CHAPTER 4THE ATLANTIC

WORLDSection 1

Spain Builds an American Empire

VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS Christopher Columbus—Italian who

sailed for Spain seeking a new route to Asia

He landed on a Caribbean island This event would bring together the

peoples of Europe, Africa and the Americas

Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria set sail from Spain on Aug. 3, 1492

They landed on a Caribbean island Oct. 12, 1492

VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS Columbus thought he had reached the

East Indies so he called the people Indians.

He was in the Bahamas. The people were called Taino. Columbus claimed the island for Spain. He named it San Salvador (Holy Savior) Columbus was interested in gold and

claimed all land he came across. “It was my wish to bypass no island

without taking possession.”

VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS Spain financed 3 more voyages to the

Americas for Columbus. No longer explorer, empire builder Commanded fleet with over 1,000

soldiers, crew and colonists Spain wanted to take islands as

colonies. 1500’s

OTHER EXPLORERS TAKE TO THE SEAS Pedro Cabral—claimed Brazil for

Portugal Amerigo Vespucci—Italian in the

service of Portugal He traveled coast of South America and

wrote about everything he experienced German cartographer named the “new

world” for Amerigo.

FERDINAND MAGELLAN Crew 1st to circumnavigate (sail around) the

world. Sails around southern end of South America

and into Pacific. Food supplies started to run out, they finally

reached the Philippines Magellan became involved in a local war in the

Philippines and was killed. His crew continued on, reaching Spain 3 years

after they left Magellan left with 5 ships, 250 men Returned with 1 ship, 18 men 1519-1522

SPANISH CONQUESTS IN MEXICO Hernando Cortes—Spainard lands on

the shores of Mexico Conquistadors—Conquerors Rumors of vast lands filled with gold and

silver Spanish 1st European settlers in America As a result of American colonization

Spain gets FILTHY RICH

CORTES CONQUERS THE AZTECS Cortes learns of the wealthy Aztecs so

he marches into Mexico looking for them Tenochtitlan—Aztec capital Montezuma—Aztec emperor; thought

Cortes was an armor wearing god Cortes conquers the Aztecs in 1521

3 REASONS CORTES WAS ABLE TO CONQUER THE AZTECS 1. Spanish had better weapons

(muskets and cannons vs. arrows) 2. Cortes was able to enlist the help of

native groups 3. Spanish diseases killed off the

NativesMeasels, mumps, smallpox, typusNatives had never been exposed, no immunity

SPANISH CONQUESTS IN PERU Francisco Pizarro—conquered Incan

Empire Atahualpa—Incan ruler Spaniards ambush Incas and kidnap

Atahualpa, ultimately killing him Peninsulares—Spanish settlers to the

Americas; mostly men Mestizo—mixed Spanish and Native

American Encomienda—Native American slave

labor imposed on them by the Spanish

SPAIN’S INFLUENCE EXPANDS Spain’s American colonies made it the

richest, most powerful nation in the world.

Increased military Juan Ponce de Leon—landed on the

coast of Florida and claimed it for Spain Francisco Coronado—led expedition

through AZ, NM, TX, OK, KS

SECTION 2European Nations Settle North

America

COMPETING CLAIMS IN NORTH AMERICA England, France, Netherlands all ignore

the Treaty of Tordesillas and begin to compete for territory in North America

da Verrazano—Italian sailing for France; sailed to North America looking for a route to the Pacific; didn’t find one but did discover what is today New York Harbor

Jacques Cartier—Frenchman explored Canada; named St. Lawrence River and founded Montreal

EXPLORERS ESTABLISH NEW FRANCE Samuel de Champlain—founded

Quebec; base of France’s colonial empire known as New France

Marquette and Joliet explored the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi River

de La Salle—explored lower Mississippi; named it Louisiana in honor of Louis XIV

1600-1700’s

THE ENGLISH ARRIVE IN NORTH AMERICA Jamestown—company of London

investors, financed by King James, founded a colony in Virginia

Settlers more interested in finding gold than planting crops

7 out of 10 died from starvation, disease, and battles with the Native Americans

Outlook improved greatly when farmers discovered tobacco

PURITANS CREATE A NEW ENGLAND Pilgrims founded 2nd English colony—

Plymouth in Massachusetts They sought religious freedom Puritans also sought religious freedom

so they settled the Massachusetts Bay 10 years later

DUTCH FOUND NEW NETHERLAND Henry Hudson—Englishman sailing for

the Dutch went west looking for a northwest route to Asia; didn’t find one but explored 3 waterways—Hudson Bay, Hudson River, and Hudson Strait

