Fuel Certification
Overview
Chris Lewis Engineering Specialist - Fuels
2014 Rolls Royce plc
FORUM-AE, Madrid. October 2014.
2014 Rolls-Royce plcThe information in this document is the property of Rolls-Royce plc and may not be copied or communicated to a third party, or used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied without the express written consent of Rolls-Royce plc.This information is given in good faith based upon the latest information available to Rolls-Royce plc, no warranty or representation is given concerning such information, which must not be taken as establishing any contractual or other commitment binding upon Rolls-Royce plc or any of its subsidiary or associated companies.
Trusted to deliver excellence
Fuel criteria
Safety and operability issues including Energy density Chemical characteristics and more.
Environmental and social issues Fuel lifecycle CO2 emissions Change in land and water usage Feedstock competition with food crops
Large-scale commercial production issues Fuel technology maturity level Production capability and readiness level Production capability and readiness level
2014RollsRoyceplc
Advanced engine concepts Fuel Performance RequirementsWill increase!
Future and Novel Technology
Advanced High Temperature Materials Advanced High Temperature Materials
Complex Combustion, Aerothermal & Fluid Systems
Ad d T i i S t Advanced Transmission Systems
Potential Challenges and Opportunities ?g pp Improved SFC and Reduced Emissions
Noise abatement challenge Noise abatement challenge
Advanced Fluid Systems and Heat Management
2014RollsRoyceplc
Jet fuel A multi-functional fluid
Energy storage Airframe and engine Provides fuel for in aircraft coolant combustion
/Highenergydensityforgoodrange/payload
2014RollsRoyceplc
Jet fuel A multi-functional fluid
Energy storage Airframe and engine Provides fuel for in aircraft coolant combustion
Wideoperatingtemperature:47CFreezePoint,38Cp g pFlashPointandgoodThermalStability(heat
management)
2014RollsRoyceplc
Jet fuel A multi-functional fluid
Energy storage Airframe and engine Provides fuel for in aircraft coolant combustion
Specific combustion characteristics for OperabilitySpecificcombustioncharacteristicsforOperability,EmissionsandHotendLife
2014RollsRoyceplc
Impact of fuel propertiesS f t F t T h l D itiFl id P f
Certification
SafetyFlash Pt., Freezing Pt.
Microsep
Future TechnologySpecific Heat, Thermal Stab.
Aromatics, Sulfur/polar Materials
Deposition(coking)
Thermal stability, Gum,Distillation
Fluid PerformancePrediction
Freezing Pt., viscosityDistillation, Thermal stability
All Characteristics
Cost ofOwnership
Hot-End LifeThermal Stability, Acidity
Aromatics, Sulfur
E i i
DurabilityAs Above
OwnershipThermalStab.
Exist. GumSulfur
Cold Start &
EmissionsAromatics, Sulfur
distillation
M t i l
As AboveLubricityAcidity
PerformanceHeating Value
Density
Alt re-lightFlash Pt., Heating Value
Distillation, viscosity
MaterialCompatibilityAromatics, freezing pt.Acidity, Copper Strip
MaintenanceSame as Durability
DensityFlash/Freezing Pts.
Legacy HardwareAromatics, lubricity
System Design& MaterialsAll Characteristics
PhysicalProperties
ChemicalProperties
2014RollsRoyceplc
Designed for each other
Engine certification Fuel specificationEngine certification Fuel specification
Operate on Jet A/A-1 f l W ld id
Composition properties d ffuels - World-wide
standard
Ensure safety emissions
and performance
Allowable source materials and processesEnsure safety, emissions,
performance and durability
materials and processes
Quality Assurance
Fueloutsidescoperequiretestingandcertification
Fuelhastobedropintobetechnicallyviable
2014RollsRoyceplc
Industry qualification ASTM D4054 process
Specification Properties
Engine/APU Testing
Fit-For-Purpose Properties
Component/Rig TestingProperties TestingProperties Testing
A t
ASTM
Review
& BallotA t
ASTM
Review
& Ballot
ASTM Research
ReportASTM
Accept & Ballot
Re-EvalAs Required
Reject
ASTM
Accept & Ballot
Re-EvalAs Required
Reject
FAA & OEM Review & A l
ASTM Balloting Process
pSpecificationSpecification
Def-Stan ApprovalDef-StanJP8/5
Courtesy of Mark Rumizen, FAA Note Some items added by Rolls-Royce
2014RollsRoyceplc
Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosine - SPK
AromaticParaffinic(AKA: SPK, FT-SPK, Bio-SPK, HRJ, HEFA...)
2014RollsRoyceplc
Fuel clearance status
DefStan9191approvedSASOLsemisyntheticCoalToLiquidlate1990s
Def Stan 91-91 approved SASOL fullysyntheticinCoal To Liquid 2008Coal-To-Liquid -2008.
ASTMapprovedtheuseof50%GenericXtLblendviappASTMD7566 ASTMD1655JetA/A1 2009.
l f ASTMapprovalof:
Hydrogenatedvegoils/fats(HEFA) incorporatedinto ASTM D7566 2011intoASTMD7566 2011.
