Fundamentals II - Lesson IV Lesson IV - MODG

47

Lesson IV

Latin Grammar Review Concepts: Imperatives, subjunctives, “possum” and “sum”, adverbs and interjections in Latin.

Grammar Workbook: Worksheet 4

Study the noun chart in this lesson (p. 49). This is the chart for third declension nouns. What are the differences between the masculine/feminine chart and the neuter chart? Think about it for a few minutes.

Did you notice the words “first form” and “second form”? These are two forms that each vocabulary word is listed under in the glossary. For example:

rex, regislaus, laudis

The first form is rex and the second form is regis. The first form is laus and the second form is laudis. The first form is the nominative singular. The second form is the genitive singular. The nominative singular of nouns vary quite a bit. But the second forms, the genitives, are all consistent. The second form all end in -ae, -i, -is, or -us.

Words that have their second form end in -ae are first declension. Words that have the second form end in -i are usually second declension. (They can be fifth declension as well, but not if the first form ends in -us or -um. If the first form ends in -us or -um, they are always second declension). Words whose second form ends in -is are third declension. Words whose second form ends in -us are fourth declension.

So any word on page 46 that will fit into the chart on page 49 will have a second form that ends in -is.

When you look in the glossary, you will always be able to tell which words are nouns because they will have two forms. The second will end in -ae, -i, -is, -us.

Look at the chart again. Do you see that there are two sets of columns, one for masculine and feminine words, and another chart for neuter words? Notice the rules to find the gender. They are summarized at the top of the chart. But here they are in more detail.

Fundamentals II - Lesson IV

48


i-Stem Rules

Finally, notice the gray boxes in the chart. Those are for the i-stem words. Do you remember the i-stem rules?

Gender Rules for 3rd Declension

Rule 1: Feminine nouns usually end in s-o-x.

Rule 2: Neuter nouns usually end in l-a-n-c-e-t.

Rule 3: Masculine nouns end in er-r-or.

Rule 4: Words that clearly denote a person of a particular gender are in that gender. (E.g. Cicero is masculine.)

A noun is i-stem if it:

• Ends in -is or -es in the nominative first form and has the same number of syllables in the first and second form.

• Ends in -s or -x in the nominative first form and has a stem that ends in two consonants.

• Ends in -al, -ar, or -e in the nominative first form (neuter nouns).

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MASCULINE & FEMININE GENDER☑ Nouns that clearly denote a person of a

particular gender are that gender☑ S-O-X are feminine

☑ ER-R-OR are masculine☑ EXCEPTIONS: noted in vocabulary

NEUTER GENDER☑ L-A-N-C-E-T are neuter

☑ EXCEPTIONS: noted in vocabulary

Singular

Nominative = Subject First Form Nominative = Subject First Form

Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form Genitive = Possessive

(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form

Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + i Dative = Indirect

Object/Object of “for” Stem + i

Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions

Stem + emAccusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions

Same as nominative

Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + e Ablative = Object of

some PrepositionsStem + e

Stem + i

Plural

Nominative = Subject Stem + es Nominative = SubjectStem + a

Stem + ia

Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”)

Stem + um Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”)

Stem + um

Stem + ium Stem + ium

Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + ibus Dative = Indirect

Object/Object of “for” Stem + ibus


Same as NominativeAccusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions

Same as Nominative

Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + ibus Ablative = Object of

some Prepositions Stem + ibus

Third Declension Nouns

*Shaded endings are i-stem endings. Note shading in neuter column in abl. sing. and nom. pl. Note shading for all in gen. pl.

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Exercise 1: Circle the gender of the words below (masculine, feminine or neuter) and the rule that makes it so. (See p. 48)

a. pastor, pastoris Gender: M F N Why? What Rule: 1 2 3 4

b. lex, legis Gender: M F N Why? What Rule: 1 2 3 4

c. urbs, urbis Gender: M F N Why? What Rule: 1 2 3 4 d. animal, animalis Gender: M F N Why? What Rule: 1 2 3 4

e. rex, regis Gender: M F N Why? What Rule: 1 2 3 4

f. mare, maris Gender: M F N Why? What Rule: 1 2 3 4

g. pater, patris Gender: M F N Why? What Rule: 1 2 3 4

h. clamor, clamoris Gender: M F N Why? What Rule: 1 2 3 4

Exercise 2: Write the declension for the following words.

a. fons, fontis ____________________

b. porta, portae ____________________

c. portus, portus ____________________

d. donum, doni ____________________

e. servus, servi ____________________

f. Deus, Dei ____________________

g. res, rei ____________________

h. laus, laudis ____________________

i. mons, montis ____________________

j. puella, puellae _________________

k. mater, matris _________________

l. tempus, temporis _________________

m. equitatus, equitatus _________________

n. eques, equitis _________________

o. filius, filii _________________

p. caput, capitis _________________

q. periculum, periculi _________________

r. gens, gentis _________________

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Exercise 3: Circle all the words below that are i-stem.

