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Fusarium Dieback in California: another ambrosia beetle associated disease of avocado and urban forest
A.Eskalen1, S.C.Lynch1,F.Na,J.S.Mayorquin1,J.D.Carrillo1,A.Lira2,T.Atkinson3
1DepartmentofPlantPathologyandMicrobiology,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,CA925212Ecologyandevolutionarybiology,Inecol,Mexico
3EcologyofambrosiabeetlesfromUniversityofTexas
AvocadoLaurelWiltSummit,Homestead,FloridaNov3-4,2016
Outline• Overview• CurrentreproductivehostsofSHB• CurrentsituationonavocadoinCalifornia• CurrentsituationonurbanforestinCalifornia• Controlstrategiesandbestmanagementpracticesonavocado
LosAngelesCoOrangeCo
SanBernardinoCoRiversideCoVenturaCo.
PolyphagousShotHoleBorerPSHB
Euwallacea sp.
KuroshioShotHoleBorerKSHB
Euwallacea sp.SanDiegoCoOrangeCo
SantaBarbaraCoSanLuisObispoCo
Graphiumeuwallaceae
Paracremoniumpembeum
Fusariumeuwallaceae(Freemanetal.2013) (Lynchetal.2015 (Lynchetal.2015)
Fusarium sp. Graphium sp.(Newspecies) (Newspecies)
A.Eskalen
Polyphagous and Kuroshio Shot Hole Borersand their symbiotic fungi
Koch’s Postulates – Pathogenicity test
MeanlesionlengthsonavocadoandboxeldershootsinoculatedwithisolatesofFusarium euwallaceae, Graphiumeuwallaceae andParacremonium pembeum.VerticallinesrepresentstandarderrorofthemeanaccordingtoFisherprotectedLeastsignificantdifference(LSD)meanseparationtestatα=0.05.
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Fusarium euwallaceae Graphium euwallaceae Acremonium sp. Control
Lesi
on L
engt
h (c
m)
Persea americana Acer negundo
C
Paracremonium pembeumGraphium euwallaceae
Avocado BoxElder
• Lynch and Eskalen , 2016. Mycologia, 108(2), pp.313-329
Growth rate of symbiotic fungi in different temperature
Fungaldiameter(cm)
Temperature°C
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5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Paracremonium pembeum
Graphium euwallaceae
0
Fusarium euwallaceae
Fusarium dieback and symbiotic fungal pathogens
+51&80:;%'718<:1&4:=5'':>%$#
N7F)(B)8 Q=5$' *$0B*2+S$*A(;%2#J'&#QPB$'5B: '+6B'S#
!"$%&'()* !"$%&'()*
Number of reproductive hosts that beetle/fungus can produce their offsprings
1. Boxelder(Acernegundo)*2. Californiasycamore(Platanusracemosa)*3. Londonplane(Platanus xacerfolia)4. Redwillow(Salixlaevigata)*5. Blackwillow(Salixgooddingii)*6. Arroyowillow(Salixlasiolepis)*7. Cottonwood (Populus fremontii)*8. Blackpoplar(Populus nigra)*9. Blackcottonwood(Populus trichocarpa)*10. Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin)11. EnglishOak(Quercusrobur)12. Engelmannoak(Quercusengelmannii)*13. Valleyoak(Quercuslobata)*14. Paloverde(Parkinsoniaaculeata)*15. Bigleafmaple (Acermacrophyllum)*16. Japanesemaple (Acer palmatum)17. Castorbean (Ricinus communis)18. CanyonLiveoak(Quercus chrysolepis)*19.Avocado (Persea americana20.Tridentmaple(Acerbuergerianum)21.Coastliveoak (Quercus agrifolia)22.WhiteAlder (Alnus rhombifolia)*23.Titoki (Alectryon excelsus)24.CorkOak(Quercus suber)
Eskalen andLynch,2016.Unpublisheddata
