㈻

1

㈻

•–

•– さ

•– さ

2

•–

• ㈻

•

–•• (•

0.1 mm) (Kitazato, 1992)

Baculogypsina Calcarina Neorotalia Amphistegina Peneroplis

Heterostegina Operculina Cycloclypeus Amphisorus Marginopora Parasorites

Alveolinella

Calcarinidae

Nummulitidae Soritidae

3

Baculogypsina Calcarina Neorotalia Amphistegina Peneroplis

Heterostegina Operculina Cycloclypeus Amphisorus Marginopora Parasorites

Alveolinella

❻ (

㈻㈻

4

• 1 mm

• “ ”

• K

•

0.5 1 2 4 8 (mm)

Cycloclypeus

•

–

• ─–––

• (Leutenegger (1984)

5

•

•

•

•––– Hallock et al. (1991)

Köhler-Rink and Kühl (2001) (A. lobifera)

pH, CO2, O2 (A. hemprichii)

6

1-102 (ng C/foram/hr) x 12 (hr/day) x 106 (indi./m2) =0.12-1.2 (g C/m2/day)3/4 x 1-102 (ng C/foram/hr) x 12 (hr/day) x 106 (indi./m2) =0.09-0.9 (g C/m2/day)

0.03-0.3 (g C/m2/day)

Host Algal symbiont type Method Net Production Net Production Respiration

(ng C/foram/hr)

Perforate taxa

Amphistegina lobifera Diatom 14C tracer 2.91 x 10

-5 (mg C/foram/hr) 29.1

DO 13.12±7.31 (nmol O2/foram/hr) 157.44 8.79±3.87 (nmol O2/foram/hr)

? 3.4 x 10-8

(mol O2/ì g protein/hr)

Amphistegina lessonii Diatom 14C tracer 1.95 x 10

-5 (mg C/foram/hr) 19.5

Imperforate taxa

Archaias angulatus Chrolophyte 14C tracer 55.3 (ng C/host cell/hr) 55.3

14C tracer 70 (ng C/mg dry wt./h) 42

14C tracer 8.2 x 10

-7 (mol O2/mg dry org. wt/hr) 6.6 x 10

-7 (mol O2/mg dry org. wt/hr)

Amphisorus hemprichii Dinoflagellate DO 13 (nmol O2/foram/hr) 156 9.90 (nmol O2/foram/hr)

? 4.9 x 10-8

(mol O2/ì g protein/hr)

Marginopora vertebralis Dinoflagellate 14C tracer 0.05 (ng C/min) 3

Sorites marginalis Dinoflagellate 14C tracer 2.2 x 10

-6 (mol O2/mg dry org. wt/hr) 1.6 x 10

-6 (mol O2/mg dry org. wt/hr)

14C tracer 210 (ng C/mg dry wt./h) 210

Planktonic taxa

Globigerinoides ruber Dinoflagellate 14C tracer 7.8 (ng C/host cell/hr) 7.8

G. sacculifer Dinoflagellate DO 217.2 (ng C/host cell/hr) 217.2

Orbulina universa Dinoflagellate 14C tracer 57.8 (ng C/host cell/hr) 57.8

DO 5.3±2.7 (nmol O2/hr) 63.6 3.9±1.9 (nmol O2/hr)

* assuming a mean dry weight of 0.6 mg per specimen for A. angulatus

** assuming a mean dry weight of 1 mg per specimen for S. orbiculus

7

••••

––

•– ス ㈻

Calcarina spp.こ

Baculogypsinaこ

Amphistegina spp.

Marginopora spp.

(Langer and Hottinger, 2000)

8

Baculogypsina Neorotalia

Calcarina gaudichaudii

•

• さ

––– ㈻

––

•

9

•

<10 m

<30 m

• さ

–––– ㈻

Hohenegger (2000)

20m

Fujita and Hallock (1999)

10

ス

ス•

さ––

– Fujita (2004)

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13

•– ゝ

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– (Harney et al.,1999)

•–– x

x – (Langer et al.,

1997)

* applicable only for the genus Amphistegina

P = (% forams)/100 x [(Wforams)/(4000 or 800)] x (4000 or 800)

P = (% forams)/100 x (600 or 120)

P = (accumulation rate) x (carbonate sediment density) x (% forams)

P = N mean x Wmean x (turnover rate) x C

P = Nadult x Wadult x (turnover rate)

P*= N x 3.4 x 10-6

Short-cut methods for production estimate

P = ∫{D(t) x W(t)} dt

P = ∑(Di Wi)

P = ∑∑[(Ni, t- Ni+g, t+1)(Wi+g-Wi)/2] C

P = ∑(∑Ni, t Di) Wi

Production estimate from size-specific mortality and massweights

P = ∑⊿Wi

Production estimate by growth increments

Equation

ぜ

• 60~600 g CaCO3/m2/yr–

• 1.2~2800 g CaCO3/m2/yr–– 30~1000 g CaCO3/m2/yr– ‘ 1.2~120 g CaCO3/m2/yr (Langer et al., 1997)

