Frontiers of Polymers and Advanced Materials

Frontiers of PolYlllers and Advanced Materials

Edited by

Paras N. Prasad State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo. New York

Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

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Proceedings of the Second Internationa l Conference on Frontiers of Polymers and Advanced Materiab, hc1d January 10---1 5. 1993, in Sahrta, Indone.ia

ISBN 978·1-4613-6040-7

CI 1994 Springer Scicncc+Business Media New York OriginalIy publisbed by Plcnum Prcss. New York in 1994 Softcover rcprinl of Ihe hardcover Ist edition 1994

AII righls rescrved

No part of this book may be reproouced, slored in a cctrieval system, or transmiUed in any fonn or by any means. elec tronic, mechanical. photocopying, microfilm ing, n:cording. OI olherwi$e, without wtiUcn pclmission rrom thc Publisher

ISBN 978-1-4613-6040-7 ISBN 978-1-4615-2447-2 (ebook)DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-2447-2

Professor Paras N. Prasad

COMMITTEE MEMBERS

Honorary Chairman

Professor Dr. Ing B.J. Habibie Minister of State for Research and

Technology Government of Indonesia

Conference Chairmen

Director, Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry

Professor Dr. Samaun Samadikun Chairman, The Indonesian Institute of

Sciences (LIPI) Sasana Widya Sarwono State University of New York

Buffalo, NY

Professor Frank E. Karasz Distinguished Professor Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Mass. Amherst, MA

JI. Jend. Gatot Subroto 10 Jakarta, Indonesia

Co-Chairmen

Professor James E. Mark Distinguished Res. Professor Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH

National Organizing Committee

Indonesian Institute of Sciences c/o Mrs. Moertini Atmowidjojo Head, Bureau of Sand T Cooperation Widya Graha-LIPI JI. Jenderal Gatot Subroto No. 10 Jakarta, Indonesia

International Coordinators

Professor D. Allan Cadenhead Associate Dean

Prof. Dr. Noer M. Surdia Chemistry Department Institute of Technology JI. Ganesha 10 Bandung, Indonesia

Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics State University of New York Buffalo, NY

Dr. Arjuno Brojonegoro Head, R&D Centre for Applied Physics Bandung, Indoaesia

v

PREFACE

This book presents the proceedings of the Second International Conference on Frontiers of Polymers and Advanced Materials held in Jakarta, Indonesia during January 10-15, 1993. This conference was organized and sponsored by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), the State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, the Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), and the Indonesian Polymer Association. The 244 participants represented a total of 24 countries and a wide variety of academic, industrial and government groups. The inauguration was held in the Royal Palace and was performed by President Soeharto of Indonesia. High level media coverage ensured worldwide recognition.

The need for such a conference was emphasized by the fact that polymers have emerged as an important class of materials offering challenging opportunities for both fundamental research and new technological applications. There has been a tremendous growth of interest in the field of polymers, both in academia and in industry, and polymer science offers tremendous opportunities for both fundamental and applied work. This globally represented Second International Conference on Frontiers of Polymers and Advanced Materials was timely, especially given the current heightened enthusiasm for polymers and emerging novel applications.

The stated goals of the conference were:

• to bring together leading international scientists, top level industrial managers and government representatives for discussions on research, technologies and future innovations;

• to promote interactions between polymer scientists and technologists in developing and already-developed countries; and

• to explore issues and problems for international cooperation in advanced polymer research.

The focus of the conference was on five frontier areas of polymer research: (i) Polymers for photonics; (ii) Polymers for electronics; (iii) High performance polymers; (iv) Polymers for biotechnology; and (v) Polymer blends and composites. Other topics touched on included polymer processing, multifunctional and intelligent polymers, advanced materials from natural polymers, sol-gel processed materials, polymer surfaces

vii

and polymer education. The conference emphasized the cross-fertilization of these areas, which traditionally have been covered in separate scientific meetings.

This book is a collection of invited, reviewed, contributed and poster papers presented at the conference. The typical presentation is multidisciplinary, containing a blend of chemistry, physics, materials processing and technology applications. The result is a comprehensive overview of polymer-related topics, including innovative synthetic techniques, electronic properties, processing, device applications, material recovery, and waste analysis. Both review and research papers are included. The review papers should assist in the cross-fertilization of different areas, while the research papers will serve as useful reference materials summarizing the current status of individual topics and projecting future directions.