Formed Dutch West India Company—New Netherland

COLONIZING THE CARIBBEAN Europeans built huge cotton and sugar

plantations Demanded large and steady supply of

labor

ENGLISH OUST THE DUTCH English drove out the Dutch When the Duke of York arrived with his

fleet the Dutch surrendered without firing a shot

Colony is English and renamed it New York

1600’s

ENGLAND BATTLES FRANCE Dispute over Ohio Valley led to a war

between the British and French—French and Indian War

Known as Seven Years War in Europe because they also battled for supremacy in Europe

British defeated French in 1763 British took control of the eastern half of

North America

NATIVE AMERICANS RESPOND English sought to populate their colonies

in North America This meant pushing Native Americans

off of their land English needed large amounts of land

for population growth and tobacco Native Americans battle the English

colonists European weapons and diseases

devastated the Native Americans Shortage of labor

SECTION 3The Atlantic Slave Trade

CAUSES OF AFRICAN SLAVERY Europeans needed cheap labor for their

plantations and farms. They had killed off most of the Native

Americans with their diseases. Bartolome de las Casas suggests using

Africans because they were skilled farmers, are immune because of the close proximity of Africa to Europe, and were less likely to escape because they did not know the land.

SLAVERY IN AFRICA Slavery had existed in Africa for

centuries Spread of Islam in Africa increased

slavery and the slave trade Muslim rulers in Africa justified

enslavement with the Muslim belief that non Muslim prisoners of war could be bought and sold as slaves

In African and Muslim societies slaves had legal rights and social mobility

EUROPEANS BELIEVE THERE ARE ADVANTAGES TO USING AFRICANS AS SLAVES 1. Africans had been exposed to

European diseases and built up immunity

2. Africans had experience in farming 3. Africans were less likely to escape

because they didn’t know the land 4. Africans skin color made it easier to

catch them if they escaped and tried to live among others

AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE Buying and selling of Africans for work in

the Americas Between 1500-1600 nearly 300,000

Africans were transported to the Americas

During the next century that number will climb to 1.3 million

And by 1870 about 9.5 million Africans had been imported to the Americas

SLAVERY SPREADS THROUGHOUT THE AMERICAS England came to dominate the slave

trade as their presence in America grew Many African rulers and merchants

played a willing role in the Atlantic slave trade. Most European traders waited at ports while the merchants and local rulers captured Africans to be enslaved.

The African rulers delivered the Africans to the European traders in exchange for gold, guns, and other goods

FORCED JOURNEY Triangular trade—transatlantic trading

network that transported Africans to the Americas

Europeans transported manufactured goods to the west coast of Africa.

Traders then exchanged these goods for Africans.

Africans were transported across the Atlantic (middle passage) and sold in the West Indies

Merchants bought sugar, coffee, and tobacco in the West Indies and sailed to Europe with those products

TRIANGULAR TRADE ROUTE #2 Merchants carried rum and other goods

from the New England colonies to Africa. There they exchanged their

merchandise for Africans The traders transported Africans to the

West Indies and sold them for sugar and molasses

They then sold these goods to rum producers in New England.

MIDDLE PASSAGE The voyage that brought captured

Africans to the West Indies and later to North and South America

Horrible conditions, diseases, physical abuse

Many committed suicide by drowning 20% Africans aboard each ship perished

during the trip

SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS To cope with slavery, Africans developed

a way of life based on cultural heritage Kept musical traditions alive as well as

the stories of their ancestors Found ways to resist Made themselves less productive by

breaking tools, uprooting plants, and working slowly

Thousands ran away Revolted

CONSEQUENCES OF THE SLAVE TRADE Africans lost generations of their young

and able. African families torn apart. Introduced guns to the continent which

devastated African societies Contributed greatly to the economic and

cultural development of the Americas Greatest contribution: Labor Brought expertise to agriculture Art, music, religion and food influenced

American societies

SECTION 4The Columbian Exchange and

Global Trade

THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Global transfer of foods, plants, and animals

during the colonization of the Americas Americas to Europe, Africa, and Asia:

Tobacco, Squash, Pumpkin, Turkey, Sweet Potato, Avocado, Peppers, Pineapple, Peanuts, Cacao Bean, Potato, Tomato, Corn, Beans, Vanilla

Europe, Africa, and Asia to Americas: Onions, Citrus fruits, Olives, Grapes, Turnips, Bananas, Coffee Beans, Sugar Cane, Peaches, Pears, Honeybee, Grains, Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Horses, and diseases

GLOBAL TRADE Capitalism—economic system based on

private ownership and the investment of resources, such as money, for profit

Joint-stock company—investors bought shares of stock in a company; involved people combining their wealth for a common purpose

GROWTH OF MERCANTILISM Mercantilism—Country’s power

depended mainly on its wealth Favorable Balance of Trade—Sold more

goods than it bought Nation’s ultimate goal under

mercantilism was to become self-sufficient, not dependent on other countries for goods