mare, maris

animal, animalis

urbs, urbis

pastor, pastoris

corpus, corporis

rex, regis

salus, salutis

lux, lucis

civis, civis

pars, partis

caedes, caedis

mater, matris

Exercise 4: One of these words belongs in each box. Put each word in the right box.

nomen, nominis animal, animalis pars, partis lux, lucis imperator, imperatoris civis, civis (masculine/feminine)

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Regular

i-Stem

Exercise 5: Write the stems.

a. nomen, nominis Stem: ______________________________________

b. animal, animalis Stem: ______________________________________

c. pars, partis Stem: ______________________________________

d. lux, lucis Stem: ______________________________________

e. imperator, imperatoris Stem: ______________________________________

f. civis, civis (masculine/feminine) Stem: ______________________________________

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Exercise 6: Decline each of the words from the last exercise. “Declining” means to list all the forms that fall away from the nominative. Make sure to decline the words in the right boxes!

a. Regular

Regular Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative Singular

Genitive Singular

Dative Singular

Accusative Singular

Ablative Singular

Nominative Plural

Genitive Plural

Dative Plural

Accusative Plural

Ablative Plural

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i-Stem Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative Singular

Genitive Singular

Dative Singular

Accusative Singular

Ablative Singular

Nominative Plural

Genitive Plural

Dative Plural

Accusative Plural

Ablative Plural

a. i-Stem

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Exercise 7: Write the cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative) of the following 3rd declension words. Sometimes there is more than one possibility, so list all possible answers. Also, write the number of each word (singular or plural).

a. laudis Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

b. corpora Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

c. panibus Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

d. civium Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

e. nominum Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

f. flumen Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

g. homini Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

h. pace Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

i. mari Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

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j. mare Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

k. panem Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

l. reges Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

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Exercise 8: Write the correct forms of the words in Latin.

a. Accusative singular of virtue ___________________________________________

b. Nominative singular of horseman ___________________________________________

c. Accusative singular of city ___________________________________________

d. Nominative singular of virgin ___________________________________________

e. Nominative plural of shepherds ___________________________________________

f. Accusative singular of safety ___________________________________________

g. Genitive singular of state ___________________________________________

h. Ablative plural of mountains ___________________________________________

i. Accusative singular of voice ___________________________________________

j. Accusative singular of time ___________________________________________

k. Accusative singular of name ___________________________________________

l. Genitive singular of legion ___________________________________________

m. Nominative singular of king ___________________________________________

n. Ablative singular of peace ___________________________________________

o. Accusative singular of death ___________________________________________

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Exercise 9: Conjugate sum and possum in the charts below.

STEM: N/A Present Past Future

1st Singular

2nd Singular

3rd Singular

1st Plural

2nd Plural

3rd Plural

STEM: N/A Present Past Future

1st Singular

2nd Singular

3rd Singular

1st Plural

2nd Plural

3rd Plural

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Conjugate sentire and vincere in the charts below.

STEM:Present Past Future

(Regular)

Subjunctive Present

(Future Possible)

1st Singular

2nd Singular

3rd Singular

1st Plural

2nd Plural

3rd Plural


(Regular)

Subjunctive Present

(Future Possible)

1st Singular

2nd Singular

3rd Singular

1st Plural

2nd Plural

3rd Plural

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Exercise 10: Write the Latin case used for each English use.

Subject

Direct Object

Indirect Object

Object of “for” (for what purpose)

Possessive

Predicate Nominative

Objects of Prepositions


Exercise 11: Match the vocabulary.

a. out of

b. fountain

c. to eat

d. river

e. daughter

f. son

g. grain

h. horseman

i. brave

filius, filii

eques, equitis

flumen, fluminis

edere

filia, filiae

fons, fontis

e, ex (abl.)

fortis/forte, fortis

frumentum, frumenti

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Fundamentals II - Lesson V

Latin Grammar Review Concepts: Fourth and fifth declension noun endingsGrammar Workbook: Worksheet 5

Lesson V

I. Fourth & Fifth Declension Nouns.In the previous lesson, you learned that there are five declensions. You will be expected to memorize three of them. The other two can be written out on a note card that you may refer to when needed. Begin today by getting out a note card and writing down these forms. You will not be asked to memorize these but can keep this card on hand.