25.Coraltree (Erythrina corallodendon)26. Bluepalo verde (Cercidium floridum)*27.MoretonBayChestnut (Castanospermum australe)28.Brea(Cercidium sonorae)29.Mesquite(Prosopis articulata)*30.Weepingwillow (Salixbabylonica)31.Chineseholly (Ilex cornuta)32.Camelia (Camelliasemiserrata)33.Acacia(Acacia spp.)34.Liquidambar(Liquidambarstyraciflua)35.RedFloweringGum (Eucalyptusficifolia)36.Japanesewisteria(Wisteriafloribunda)37.Goodding's blackwillow(Salixgooddingii)*38.Treeofheaven(Ailanthusaltissima)39.Kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus)40.Blackmissionfig(Ficus carica)41.Japanesebeech(Faguscrenata)42.Denselogwood(Xylosma congestum)43.MuleFat(Baccharis salicifolia)*44.Carrotwood (Cupaniopsis anacardioides)45.Californiabuckeye(Aesculus californica)*46.MuleFat(Baccharis salicifolia)*47.KentiaPalm(Howea forsteriana)48.KingPalm(Ptychosperma elegans)
ParksBackyardTrees
Urban Forests Impacted
GolfCourses
StreetTrees
MixedEvergreenForests OakWoodlands FoothillWoodlands
Riparian
California Native Plant Communities Impacted
Current Situation onavocado in California
• Totalgrovessurveyed:26• 1ha(2.47acres)monitoringplotestablished• Examinedeverytreewithintheplot• Totaltreessurveyed:4,346x3times
Monitoring infested avocado groves
SHB infestation habit on avocado in California
Branch dieback on Avocado
Sugar exudate and internal symptoms on avocado branch
Beetle attack on branch collar and pruning wounds on avocado
Current Situation in Urban Forest in California
Damage on Landscape trees
Mean(attacks/m^2) vs. TimePark
Carbon Canyon
atta
cks/m
^2
0
50
100
150
200
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Aug '15Sep Oct Nov
Dec Jan Feb Mar AprMay Jun Jul
Aug '16
Time
Beetle attack incidence on an infested sycamore tree overtime
May2015 Feb2016
Tijuana River Valley Before and After Pictures
Boland,2016
Control Strategies
Laboratory Fungicide Screening Experiment
aaaab
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dNoInhibitionNoInhibitionNoInhibitionNoInhibition
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Metconazole
Pyraclostrobin
Tebuconazole
Thiabendazole
Propiconazole
Triflumizole
Fluopyram
Mycobutanil
Pyrimethanil
Fluxapyroxad
Trifloxystrobin
Triadimefon
Azoxystrobin
EC50Values(ug/ml)
Treatm
ent
EC50Values
TreeIVinjectionsystem Quick-JetAirinjectionsystem
Field Pesticide Trial on Avocado
This slide is blank on purpose. Please see next slide.
• Iftheinfestationisonthebranchcollar,cutintobranchcollar.
Best Management Practices on Avocado
• SpraypruningwoundwitheitherBifenthrin or2%(Bacillussubtilis).
• Chipinfestedwoodon-sitetoasizeofoneinchorsmaller.• Solarizechippingmaterialusingclearplastictarpforseveralmonths
• CompostchippingmaterialandthenuseasmulchinthegroveIfthebranchistoolargetochip
• Fumigationwithphosphinegas(Arpaia andRios,2015)
• Don'tmoveinfestedplantmaterialwithoutchippingandsolarizing
Best Management Practices on Avocado Cont.
FrederiqueRevenchon,Inecol,MexicoBenFaber,FarmAdvisor,VenturaCounty,CA\RichardDemerjian,UCIrvineSoniaRios,UCCEFarmAdvisor,SanDiegoSabrinaDrill,UCCELAandVenturaDanBerry,HuntingtonBotanicalGarden,GaryBender,UCCE,Emeritus,SanDiegoCo.JanisGonzales,UCCESanDiegoJimFolsom,HuntingtonBotanicalGardenJiriHulcr,Univ.ofFloridaKerryO’Donnell,NCUR-ARS-USDAMaryLuArpaia,UCRiversideKimCorella,CalFireTomSmith,CalFireJoeBarcinas,PCATomRoberts,PCAMathewHand,PCALindaBellamy,VentureSusanFrankel,USDAForestServiceTomAtkinson,UniversityofTexasSeanFeirer,UCANRJimDowner,UCCEVentura
CaliforniaAvocadoCommissionU.S.ForestService,OCParks,UCIrvine,UCANR,USDAFarmBill,Arborjet,Mauget,USDAForestService,Cal-Fire,HuntingtonbotanicalgardenandLAarboretum,UCMexus,Inecol,Mexico.
Collaborators
www.eskalenlab.ucr.edu