Synthesizedisoparaffinsfromhydroprocessedfermentedsugars(SIPS) 2104.g ( )
2014RollsRoyceplc
Syn GasCoalFischer-Tropsch (FT) Conventional Refinery
P
Potential alternative aviation fuels - 1Syn Gas (CO, H2)
Coal
Natural GToday
ProcessesHydroprocessing
HydrogenationGas
Biomass
y
Syn-Crude
Hydrogenation- Produces paraffins
Isomerisation- Improved Fz pt
FT ProcessGasify
5
HEFA from Plant OilHydrocracking-Molecules in jet
range
Oil E traction
Plants/Nuts
5 years
Hydroprocessing
Bio-Crude
Oil Extraction
HarvestedAlgae
HEFA from AlgaeHydroprocessing
All above used to produce/upgrade
conventional jet fuel
Bio Crude
Process Facilitators
Oil Extraction
Algae
10 years
Jet FuelOil Extraction
Courtesy of Mark Rumizen, FAA Note Some items added by Rolls-Royce
2014RollsRoyceplc
Potential alternatives in R&D phase - 2Synthetic Biology
Genetically Engineered Microbes
Fermentation
Jet Fuel
C ti l R fisugarcane Alcohol Oligomerization Conventional Refinery ProcessesSugar
switchgrassDehydrationFermentation
PolymerizationOlefins
corn stover
Pyrolysis
Jet FuelLignocellulose
forest waste
HydroprocessingBio-CrudePyrolysis
Hydroprocessing
Courtesy of Mark Rumizen, FAA Note Some items added by Rolls-Royce
2014RollsRoyceplc
Rolls-Royce alternative fuel programmesy p g
CurrentFAA CLEEN programme
Current
003782
2014RollsRoyceplc
Summary - Bio-fuel timelineTimeline FocusofIndustryActivity
Early1990stomid2000s EarlyApprovalProcessDevelopmentDefiningfuelnormsandexperienceg pApprovalofSasolCtL
2004 Today R&DandApprovalProcessDefinitionDefinition & EvaluationDefinition&EvaluationSpecificationDevelopment
Today FuelApprovalsXtL d HRJ k SPK HEFA tXtLandHRJ akaSPK,HEFAetcNovelrawmaterials/processes
2011 2050 Options&DeploymentCapacityandCommercialisationQualityAssuranceandRegulationImprovedProductionFlexibilityandEfficiency
b l fSustainabilityCertification
2014RollsRoyceplc
Thank You
SPARE SLIDES TO SUPPORT FURTHER DISCUSSION IF REQUIRED
Trackingprogress Fuel Readiness Levels (FRL) FuelReadinessLevels(FRL)
FRL1:Feedstock/ProcessBasicPrinciples
FRL2:Feedstock/ProcessConcept
FRL3:FuelSampleforBasicFuelPropertiesR & D Phase Certification &
FRL4.1:PerformanceStudiesFRL4.2:SpecProperties
Phase Certification & Qualification Phase
FRL5.1:LabProductionDevelopmentFRL5.2:SubscaleProductionDevelopmentFRL5.3:ProductionScalabilityFRL5.4:PilotPlantCapability
FRL6.1:FitForPurposeProperties
FRL6.2:TurbineHotSection
FRL6.3:Component/RigTesting
Business Phase
FRL6.4:EngineTesting
FRL7:FuelClassListedinIntlFuelSpecifications
FRL 8: Commercial ValidationFRL8:CommercialValidation
FRL9:ProductionCapability
2014RollsRoyceplc
CurrentStatusofSyntheticAviationFuelTaskForces
Status Class Process Feedstock Companies TFLeaderCompletedAnnexA1 FTSPK FischerTropsch(FT)derivedSPK
Coal,NaturalGas,Biomass
AnnexA2 HEFASPK HydroprocessedFatsandOils(HEFA)derivedSPK TriglycerideOilsIntheApprovalProcess
FTSKA FTderivedSKA,FurtherMaterialsCompatibilityTestingRequiredCoal,NaturalGas,Biomass Sasol,Rentech, CliffMoses
ATJSPKFermentationalcohol,oligmerized andhydrotreated (ATJ)derivedSPK Research ReportreadyforOEMreview. Sugar,Alcohol GEVO,Philips66,
GlennJohnston(GEVO)
HDCJSKAHydroporcessed DepolymerizedCellulosederivedSKA ResearchReportstillinprocess. Lignocellulose Kior,UOP
JeffTrewella(KiOR)
DSHCSPK DirectFermentationtoSPK ResearchReportininitial Ballot. Sugar Amyris/TotalFernandoGarcia(Amyris)
InDevelopmentGregg
ATJSAK CatalysistoSAK,primarilyaromatics Sugar,Alcohol Virent/Shell,SwiftHemighaus(Virent)
ATJSKA ATJderivedSKA,partialaromatics Sugar,AlcoholByogy,Cobalt,SwedishBiofuels
KevinWeiss(Byogy)
CHSKA HydrothermalCrackingandCyclizationderivedSKA TriglycerideOilsAppliedResearchAssociates(ARA)
EdCoppola(ARA)G
CRJSPK Catalysis,oligermerizedandhydrotreatedderivedSPK Sugar,Alcohol Virent