4th Declension (Masculine/Neuter)

Nom. Sing. portus/cornu Nom. Pl. portus/cornua

Gen. Sing. portus/cornus Gen. Pl. portuum/cornuum

Dat. Sing. portui/cornu Dat. Pl. portibus/cornibus

Acc. Sing. portum/cornu Acc. Pl. portus/cornua

Abl. Sing. portu/cornu Abl. Pl. portibus/cornibus

5th Declension (Generally Feminine)

Nom. Sing. res Nom. Pl. res

Gen. Sing. rei Gen. Pl. rerum

Dat. Sing. rei Dat. Pl. rebus

Acc. Sing. rem Acc. Pl. res

Abl. Sing. re Abl. Pl. rebus

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II. Review. Begin today with a review of the concepts from the last lesson. Review the rules chart.

i-Stem Rules for 3rd Declension





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Singular








Same as nominative



Stem + i

Plural


Stem + ia



Stem + um






Same as Nominative






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Now begin to learn the last two declensions. These you will need to memorize.

FEMININE GENDER☑ EXCEPTION: nouns that clearly denote a masculine person are

masculine

Singular

Nominative Form = Subject First Form (a)

Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form = Stem + (ae)

Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + ae

Accusative = Direct Objector Object of some Prepositions Stem + am

Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + a

Plural

Nominative Form = Subject Stem + ae

Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Stem + arum

Dative = IndirectObjects/Object of “for” Stem + is

Accusative = Direct Objector Object of some Prepositions Stem + as

Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + is

First Declension Nouns

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MASCULINE GENDER☑ EXCEPTION: nouns with -um in the

first form

NEUTER GENDER☑ All nouns with -um in the first form

Singular

Nominative = Subject First Form Nominative = Subject First Form (um)

Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form (i) Genitive = Possessive

(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form (i)

Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + o Dative = Indirect

Object/Object of “for” Stem + o


Stem + umAccusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions

Same as Nominative (um)

Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + o Ablative = Object of

some Prepositions Stem + o

Plural

Nominative = Subject Stem + i Nominative = Subject Stem + a

Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Stem + orum Genitive = Possessive

(’s or the object of “of ”) Stem + orum

Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + is Dative = Indirect

Object/Object of “for” Stem + is


Stem + osAccusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions

Same as Nominative

Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + is Ablative = Object of

some Prepositions Stem + is

Second Declension Nouns

*Adjectives of the first and second declension are declined just like nouns of those declensions.

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Remember that it is the ending of the second form that makes a noun be in a declension. All words that end in:

-ae in the second form are 1st Declension

-i in the second form are 2nd Declension

-is in the second form are 3rd Declension

-us in the second form are 4th Declension

-(e)i in the second form are 5th Declension

Also, remember if you remove the second form ending, you have the stem of the word.

Exercise 1: Underline the stems.

a. fons, fontis

b. porta, portae

c. portus, portus

d. donum, doni

e. servus, servi

f. Deus, Dei

g. res, rei

h. laus, laudis

i. mons, montis

j. puella, puellae

k. mater, matris

l. tempus, temporis

m. equitatus, equitatus

n. eques, equitis

o. filius, filii

p. caput, capitis

q. periculum, periculi

r. gens, gentis

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The ablative case was a later development. Greek does not have an ablative case. The Latin ablative case gives a clue that the declension of words is not arbitrary or random. Look at the ablative singular endings of all the different declensions. What are they?

1st -a 2nd -o 3rd -e or -i 4th -u 5th -e

How many of the vowels are included in this list? All five!

Exercise 2: Decline the following nouns by filling in what is missing.

a. b.

Singular Plural

animal animalia

animalis

animali animalibus

animal

animali

Singular Plural

portus portus

portuum

Singular Plural

dominus

domini

dominis

domino

c. d.

Singular Plural

gratia gratiae

gratiarum

gratiis

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Exercise 3: Write the names of the Latin cases that would be used for each of the underlined nouns.

Mary had a birthday party. For the party, many balloons were purchased. Mary’s mother got the birthday girl a cake made by a local bakery. Many of the friends brought presents. Though she liked them all, she was happiest that her friends could come to her house for this special occasion.

Mary ___________________________ party ___________________________

party ___________________________

Mary’s ___________________________

girl ___________________________

cake ___________________________

bakery ___________________________

friends ___________________________

presents ___________________________

friends ___________________________

house ___________________________

occasion ___________________________

Singular Plural

res res

rei

res

rebus

e. f.

Singular Plural

urbs

urbium

urbes

urbibus

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Exercise 4: Write the correct forms of these words in Latin.

a. Nominative singular of Christ ___________________________________________

b. Genitive plural of Christians ___________________________________________

c. Nominative singular of people ___________________________________________

d. Nominative singular of poet ___________________________________________

e. Genitive singular of people ___________________________________________

f. Ablative singular of forest ___________________________________________

g. Nominative singular of lack ___________________________________________

h. Genitive plural of supplies ___________________________________________

i. Dative plural of Romans ___________________________________________

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Exercise 5: Fill in the chart. N

umbe

r

Case3rd RegularMasculine/Feminine

3rd i-Stem Masculine/Feminine

3rd Regular Neuter

3rd i-Stem Neuter

Sing

ular

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

homo

hominis

urbs

urbis

flumen

fluminis

mare

maris

Plur

al

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

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Exercise 6: Conjugate audire and edere in the charts below.


