008)- Published

2. An inventory of national, sub-national and transboundary water-related legal instruments in Indus- Gangetic basin :( A Mukherji, S de Silva)

3. Evolution of water sector policies and laws in the Indus-Gangetic Basin – Drivers and Trends: ( A Mukherji, S de Silva)

4. Institutional dynamics of culture fishery economy in the Indo-Gangetic basin: ( T Shah , R Indu)

3. Governance of Informal Water Economies: A Preliminary Framework for Study of Water Governance in the Indo-Gangetic Basin : ( T Shah, RPS Malik) ?

Potential interventions

Definition of interventions and development of intervention matrices

Intervention analysis

Identification of potential intervention

Identification of WP Interventions

Resource Conservation Techniques

(RCT)

Water and Watershed

Management

Farming System

Multiple Use Water Scheme

(MUS)

Climate Change and Environment

al Flow

Institutional Interventions

Land Use

Mulching Canal liningPrecision farming

Agri-aquaculture

Climate change Subsidy Urbanization

Land LevellingWater harvesting structures

Organic farming

Hydroponic horticulture

Water use pattern

Loan waiversSpecial economic zones (SEZ)

Surface Seeding

Pressurized irrigation system Hybrid seeds

Reuse of urban effluent

Environmental flow requirement

Support price

Extent of land degradation

System of Rice Intensification

Surge irrigation

Horticultural systems

Other governmental policies

Bed PlantingIrrigation scheduling

Crop diversi-fication

Zero TillageDeficit irrigation

Livestock system

Reduced Tillage

Rain-water harvesting

Groundwater recharge methods

Intervention Matrix

A. Location

B. Coverage

C. Method Used

D. Primary Purpose

E. Financial Aspects

F. Stake-holder Linkages

G. Specific Impacti. Agricultural impactYield increaseQuantity of water used (irrigation + rainfall)Cropping intensityDiversification (new crop)Fertiser, Herbicide useii. NR-Related impactAvailable soil moistureOrganic carbon contentGroundwater recharge & qualitySurface water replenishment & qualitySustainabilityiii. Livelihood-related impactFood security, Employment opportunityPoverty change, Drudgery for women,Migration, Impact on less-fortunate community

• Questionnaire Development: Multiple interventions selected

• Ranking by Experts: Experts ranked interventions on a 10-point scale

• Weight Assignments: Assigned ranks converted to weights by reversing order, i.e., rank 1 reordered as weight 10, rank 2 reordered as weight 9 and so on….

Intervention Ranking Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)

Resource Conservation Technologies: Productivity gains through efficient utilization of resources

Laser land levellingZero tillage

Furrow irrigated-Raised bed planting

Surface seeding

2001 2002 2003

Zero tillage 2,08,742 5,61,033 11,56,210

Bed planting 4,706 6,993 35,000

Surface seeding 10,723 11,117 20,000

RCT Area adopted (ha)

3.2 million hectares (24%) of 13.5 million

hectares of rice-wheat area

Levels of adoption

The “Punjab Preservation of Subsoil Water Act”, 2009

“Not to sow paddy before May 10” and “not to transplant before June 10”

Regulation to check falling groundwater tables

Groundwater storage varied in northwestern India between 2002 and 2008, relative to the mean for the period. These deviations from the mean are expressed as the height of an equivalent layer of water, ranging from -12 cm (deep red) to 12 cm (dark blue). Credit: NASA/Trent Schindler and Matt Rodell

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

8-May 15-May 22-May 29-May 5-Jun 12-Jun

Amritsar Bathinda Faridkot Fatehgarh Firozpur

Gurdaspur Hoshiarpur Jalandhar Kapurthala Ludhiana

Mansa Moga Muktsar Nawanshahr Patiala

Rupnagar Sangrur

Date

Gain

in E

T, m

m

ET gains by delaying transplanting date of Paddy

ET demand reduced by 1.8, 2.4, 3.5, 6.1, 8.6 and 9.3% through shifting of transplanting dates by 1 to 6 weeks.Saving in GW draft: 7.2%; Total pumping hours saved: 31 M/ 175 M KWh

Outputs from Intervention Analysis

1. Identification and analysis of potential interventions for improving water productivity in the Indus- Gangetic basin: ( R singh, NS Raghuvanshi….et al)

2. Challenges and Prospects of Sustainable Groundwater Management in the Indus- Gangetic Basin: Review and Case Studies ( Bharat Sharma)

3. Improving water productivity in the Indus basin: A review of approaches and strategies: ( A S Qureshi, W Ahmad)

4. The Punjab Preservation of Subsoil Water Act (2009): Impact of a regulatory mechanism for saving water ( Bharat Sharma, G Ambili)

WP6: Knowledge Management, Impact

• Setting up of Project website, materials on PBwiki

• Creation and management of databases• Awareness among policy makers and farming communities, participation in Conferences

• Number of publication completed and in progress, Policy briefs planned

Summary: BFP IGB[.till date

• IGB is a complex basin with poverty and water gradients towards east and productivity towards west.

• Where water availability is not a constraint, poverty reduction is possible through improvements in land productivity.

• Where water availability is a constraint, increasing value of productivity per unit of water can reduce poverty.

• WP of wheat and rice is high in Indus but unsustainable; Ganges basin has both water, inputs and infrastructure constraints. Climate change shall have serious impacts for both basins and more so for Ganges due to higher vulnerability.

• There are attractive physical interventions which need to be up scaled with suitable policy and institutional support, water and energy policies are inter-related; innovative fisheries and integrated farming models has good potential for the poor eastern IGB.

NEED TO THINK AND PLAN FOR MUCH LARGER IMPACT THROUGH CONTINUED NEED TO THINK AND PLAN FOR MUCH LARGER IMPACT THROUGH CONTINUED NEED TO THINK AND PLAN FOR MUCH LARGER IMPACT THROUGH CONTINUED NEED TO THINK AND PLAN FOR MUCH LARGER IMPACT THROUGH CONTINUED ENGAGEMENT POSSIBLY THROUGH SECOND PHASE GANGES BASIN ENGAGEMENT POSSIBLY THROUGH SECOND PHASE GANGES BASIN ENGAGEMENT POSSIBLY THROUGH SECOND PHASE GANGES BASIN ENGAGEMENT POSSIBLY THROUGH SECOND PHASE GANGES BASIN PROJECT AND OTHER RELATED PROJECTS.PROJECT AND OTHER RELATED PROJECTS.PROJECT AND OTHER RELATED PROJECTS.PROJECT AND OTHER RELATED PROJECTS.

Education

Indo-Ganges: A Basin under Extreme Pressure