CENTER FOR AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH

FUTURE OF TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGIES

BJ Yurkovich

Center for Automotive Research

Energy Use

Source: A. Majumdar, ARPA-E

Energy use and per capita GDP

CENTER FOR AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH

ENERGY (FUELS)

Natural Gas for Mobility

CENTER FOR AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH

• Infrastructure exists everywhere!

• Electricity is cheap (at least for now)

• Electricity generation is more flexible than liquid fuels: ability to easily use renewables without disrupting the automotive market!

WHY USE ELECTRICITY FOR MOBILITY?

Renewables as a Share of Total

Primary Energy Consumption, 2010

From EIA - International Energy Outlook 2011

CENTER FOR AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH

TYPES OF VEHICLES ON ROAD TODAY

• Conventional Vehicles– Gasoline– Diesel

• Electric Vehicles– Hybrid Electric Vehicles– Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

• Fuel Cell Vehicles– PEM

• Natural Gas Vehicles– CNG, LNG

So what can we expect for the future?

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A BIG PART OF THE FUTURE…

Energy Storage!

• What types exist?– Conventional Fuels– Compressed Gases– BioDiesel– Batteries/Capacitors– Flywheels

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• Vehicle Electrification– Electric Vehicles

• Example: Tesla, Nissan Leaf

– Plug In Hybrids (PHEVs) and Extended Range Electric Vehicles (EREVs)

• Chevy Volt, Ford Fusion Energi

– Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)• Toyota Prius, Honda Insight, …

WHAT ARE WE SEEING TODAY?

Vehicles using batteries….

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BATTERIES IN VEHICLES

What main automotive battery chemistries exist?

– Lead Acid (PbA)– Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)– Lithium Ion (Li-Ion)

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REFUELING AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE…

• Level 1 Charging• Max Power Level: 1.3kW• Specifications: 120V/10A (AC)• Charge anywhere there is a socket!

• Level 2 Charging• Max Power Level: 3.3kW - 6.6kW• Specifications: 220-240V, 30A (AC)• Charging stations like GE Wattstation, Blink,

Coulomb Chargepoint

• DC Fast-charging (Level 3)• Max Power level: 20+kW• Specifications: Various DC levels• CHΛdeMO, Combo Coupler, Tesla, etc

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SMALL LIST OF AVAILABLE CHARGERS

• ABB (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO and Combo) • AddEnergie Technologies (DC Level 2 & 3 planned) • Advanced Charging Technologies (A.C.T.) (DC Level 2 – dual cable

CHAdeMO/Combo) • Aerovironment (DC Level 2 - CHAdeMO & DC Level 3) • Aker Wade (DC Level 2 - CHAdeMO) • Andromeda Power (Portable DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO) • BTCPower (DC Level 2) • Blink (ECOtality) (DC Level 2 CHAdeMO, charging network) • Coulomb Technology (DC Level 2, charging network) • DBT EV Charging Solutions (DC Level 2 - CHAdeMO) • Delta Electronics, Inc. (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO) • Eaton Corporation (DC Level 2 CHAdeMO) • Efacec (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO and Combo) • Epyon (DC Level 2) (Now part of ABB) • EvCollective (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO; onboard battery) • EVTEC AB (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO and Combo) • Fuji (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO, 25kW) • IES Synergy (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO and Combo) • JFE Engineering Corporation (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO) • Nichicon (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO) • Nissan (DC Level 2 - CHAdeMO) • Primearth EV Energy CO., LTD. – maybe CHAdeMO?? • Schneider Electric (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO, 50kW) • Signet Systems, Inc (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO)

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SAMPLE EV CHARGE TIMES AND AMOUNTS

Vehicle Type Energy Miles per Charge (all

electric)

Level 2 Charge Time

Nissan LEAF EV 24 kWh 80-100 miles 8 hours (3.3kW)

BMW ActiveE EV 32 kWh 150 miles 4-5 hours

Ford Fusion Energi

PHEV 7.6 kWh 10 miles 2.5 hours

Tesla S EV 80 kWh 200 miles 12 hours

Toyota Plug-In Prius

PHEV 4.4 kWh 10 miles 1.5 hours

Chevy Volt PHEV (EREV) 16 kWh 40 miles 4 hours

NOTE: These times assume you are charging from empty!!

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BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES OF THE FUTURE….

Metal-Air Batteries

HOW DO WE DECIDE WHAT VEHICLES WE SHOULD BUY FOR THE FUTURE?

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• We can use computer models to accurately model and predict how our vehicles will behave, consume fuel, and drive based on our preferences…

MODELING AND SIMULATION SYSTEMS

FleetCalc is a web-based tool that allows fleet owners to cost-effectively

• Evaluate overall fleet costs and policy impact for an existing fleet by utilizing sophisticated computer models and fleet-owner specific data

• Create alternative fleet options incorporating new vehicle technologies, future policies, and fuel prices

• Compare existing and alternative fleet options to assess the cost and emissions savings between existing and future fleets

www.fleetcalc.com

How is FleetCalc different from other fleet comparison services?

FleetCalc uses sophisticated computer models, allowing the

system to simulate the real routes of fleet vehicles that are

entered by the user.

www.fleetcalc.com