(Regular)

Subjunctive Present

(Future Possible)

1st Singular

2nd Singular

3rd Singular

1st Plural

2nd Plural

3rd Plural


(Regular)

Subjunctive Present

(Future Possible)

1st Singular

2nd Singular

3rd Singular

1st Plural

2nd Plural

3rd Plural

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Exercise 7: Write the cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative) of the following words. Sometimes there is more than one possibility, so give all possible answers. Also, write the number of each word (singular or plural).

a. laudibus Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

b. corporum Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

c. panes Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

d. civi Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

e. nomine Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

f. flumine Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

g. hominem Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

h. pacis Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

i. maria Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

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j. marium Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

k. panium Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

l. fontis Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

m. Deus Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

n. domino Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

o. gloriarum Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

p. copias Case (s): ________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

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Exercise 8: Write a synopsis of the verbs below in all four tenses in the following person/number. Here is an example of a synopsis of munire in the second person, singular:

Present: munis Future: munies Past: muniebas Future Possible: munias

a. credere in the 3rd person singular

Present: Past:

Future: Future Possible:

b. discere in the 1st person plural

Present: Past:


c. audire in the 2nd person plural

Present: Past:


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Subject

Direct Object

Indirect Object


Possessive




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masculine

Singular


Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form = Stem + ae

Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + _______

Accusative = Direct Objector Object of some Prepositions Stem + _______

Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + _______

Plural

Nominative Form = Subject Stem + _______

Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Stem + _______

Dative = IndirectObjects/Object of “for” Stem + _______

Accusative = Direct Objector Object of some Prepositions Stem + _______

Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + _______


Exercise 10: Fill in these charts from memory.

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first form


Singular




Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + _______ Dative = Indirect

Object/Object of “for” Stem + _______


Stem + _______Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions


Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + _______ Ablative = Object of

some Prepositions Stem + _______

Plural

Nominative = Subject Stem + _______ Nominative = Subject Stem + _______

Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Stem + _______ Genitive = Possessive

(’s or the object of “of ”) Stem + _______

Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + _______ Dative = Indirect

Object/Object of “for” Stem + _______


Stem + _______Accusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions

Same as Nominative

Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem +_______ Ablative = Object of

some Prepositions Stem + _______


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a. tribe

b. a Frenchman

c. sword

d. France

e. enemy

f. glory

g. grace

h. man

i. to wage

Gallia, Galliae

Gallus, Galli

gens, gentis

gloria, gloriae

hostis, hostis

gerere

gratia, gratiae

homo, hominis

gladius, gladii

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Exercise 12: Translate from English to Latin. Remember you do not translate “a” or “an” or “the.” Steps in translating are these: 1) Find the right vocabulary words. 2) Find the stems. 3) For nouns, find the right case, then add the correct case ending to the stem. 4) For a verb, think about the tense and number. Add the ending to the stem.

1. Frenchmen were eating bread in the city. _______________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

2. The state’s leader speaks to the men of the state. (“to” takes the dative here.)_____________

__________________________________________________________________________

3. God will lead the tribe. _____________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 13: Translate from Latin to English.

1. Gallus veniet. _____________________________________________________________

2. Gallus et canis edebant. _____________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

3. Caritas Dei est gratia Dei.____________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

4. Homo panem petit. ________________________________________________________

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Latin Grammar Review Concepts: Reviewing 3rd, 4th, and 5th declension nounsGrammar Workbook: Worksheet 6

Lesson VI

I. Review. Begin today with a review of Declensions 1-3.


masculine

Singular


Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Second Form = Stem + ae

Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + ae

Accusative = Direct Objector Object of some Prepositions Stem + am

Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + a

Plural

Nominative Form = Subject Stem + ae

Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Stem + arum

Dative = IndirectObjects/Object of “for” Stem + is

Accusative = Direct Objector Object of some Prepositions Stem + as

Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + is


Fundamentals II - Lesson VI

80



first form


Singular




Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + o Dative = Indirect

Object/Object of “for” Stem + o


Stem + umAccusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions


Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + o Ablative = Object of

some Prepositions Stem + o

Plural

Nominative = Subject Stem + i Nominative = Subject Stem + a

Genitive = Possessive(’s or the object of “of ”) Stem + orum Genitive = Possessive

(’s or the object of “of ”) Stem + orum

Dative = IndirectObject/Object of “for” Stem + is Dative = Indirect

Object/Object of “for” Stem + is


Stem + osAccusative = Direct Object or Object of some Prepositions

Same as Nominative

Ablative = Object of some Prepositions Stem + is Ablative = Object of

some Prepositions Stem + is


*Adjectives of the first and second declension are declined just like nouns of those declensions.