Carbonate Production Depth

Scale considered (g/m2/yr) Environment (m) Location Reference

Species level 60-600

Calcarina spengleri 1978 Reef flat <5 Palau Hallock (1981)

Marginopora kudakajimensis 5,000 Moat 1 Okinawa Fujita et al. (2000)

Assemblage level 1.2-2800

Reef foraminiferal assemblage 30-1000 Reef flat Worldwide Langer et al. (1997)

1.2-120 Lagoon Worldwide Langer et al. (1997)

Larger rotaliine foraminiferal assemblage 100-2800 Reef flat & lagoon <5 Palau Hallock (1981)

50-600 Reef slope 5-20 Palau Hallock (1981)

Benthic foraminiferal assemblage 40 Shelf 20-90 GBR Tudhope and Scoffin (1988)

Coral reef commuity 4,000 Seaward reef flat 1 Smith and Kinsey (1976)

800 Protected lagoon 5 Smith and Kinsey (1976)

14

Hallock et al. (1986) – >106 individuals/m2

•– Calcarina spp. and Baculogypsina (Hallock, 1981, 1984; Sakai and Nishihira,

1981)•

– Amphistegina (Hallock, 1981, 1984), Archaias (Hallock et al., 1986)

– 104-105 individuals/m2

•– Amphistegina (Hallock, 1984; Lutze et al., 1971; Larsen, 1976)

• し• ‘

– 103-104 individuals/m2

• 10~30 m– Amphistegina, Heterostegina (Lutze et al., 1971), Amphisorus (Zohary et al.

1980), Cyclorbiculina (Lutze and Wefer, 1981), Archaias (Duguay, 1983)

15

• 200-1200 µm/mo– 400-1200 µm/mo– 200-400 µm/mo – 300-500 µm/mo

•– 3-4 mo: Amphistegina (Palau), Heterostegina– 1 yr: Amphisorus, M. kudakajimensis, Amphistegina (Hawaii)– >1 yr: M. vertebralis, Baculogypsina

• Amphistegina lobifera

Palau Hawaii

mean size (_m) 8 3 4 7 4 4

g e n e r a t i o n l e n g t h ( m o ) 4 1 2

carbonate production (g CaCO3/m2/yr) 307 103

3

(Fujita et al., 2000)

16

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(2005MS)

17

•– →

• 2– 幼生サイズ→初期死亡率（捕食率）– →初期値

• さ– ば–

– 無性生殖率→初期値• • <1 %: Baculogypsina (Sakai and Nishihira, 1981)

• 有性生殖（配偶子放出）– どれくらい新規加入しているのか？–

(Röttger, 1990)

Cycloclepeus

Krüger et al. (1996/97)

• ㈻

•

• ├ ㈻し

18

Marginopora

!

mode of

Foraminiferal species multiple fission range mean References

Amphisteginidae

Amphistegina lessonii external <1000 Muller (1977)

Amphistegina lobifera external <2000 Muller (1977)

Amphistegina madagascariensis external 500-1800 1100 Muller (1974)

Nummulitidae

Cycloclepeus carpenteri external 400-2540 1214 Krüger et al. (1996/97)

Heterostegina depressa external 1000-3000 Röttger et al. (1986)

Sortidae

Archaias angulatus internal 300-1000* Hallock et al. (1986)

Cyclorbiculina compressa internal 500-1000 Lutze and Wefer (1980)

Marginopora kudakajmensis internal 107-331 188 Fujita (unpublished data)

Marginopora vertebralis internal 60-150 Ross (1972)

Sorites orbiculus internal 18-207 Kloos and MacGillavry (1978), Kloos (1984)

Calcarinidae

Baculogypsina sphaerulata internal 568-979 769 Sakai and Nishihira (1981)

Calcarina gaudichaudii internal 1000-3000 Krüger (1990)

Calcarina gaudichaudii internal 280 Röttger et al. (1990)

* not directly observed modified from Lee et al. (1990)

#offspring

Calcarinidae

19

• よ– Calcarinidaeこ さ

• ㈻– vs

•– 10 103

– local egional lobal• ┞ よ

さ

•–

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– 2

Calcarina MarginoporaAmphistegina

500 g 2 kg 5 kg

?

20

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Sorites orbiculus (m) 0 1000

S. orbiculus

•••• Sorites• Sorites

21

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•–– ┞

22

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├ 0-2 mm ├ 0-10 mm

Baculogypsina ┑ Marginopora Heterostegina

ば

Muller (1974)

(Marginopora)(Amphistegina)

‘ ㎰

1

2

3

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