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Fundamentals of Business Process ManagementBusiness Process Modelling with BPMN, Session I By: AmirHossein Aghdassi, Software Designer and Analyst
Part I Introduction to BPMN
A short story …
• Organisation for Registration of Properties in Iran
• An inquiry that expired in 30 days
• What user should be done?
Why we are modelling?
• Understand the process
• Share our understanding of the process with
the people who are involved with the process
on a daily basis
• Reduce complexity of the whole process
• Conduct a task:
• Process analysis
• Redesign
• Automation
Essentially, all models are wrong
but some are useful
George E.P. Box (1919–Present)
Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN)
• A widely used standard for process
modelling, released by Object
Management Group (OMG)
• Similar to Activity Diagrams from Unified
Modelling Language (UML)
• BPMN 2.0: March 2011
• Fairly complex language: over 100
symbols
• Easy to learn: A handful of symbols cover
many of modelling needs
Basic elements of BPMN
Event Activity (Task)
Sequence Flow Gateway
A simple order fulfilment process
• Start events vs. end events
• Process instances
• Notion of token: identify the progress (or state) of the instances
Confirm order
Send invoice
Get address
Archive order
Ship product
Receive payment
Purchase order
received
Order fulfilled
Any Question?
Gateways: branching and merging
Split gateway: Branching
a point where the process flow diverges
one incoming sequence flow and multiple outgoing
sequence flows
Join gateway: Merging
a point where the process flow converges
multiple incoming sequence flows and one outgoing
sequence flow.
Split gateway
Join gateway
Exclusive Decision: XOR Gateways
• Two or more activities are
alternative to each other
• They are mutually
exclusive (XOR)
• The sequence flow can
take two or more
alternative paths
• Only one of the paths
can be taken
Post invoice
XInvoice received
Check for mismatch
Resend to customer
Block invoice
X Park invoice
Invoice handled
No mismatch
Can be corrected
Cannot be corrected
Parallel Execution: AND Gateways
• Two or more activities are
not interdependent and
can be performed in
parallel
• They are concurrent (AND)
• Provide a mechanism to
synchronise parallel flow
and to create parallel flow
Pass security
screening
+ Boarding
pass received
Proceed to security check
Pass luggage
screening
+ Proceed to departure
level
Departure level
reached
Order fulfilment process: a more elaborated version
Check stock
availability
Send invoice
Archive order
Confirm order
Receive payment
Purchase order
received
Order fulfilled
Reject order
X
Retrieve product + +
Get address
Ship product
Order rejected
Exercise I: simplified insurance claim registration
When a claim is received, it is first checked whether the claimant has a valid insurance policy. If not,
the claimant is informed that the claim is rejected due to an invalid policy.
Otherwise, the severity of the claim is evaluated. Based on the outcome (simple or complex claims),
relevant forms are sent to the claimant. Once the forms are returned, they are checked for
completeness.
If the forms are complete, the claim is registered in the Claims Management system and the
evaluation of the claim may start. Otherwise, the claimant is asked to update the forms. Upon
reception of the updated forms, they are checked again.
Part II More details on BPMN
Inclusive Decision: first trial
• One or more branches
after a decision activity
• Combination of AND and
XOR gateways
• Captures scenario
correctly, but need to
duplicate the two activities
• This solution is not
scalable
Forward to TehranPars Warehouse
xOrder
received
Check order line
items
Forward to Ekbatan
Warehouse x Register order
Order completed
Only contains TehranPars products
Only contains Ekbatan products
Contains both TehranPars and
Ekbatan products
+Forward to Ekbatan
Warehouse
+
Forward to TehranPars Warehouse
Inclusive Decision: second trial
• One or more branches
after a decision activity
• Combination of AND and
XOR gateways
• Allows one extra case:
when the products are in
neither of the warehouses
• This solution is wrong
+Order
received
Check order line
items + Register order
Order completedDoes not contain
Ekbatan products
xForward to Ekbatan
Warehouse
xcontains Ekbatan
products
xForward to TehranParsWarehouse
x
Does not contain TehranPars products
contains TehranPars products
Inclusive Decision: OR Gateways
• A decision may lead to one
or more options being
taken at the same time
• Using an inclusive (OR)
split / join gateway
• The conditions do not need
to be mutually exclusive
• More than one of path
can be taken at the same
time.
Forward to TehranParsWarehouse
OOrder
received
Check order line
items
Forward to Ekbatan
Warehouse
O Register order
Order completed
contains TehranPars products
contains Ekbatan products
Order fulfilment process with product manufacturing
Check stock
availability
Send invoice
Archive order
Confirm order
Receive payment
Purchase order
received
Order fulfilled
Check raw material
availability
Retrieve product
Get address
Ship product
++x
x
Request from
Supplier 2
Manufacture Product
Obtain from
Supplier 2
Request from
Supplier 1
Obtain from
Supplier 1
oo
product in stock
product not in stock
provider by Supplier 1
provider by Supplier 2
Rework and Repetition
• Repeat one or several activities: repetition block
• The last activity must be a decision activity
• Using an XOR-split with two outgoing branches and XOR-join (Why?)
Register Inquiry
Prepare Response
Investigate Inquiry
Review Response
Inquiry received
Correspondence addressed
x xresponse approved
response not
approved
Exercise II: assessing loan applications
Once a loan application is received by the loan provider, and before proceeding with its assessment,
the application itself needs to be checked for completeness. If the application is incomplete, it is
returned to the applicant, so that they can fill out the missing information and send it back to the
loan provider. This process is repeated until the application is found complete.
Part IIIInformation Artifacts
and Resources
Information Artifacts
• Data objects:
• Information flowing in and out
of activities
• Data association:
• Link to activities
Resources
• Who or what performs which activity?
• A process participant: an individual person (like an employee)
• A software system: a server application
• An equipment: a printer
• Active Resources: Resources that can autonomously perform an activity
• A driver
• Passive Resources: Resources that are merely involved in the performance of an activity
• A bulldozer
Resource classes (Participants)
• A group of resources that are interchangeable in the sense that any member of the group can
perform a given activity
• Whole organisation
• An organisational unit
• A role
Pools and Lanes
• Pools are generally used to model resource classes
• Lanes are used to partition a pool into sub-classes or single resources
Example
Any Question?
Some tools that supports BPMN
• Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools:
•Enterprise Architect by Sparx Systems
•Rational System Architect by IBM
•ARIS Express by Software AG
•Visual Paradigm for UML
• Workflow engines:
• Activiti by Alfresco
• jBPM by Red Hat
Summary
• What should we learned:
• Understand and produce basic process models in BPMN:
• Simple activities, events, gateways, data objects, pools, and lanes
• The difference between process model and process instance
• Use data objects to model the information flow between activities and events
• How pools and lanes can be used to model both human and non-human resources that
perform process activities
• Some software tools that supports BPMN
Next session …
• What we will learn:
• How to model complex business processes by delving into the various extensions of the core
BPMN elements that we presented here
• Please return your exercises on next session