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i-Stem Rules for 3rd Declension





82







Singular








Same as nominative



Stem + i

Plural


Stem + ia



Stem + um






Same as Nominative





83


4th Declension (Masculine/Neuter)

Nom. Sing. portus/cornu Nom. Pl. portus/cornua

Gen. Sing. portus/cornus Gen. Pl. portuum/cornuum

Dat. Sing. portui/cornu Dat. Pl. portibus/cornibus

Acc. Sing. portum/cornu Acc. Pl. portus/cornua

Abl. Sing. portu/cornu Abl. Pl. portibus/cornibus

5th Declension (Generally Feminine)

Nom. Sing. res Nom. Pl. res

Gen. Sing. rei Gen. Pl. rerum

Dat. Sing. rei Dat. Pl. rebus

Acc. Sing. rem Acc. Pl. res

Abl. Sing. re Abl. Pl. rebus

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Case Singular Plural

Nominative mare

Genitive maris

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Exercise 1: Decline the nouns.


Nominative frumentum

Genitive frumenti

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

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Nominative servus

Genitive servi

Dative

Accusative

Ablative


Nominative puella

Genitive puellae

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

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Nominative portus

Genitive portus

Dative

Accusative

Ablative


Nominative pars

Genitive partis

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

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Exercise 2: Identify the case and number of the following nouns.

a. silvarum Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

b. civis Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

c. frumentis Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

d. urbs Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

e. civitatem Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

f. portui Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

g. populos Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

h. poetas Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

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Exercise 3: Write the names of the Latin cases that would be used for each of the underlined nouns.

Caesar fought many battles with the French. His countrymen did not appreciate his victory for their state. The Senate’s jealousy was very great. They commanded Caesar’s return to Rome. Caesar was loved by his men. Caesar conquered Rome.

Caesar __________________________

battles __________________________

French __________________________

countrymen __________________________

victory __________________________

state __________________________

Senate’s ___________________________

jealousy ___________________________

Caesar’s ___________________________

Rome ___________________________ men ___________________________

Rome ___________________________

Exercise 4: Conjugate audire and ponere in the charts below.


(Regular)

Subjunctive Present

(Future Possible)

1st Singular

2nd Singular

3rd Singular

1st Plural

2nd Plural

3rd Plural

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(Regular)

Subjunctive Present

(Future Possible)

1st Singular

2nd Singular

3rd Singular

1st Plural

2nd Plural

3rd Plural



a. dicere in the 3rd person singular

Present: Past:


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b. edere in the 1st person plural

Present: Past:


c. venire in the 2nd person plural

Present: Past:


Exercise 6: Underline the stems of the following words. Circle the verbs.

a. Gallia, Galliae b. Gallus, Galli

c. homo, hominis

d. bibere

e. gerere

f. vincere

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Exercise 8: Translate these sentences.

a. I was eating. ______________________________________________________

b. You (sing.) will eat. ______________________________________________________

c. May he eat. ______________________________________________________ d. We eat. ______________________________________________________

e. Editis. ______________________________________________________

f. Edebas. ______________________________________________________

Subject

Direct Object

Indirect Object


Possessive




92


Exercise 9: Work on memorizing these new irregular verbs.

What letter follows the “v” in “volo, volumus, volunt” in which the “non” is contracted into this word (as opposed to “vis, vult, and vultis” where it is not contracted into but stays apart: “non vis, non vult, non vultis”)?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

volo, vis, vult, volumus, vultis, volunt (I am willing, you are willing, he is willing,

we are willing, you are willing, they are willing)

nolo, non vis, non vult, nolumus, non vultis, nolunt (I am not willing, you are not willing, he is not willing,

we are not willing, you are not willing, they are not willing)

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a. long

b. general, emperor

c. legion

d. lack, scarcity

e. journey

f. huge

g. into, onto

h. to praise

i. law

j. in, on

k. command, power, empire

l. light

imperator, imperatoris

imperium, imperii

in (acc.)

in (abl.)

legio, legionis

longus, -i/longa, -ae/ longum, -i

ingens, ingentis

inopia, inopiae

iter, itineris

lex, legis

laudare

lux, lucis

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Exercise 11: Translate from English to Latin. Remember: do not translate “a,” “an,” or “the.”

Step 1: Write the stem of the words (that need the stem form) in the box.

Step 2: Box the verb and put the person (1st, 2nd, 3rd), number (sing./pl.), and tense (present, past, future, pres. subjunctive) above it.

Step 3: Underline the nouns and write the case (nom., gen., dat., acc., abl.) and number above each word.

Step. 4: Cross out the words: “a,” “an,” “the,” “of,” and “for.” There are no Latin words for these.

Step 5: Put the correct endings on the stems.

Step 6: If your verb is not the verb “to be,” move it to the end of the sentence.

