Funded by Queen Isabella of SpainSailed in August 1492 for Asia

Purpose – TRADE = PROFITFirst of four voyages landed at San Salvador

(Holy Savior)

“The people of this island…are artless and generous with what they have, to such a degree as no one would believe….If it be asked for, they never say no, but rather invite the person to accept it, and show as much lovingness as though they would give their hearts.”

- Christopher Columbus

English Beginnings in AmericaRoanoke Island – “The Lost Colony”

1585 – Sir Walter Raleigh settled about 100 men; forced to return a year later

1587 – Another group arrives but fails to receive supplies1590 – supplies arrive…but everyone was GONE

Raleigh lost a large amount of money on these ventures

Joint-stock companies emerge to reduce risk of financial loss

English Beginnings in America

King James I licenses colonization of VirginiaVirginia CompanyPlymouth Company

God, Gold, & Glory (3 G’s)Spread of ChristianitySearch for wealthExpand the glory of the

Crown

Joint-stock companies

Seal of Virginia Company

English Beginnings in America

“A plaine soldier who can use a pickaxe and a spade is better than five knights,…”

- John Smith

JamestownFounded in 1607 in

the name of King James ICame ashore in May

London merchants made up a majority of settlersNot used to labor

Attention given to search for wealth (gold)

English Beginnings in AmericaCaptain John Smith

Urged for focus on building houses and raising food

Became expert forager and Indian trader

Powhatan Indians played a large role in colonists early survivalProvided foodIntroduced colonists to

forestCultivation of corn and

yamsClear timber

1610 – “starving time”

1607-1625Over 6,000 settled in

JamestownRoughly 1,300 survived

Deaths resulted from:DiseaseStarvationIndian attacks

V

“they are firmly convinced that I have come from the sky”

“with fifty men they could all be subjected and made to do all that one wished”

“Why should you take by force from us that which you can obtain by love?”

Native American Relations

Christopher Columbus

Powhatan

English Beginnings in AmericaHeadright system

Established in 1618 by VA Company

Each “head” issued 50 acres of landMark boundaryPlant cropConstruct home

Led to great expansion of colonyPlantations developUse of indentured

servants

House of Burgesses Established in 1619

1st legislative body in America

Each district chose delegateDelegates met to

advise governor at Jamestown

1st self-government in colonies

Who elected these delegates?

English Beginnings in America

1624 - Virginia becomes a royal colonyColony that is

under the direct control of the king

King James felt colony was being mismanagedRevoked charter

Cultivation of tobaccoDiscouraged at first

John Rolfe cultivates a mild strain

Tobacco’s becomes popular and more importantly PROFITABLE

Led to great expansion of colony of VirginiaNeed for indentured

servants…and later, slaves

• Indentured servant• One who

exchanges passage to New World, food, and shelter for limited term of service

Puritans wanted “purer” churchExperience God directly through faith,

prayer, and study of the Bible

Some wanted reform from within some wanted to go their own way

SeparatistsThose that separated from the Church of

England to form their own congregationsThose that fled England became known as

Pilgrims

Landing at Plymouth

1620 - Mayflower lands at Plymouth RockEstablishment of

Plymouth Colony in 1620 (Mass.)

½ the profits had been promised to Plymouth Company

Mayflower CompactSociety should be

based on a set of rules agreed upon by allRule of law

Landing at Plymouth

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SquantoNative American who spoke EnglishAssisted English colonists with:

InterpretingWhat to plantHow to cultivateWhere to fish

Prosperity of Plymouth led to 1st ThanksgivingCelebrated first successful harvest with the

Wampanoag Indians – Autumn 1621

Creation of a “New England”Plymouth Colony

French SettlementSamuel de Champlain

Founded 1st French colony in 1608 – Quebec North of St. Lawrence River

French became involved in fur trade with Native Americans

1565 – St. Augustine, FL

Oldest European settlement in the United States

Other SettlementSpanish Settlement

Why did the Jamestown colonists settle in America?

Why did the settlers of Jamestown initially have a great deal of trouble?

Who is credited with saving the Jamestown colony?

Why did the colonists who founded Plymouth choose to leave England?

What was the first attempt at self-government in the colonies?

Early Settlement Review

1629 – Puritans get charter for Massachusetts Bay CompanyBeginning of a Great Migration

Began with PuritansWhy did this migration occur?

Established colony in area that became Boston, Mass.Good planning and increased migration led to a successful

start for colony

“A City on a Hill”Colony was divinely inspired John Winthrop served as governor

Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay would later merge

Massachusetts Bay Colony

religious persecution

“Godly and Zealous”Anne Hutchinson

Arrived in Boston in 1631

Supported a covenant of divine grace instead of one of “good works”

Received revelation from God

Moved to Rhode Island with her followers

Roger WilliamsExtreme separatist

Developed differing interpretation of scriptures

Opposed marriage of church and state

1636 – Departs Mass. BaySettles in Providence

1644 – Obtains charter for Rhode Island

Half-Way CovenantPuritan views:

Church membership was agreement between members and would-be members

English Civil War (1642-1651)Led to decrease in

settlement

1650s – Less than ½ of New Englanders were church membersCreated issue over

baptism

Half-Way CovenantLimited membershipRequirements:

Non-sinnerAccept church provisions

In return:Baptism for children and

grandchildren of original Puritans Participation in governing of

colony

…howeverNo communionNo voice in church

operations

New England:• Puritan• Except for Rhode Island

Mid-Atlantic:• Baptists• Jews• Lutherans• Quakers• Anglicans• Methodist• Presbyterian

Southern:• Anglican

Salem WitchTrials

Salem, Mass.1692 – three young girls become

“bewitched”Accuse several women of witchcraft

Over coming months 150 more are accusedFear spreads to neighboring towns

where others are accused

28 convicted; 19 hangedCauses:

Religious faithDeteriorating relations

with Native AmericansPopulation growthRole of women in Puritan

society

Expansion of New England Colonies

ConnecticutReverand Thomas Hooker

Founded Hartford – 1636Obtains royal charter - 1662

Did not limit voting to church members

New Hampshire - 1680Founders:

Captain John MasonDavid Thomson

Spread from Massachusetts BayResult of population growth

and Puritan intolerance

Middle Colonies (Mid-Atlantic)Henry Hudson

Explored Hudson Valley in 1609

New Amsterdam formed in 1626 by the Dutch

Dutch West India Company purchased for 60 guilders

Middle Colonies (Mid-Atlantic)New York

King Charles II grants his brother (Duke of York) area between Connecticut and Maryland

1664 – English capture New AmsterdamOnly 1,500 occupied

townNo fight put up

Renamed New York

New JerseyDuke of York gifts

land to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George CarteretLater given to

Quakers

Middle Coloniescont’d

PennsylvaniaWilliam Penn – son of a

wealthy English admiralQuaker missionaryOwed debt by King

Charles IIPaid with land grant

Treated Indians fairly

Quaker principles:EqualityCooperationReligious toleration

Attracted many GermansPennsylvania Dutch

“the best poor man’s country in the world”

500 acres granted to families for small annual payment

Middle Colonies cont’dDelaware

Peter Minuit (Sweden)Under grant from New Sweden

CompanyIntroduction of log cabin

1655 – Dutch gain control

1664 – English defeat Dutch

1682 – Delaware awarded to William PennPenn wanted access to portColonies shared governor, but would

eventually split

Southern ColoniesMaryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, & Georgia

MarylandCharles I made land

grant to George Calvert and Lord Baltimore

1st settlers arrived in 1634

Benefited from close proximity to Virginia

CarolinasSettled by those from

surrounding areas

Charleston settled in 1680

Gap in expansion/settlement result of English Civil War

North and South Carolina did not separate until 1712

Southern Colonies cont’dGeorgia

1722 - Received charter

1733 - Savannah is founded by James Oglethorpe

1752 - Became royal colony

Colony’s Purpose:Haven for those in

debtor’s prison

Buffer between the Carolina’s and Spanish controlled Florida

Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion - 1676Sir William Berkeley

(governor) ignores planters request for defense against Indian attacks

Bacon forms army of 500Attacks Indian group

Marches on Jamestown forcing Berkeley to legitimize his authority

Continues attacking Indians

Returns to Jamestown and burns it to the ground

Causes:Economic

Falling tobacco pricesHigher taxes

SocialShift from indentured

servants to slavesNative American conflict

PoliticalGovernor Berkeley’s failure

to represent the interest of the “small planters”

Consequences:Furthered shift in colony

from use of indentured servants to slaves

WAS BACON’S REBELLION A JUSTIFIABLE ATTEMPT TO

OVERTHROW AN UNRESPONSIVE GOVERNMENT…

OR

A LAWLESS UPRISING AGAINST AN ESTABLISHED GOVERNMENT?

King Philip’s War (1675-1676)Growth of English colonies = Growth in tension between Puritans and Native Americans

Puritan communities expanded outward from Boston Surrounding tribes began to

adopt English rules/laws

Chief Metacom – Wampanoag Indians Referred to as King Philip by

English

Casualties were heavy for both Indians and English settlers

Food shortages, disease, and casualties led to Indian retreat from areaNative American

power in New England had been eliminated

MercantilismTheory based upon the

following views:There are a limited

supply of natural resources

Those who acquire the most wealth will increase the prosperity and power of their nation

Self-sufficient countries will prosperExport more than you

importSell more than you buy

Navigation ActsEmerged in the

1650s

Channeled colonial goods to England

Transporting of goods must be done on English ships

Goods going to American colonies must depart through England

Transatlantic Trade

Goal:Acquire goods

for England

Greater Parliamentary control over trade led to smuggling by American colonists

Triangular TradeBritish ships sailed to

AfricaCarried rum, cloth, and

other manufactured goods

Slaves would then be transported to AmericaMiddle Passage

American goods would be shipped back to BritainSugar, Molasses, Tobacco

L

The Great AwakeningBeginning of 18th century

saw a slackening in religious fervor

1730s – “Awakening” beginsInspired by similar

movements in Europe

Emphasis on individual religious experiences

Response to EnlightenmentEmphasis on logic and

reasoning

Focus of movement:Urge for emotional

involvement in Christianity

Emphasis on individual prayer and study of the Bible

Newer denominations grew:BaptistsMethodistsPresbyterians