WORD BOX

(Sanctus is the word to use for “holy” in sentence 4.)

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1. Christ defends the virtue of the Christians. ______________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

2. The horseman was defending the city. __________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

3. The virgin and the shepherds seek safety in the state’s mountains. _____________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

4. A holy people hears a voice across time. ________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

5. The poet writes the name of the legion on the sign. ________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

6. The people’s king will live in peace in the forest. __________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

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Latin Grammar Review Concepts: Personal pronounsGrammar Workbook: Worksheet 7

Lesson VII

I. Personal Pronouns.The endings added to verbs include pronouns. Sometimes there is a noun to replace the pronoun, and sometimes there isn’t.

Regit. He rules.Rex regit. The king rules.

The noun king replaces the “he” given in the ending “-t.” The king is a “he,” which is why the ending is “-t.” For the most part, the ending for which the pronoun is replaced by a noun is the third person ending. That makes sense because you can talk about a “he” or a “they”, “a king” or “kings.” In direct address, when your subject is “you,” the statement is directed towards a particular person. It is not really that you are talking about the subject but rather of the subject. (“You, come here!”)

While you do not replace 1st person (I, we) and 2nd person (you) pronouns with nouns, in statements, a pronoun form is often added to give emphasis:

You rule. Tu regis. (emphasizing you) Regis (emphasizing rule)I rule. Ego rego (emphasizing I) Rego (emphasizing rule)You (pl.) rule. Vos regitis. (emphasizing you) Regitis (emphasizing rule)We rule. Nos regimus (emphasizing we) Regimus (emphasizing rule)He rules. Is regit (emphasizing he) Regit (emphasizing rule)She rules. Ea regit (emphasizing she) Regit (emphasizing rule)It rules. Id regit (emphasizing it) Regit (emphasizing rule)They rule. Ei/Eae/Ea regunt (emphasizing they.)* Regunt (emphasizing rule)

*Ei is masculine, Eae is feminine, Ea is neuter.

Fundamentals II - Lesson VII

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Case 1st Person Pronoun

2nd Person Pronoun

3rd Person Pronoun

MASC. | FEM. | NEUT.

Nom. Sing.Gen. Sing.Dat. Sing.Acc. Sing.Abl. Sing.

egomeimihimeme

tutuitibitete

isejusei

eumeo

eaejusei

eamea

idejuseiideo

Nom. Pl.Gen. Pl.Dat. Pl.Acc. Pl.Abl. Pl.

nosnostrum1

nobisnos

nobis

vosvestrum

vobisvos

vobis

ei eorum

eiseoseis

eaeearum

eiseaseis

eaeorum

eisaeeis

When you use a pronoun in the subject case, it is a matter of preference. When you use a pronoun in any another case, it is not a matter of preference. For example:

The king rules you. (singular) You is in the accusative case here because it is the direct object.Rex regit te. In Latin, the accusative is te.

The king leads the soldiers for them. Them is in the dative case here because it is the object of “for”/indirect object.Rex ducit milites eis. In Latin, the dative of them is eis.

The king rules by it. It is in the ablative case because it is the object of the preposition by.Rex regit ab eo. In Latin, the ablative of it is eo.

His king rules. In Latin, the genitive case of the 3rd person personal pronoun is used to indicate possession. Genitives of the first and second person personal pronoun are not commonly used in Latin translations. An adjective form is used instead.2

Ejus rex regit. Ejus indicates possession.

1 In place of nostrum and vestrum, occasionally nostri and vestri are used, although not in the constructions in this course. Nostrum is a shortened form of nostrorum and vestrum of vestrorum. 2 You use the genitive of the first and second person personal pronouns in constructions like: part of you, love of me, many of us, etc.

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Begin to memorize the Latin forms. It is best to memorize them this way:

1st Person - ego, mei, mihi, me, me nos...2nd Person - tu, tui, tibi, te, te, vos...3rd Person - is, ea, id, ejus, ejus, ejus, ei, ei, ei, eum, eam, id, eo, ea, eo, ei, eae, ea...

It should not be surprising that this new pronoun is called the personal pronoun. (It gives the person about which something is being asserted.) Work on memorizing it.

ego = I/nos = we(genitive = of me/of myself/of us/of ourselves; dative, ablative and accusative = me/us)

tu = you (sing.)/vos = you (pl.)(genitive = of you)/of yourself (yourselves); dative, ablative and accusative = you/you)

is, ea, id = he, she, it/ei, eae, ea = they(genitive = of him, her, it/his, her(s), its/of them, their(s); dative, ablative and accusative = him, her, it/them)


Nominative animal

Genitive animalis

Dative

Accusative

Ablative


99



Nominative puer

Genitive pueri

Dative

Accusative

Ablative


Nominative servus

Genitive servi

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

100



Nominative gloria

Genitive gloriae

Dative

Accusative

Ablative


Nominative tempus

Genitive temporis

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

101



Nominative caritas

Genitive caritatis

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Exercise 2: Identify the case and number of the following nouns. (Some may have more than one option.)

a. glorias Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

b. civem Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

c. servo Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: ________________________________________

d. urbe Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

e. animali Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

102


f. rem Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

g. servis Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

h. tempus Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

Exercise 3: Translate.

a. Ego rego. ______________________________________________________

b. Tu regis. ______________________________________________________

c. Canis bibet. ______________________________________________________

d. Id bibet. ______________________________________________________

e. Ego rego te. ______________________________________________________

f. Tu regis me. ______________________________________________________

g. Vos regitis civitatem. ______________________________________________________

h. Ego munio ea. ______________________________________________________

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Exercise 4: Conjugate possum and credere in the charts below.


(Regular)

Subjunctive Present

(Future Possible)

1st Singular

2nd Singular

3rd Singular

1st Plural

2nd Plural

3rd Plural

STEM: N/A Present Past Future (Regular)

1st Singular

2nd Singular

3rd Singular

1st Plural

2nd Plural

3rd Plural

104




a. sentire in the 3rd person plural

Present: Past:


b. scribere in the 1st person plural

Present: Past:


c. munire in the 2nd person singular

Present: Past:


105



a. sentire b. panis, panis

c. mater, matris

d. gloria, gloriae

e. mundus, mundi

f. scribere


Subject

Direct Object

Indirect Object


Possessive




106


Exercise 8: Translate these sentences two ways. Use a Latin pronoun for the subject on the first line and then on the second line translate without using a pronoun for the subject.

a. I was eating. ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

b. You (sing.) will eat. ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

c. May he eat. ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

d. We eat. ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

e. They rule us. ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

f. I am willing. ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

Exercise 9: Identify the case and number of the following pronouns.

a. is Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

b. eam Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

107


Exercise 9 (cont.): c. nos Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

d. nostrum Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

e. tibi Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

f. mihi Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

g. vobis Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

h. me Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

i. tui Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

j. eo Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

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a. great, large

b. Mary

c. soldier

d. mother

e. evil

f. mountain

g. to send

h. sea

i. now

j. sailor

k. name

l. number

m. world

n. wall

o. not

p. to fortify, build

malus, -i/mala, -ae/malum, -i

mater, matris

nomen, nominis

mundus, mundi

non

munire

nauta, nautae

magnus, -i/magna, -ae/magnum, -i

murus, muri

numerus, numeri

nunc

miles, militis

mare, maris

mons, montis (m.)

Maria, Mariae

mittere

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Steps for translating from Latin to English.

Step 1: Find the meanings of all words.

Step 2: Translate the verb independently, being careful to find its tense, number, and person.

Step 3: Identify the case and number of each noun. Make sure to use each word in English in a way that is appropriate to its case.

Nominative - Subject, Predicate NominativeGenitive - Possessive/Object of “of ”Dative - Indirect Object/Object of “for”Accusative - Direct Object/Objects of some PrepositionsAblative - Object of some Prepositions

Steps for translating from English to Latin.







110


1. Christ is light for me. _______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

2. Their state was defending him. _______________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

3. Canis vult edere ejus panem. _________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

4. Vos munietis muros mihi. ___________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

5. Canis currebat mecum. (mecum = cum me) _____________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

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New Concepts: Review lessonGrammar Workbook: Worksheet 8

Lesson VIII

I. Review of Personal Pronouns. It should not be surprising that this new pronoun is called the personal pronoun. (It gives the person about which something is being asserted.) Continue to work on memorizing it.

Case1st Person Pronoun

2nd Person Pronoun

3rd Person Pronoun →

MASC. | FEM. | NEUT.

Sing

ular

NominativeGenitiveDative

AccusativeAblative

ego - Imei - of memihi - meme - meme - me

tu - youtui - of youtibi - youte - youte - you

is - heejus - his/of him

ei - himeum - himeo - him

ea - sheejus - her, hers/

of herei - her

eam - herea - her

id - itejus - its/of it

ei - itid - iteo - it

Plur

al

NominativeGenitiveDative

AccusativeAblative

nos - usnostrum - of us

nobis - usnos - us

nobis - us

vos - youvestrum - of you

vobis - youvos - you

vobis - you

ei - theyeorum - their, theirs/of them

eis - themeos - themeis - them

eae - theyearum - their, theirs/of them

eis - themeas - themeis - them

ea - theyeorum - their, theirs/of them

eis - themea - themeis - them

Did you know that Rome was built on seven hills? The names of the hills were Aventine Hill, Caelian Hill, Esquiline Hill, Viminal Hill, Quirinal Hill, Capitoline Hill, and Palatine Hill. Palatine Hill was where the emperors resided. The word “palace” comes from “Palatine.” Capitoline Hill was the site of the first Roman citadel. The word “capitol” is derived from the name of the hill of great importance. Caelian hill was named after a famous Etruscan who aided Romulus, the founder of Rome, in his fight against the Sabines. Wealthy people lived on this hill. Quirinal Hill had different things on it at different times. First it had a Sabine settlement, then later it had a Temple to Mars and finally it became the site of the baths of Constantine. The Servian Wall surrounded the Seven Hills of Rome and a wooden bridge crossed the Tiber.

Fundamentals II - Lesson VIII

→ →

Aventine Hill

Palatine Hill

Caelian Hill

Esquiline Hill

Viminal HillQuirinal Hill

Capitoline Hill

112



Nominative flumen

Genitive fluminis

Dative

Accusative

Ablative



Nominative victoria

Genitive victoriae

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

113



Nominative iter

Genitive itineris

Dative

Accusative

Ablative


Nominative periculum

Genitive periculi

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

114



Nominative hostis

Genitive hostis

Dative

Accusative

Ablative


Nominative pons

Genitive pontis

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

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Exercise 2: Identify the case and number of the following nouns. (Some may have more than one option.)

a. canibus Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

b. hostium Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

c. ponte Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

d. itineri Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

e. silvas Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

f. portuum Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

g. pericula Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

h. animal Case (s): _________________________________________ Number: _________________________________________

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Exercise 3: Write the correct forms.

a. Dative singular of man ___________________________________________

b. Genitive plural of danger ___________________________________________

c. Accusative plural of poet ___________________________________________

d. Nominative singular of king ___________________________________________

e. Accusative singular of forest ___________________________________________

f. Dative singular of dog ___________________________________________

g. Ablative singular of sea ___________________________________________

h. Genitive singular of journey ___________________________________________

Exercise 4: Conjugate sum and sentire in the following charts.

STEM: N/A Present Past Future (Regular)

1st Singular

2nd Singular

3rd Singular

1st Plural

2nd Plural

3rd Plural

117



(Regular)

Subjunctive Present

(Future Possible)

1st Singular

2nd Singular

3rd Singular

1st Plural

2nd Plural

3rd Plural



a. credere in the 3rd person singular

Present: Past:


118


b. venire in the 2nd person plural

Present: Past:


c. gerere in the 2nd person singular

Present: Past:



a. discere b. praemium, praemii

c. pecunia, pecuniae

d. pars, partis

e. oratio, orationis

f. ponere

119



Subject

Direct Object

Indirect Object


Possessive




120


Exercise 8: Change the following present tense verbs to past tense. Make sure to keep the same number and person. The first one is done for you.

a. regis regibas b. sentis __________________________

c. editis __________________________

d. edit ___________________________

e. munimus ___________________________

f. sum ___________________________

Exercise 9: Use a Latin pronoun for the subject on the first line and then on the second line translate without using a pronoun for the subject.

a. We were eating. ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

b. You (sing.) will write. ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

c. I believe. ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

d. You (pl.) will learn. ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

e. They were ruling. ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

f. He puts. ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

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Exercise 10: Answer the questions.

1. What are the four Latin personal pronouns that mean “them”?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

2. How do you say “of me” in Latin?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

3. What are two pronouns that mean “me” in Latin?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

4. How would you say “for you” in Latin?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

5. What pronouns would you use for the underlined words? I taught him. I taught them.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

122



a. to seize

b. prayer

c. peace

d. shepherd

e. to pray

f. to seek

g. to put, place

h. money

i. danger

j. bread

k. through

l. poet

m. chief, leading man

n. after

o. reward

p. people

q. bridge

r. part

pecunia, pecuniae

periculum, periculi

per (acc.)

orare

poeta, poetae

post (acc.)

pars, partis

pax, pacis

pastor, pastoris

petere

occupare

panis, panis (m.)

ponere

oratio, orationis

populus, populi

praemium, praemii

pons, pontis (m.)

princeps, principis

123



Steps for translating from Latin to English.

Step 1: Find the meanings of all words.

Step 2: Translate the verb independently, being careful to find its tense, number, and person.

Step 3: Identify the case and number of each noun. Make sure to use each word in English in a way that is appropriate to its case.

Nominative - Subject, Predicate NominativeGenitive - Possessive/Object of “of ”Dative - Indirect Object/Object of “for”Accusative - Direct Object/Objects of some PrepositionsAblative - Object of some Prepositions

Steps for translating from English to Latin.







124


1. Vocem Dei audiamus._______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

2. The soldiers are eating her bread. ______________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

3. Caesar est amicus Ciceronis canis._____________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

4. Canis currere trans eorum pontem discebat. _____________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

5. The general seeks peace with you (pl). (vobiscum = cum vobis)______________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Documents

Fundamentals II - Lesson IV Lesson IV - MODG