We wish to thank various agencies, and corporations which provided support for the conference. These were: British Petroleum (Indonesia), P. T. Indo-Rama Synthetics (Indonesia), the Governor (Mayor) of Jakarta, BPPT (Indonesia), National Science Foundation (USA), U.S. Army Research Office (Far East), U.S. Office of Naval Research (Far East), National Defense Research Establishment (Sweden), Toray Industries, Inc. (Japan), Rolls Royce PIc. (UK), Hoechst (Japan), Dow Corning Corporation (USA), British Petroleum International Ltd. (UK), Unitika Ltd. (Japan), Lucky Ltd. (Korea), UNESCO, International Center for Theoretical Physics (Italy), and Allied Signal, Inc. (USA).

I want to express my gratitude to Professor Dr. B. J. Habibie, Minister of State for Research and Technology who played a valuable role as the honorary chairman and to Professor Dr. Samaun Samadikun, Chairman of LIPI, for his leadership as the conference chairman from Indonesia. My personal gratitude goes also to Professors J. Mark and F. Karasz for their role as the conference co-chairmen and to Professor D. A. Cadenhead as the international coordinator. Thanks are due to the National Organizing Committee, particularly Ms. Moertini Atmowidjojo, Mr. Soehartono Soedargo, Dr. Arjuno Brojonegoro, Dr. Nilyardi Kahar, Dr. M. Sugandhi Ratulangi and Professor N. M. Surdia for their efforts in the success of this conference. Finally, I thank Professors S. C. Kim, R. Laine, J. Mark, A. MacDiarmid, N. Ogata, G. Wallace, Dr. R. Darms, Dr. F. Kajzar, Dr. C. Lee and Dr. K. Wynne, for serving as the various symposia chairmen and for their efforts in selection of speakers.

viii

Paras N. Prasad Buffalo, NY

CONTENTS

An Ovetview .............................................. 1 D. A. Cadenhead, P. N. Prasad and J. E. Mark

TRENDS IN POLYMERS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Globalization and Development of New Materials Yoshikazu Ito

7

Emerging Materials ......................................... 17 D. J. H. Smith and P. Freund

Advanced Materials for Future Aerospace Programmes ............... 29 Ernesto ValIer ani, Paolo Marchese and Bruno Fornari

Commercial Uses of Liquid Crystalline Polymers .................... 45 Adi R. Guzdar, Richard W. Lusignea, Kent G. Blizard and

Leslie S. Rubin

Polymer Education in Singapore Sam Angove

POLYMERS FOR PHOTONICS

63

Novel Polymeric Composite Materials for Photonics .................. 75 Paras N. Prasad, Maciek E. Orczyk, Jaroslaw Zieba, Ryszard Burzynski

and Yue Zhang

Properties and Applications of Polymers in Optics and Electrooptics Jean-Claude Dubois and Erich Spitz

Polymeric Electro-optic Materials and Devices: Meeting the Challenges of

93

Practical Applications ................................... 107 James T. Yardley, Karl W. Beeson, Paul Ferm, Keith Horn,

Charles Knapp, Michael McFarland, Ajay Nahata, Jianhui Shan and Chengjiu Wu

Liquid Crystal Nonlinear Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 117 I. C. Khoo

ix

Third Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Functionalized Polymers. . . .. 141 F. Kajzar, F. Charra, J. M. Nunzi, P. Raimond, E. Idiart and

M. Zagorska

Effective Excited States for ,,(3) in a Symmetric Conjugated Molecule 155 Yuhei Mori, Takashi Kurihara, Toshikuni Kaino and Satoro Tomaro

Second-Harmonic Blue Light Generation in Langmuir-Blodgett Film Waveguides by Mode Conversion and by Use of the Cerenkov-Type Configuration ......................................... 165

M. Kupfer, M. Florsheimer, Ch. Bosshard, H. Looser and P. Gunter

Techniques for Ultrastructure Synthesis: Preparation of Second Order Nonlinear Optical Materials .............................. 175

Larry R. Dalton, Chengzeng Xu, Bo Wu and Aaron W. Harper

Plastics as Novel Optical Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 187 Tsuyoshi Ohkubo and Akira J. Ikushima

Photoexcitations in Polydiacetylenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 197 G. Dellepiane, C. Cuniberti, D. Comoretto, G. Lanzani,

G. F. Musso, A. Piaggi and A. Borghesi

Incorporation of Ladder Polymer Subunits in Formal Copolymers for Third Order NLO Applications ............................ 205

Charles W. Spangler, Pei-kang Liu, Joyce Laquindanum, Linda S. Sapochak, Larry R. Dalton and R. Sai Kumar

Polymers with Special Optical Properties Hans-J oachim Lorkowski

Third Order Nonlinear Optical Interactions in Some Bioengineered

211

Polymers ............................................ 219 D. V. G. L. N. Rao, F. J. Aranda, C. F. Cheng, J. A. Akkara,

D. L. Kaplan and J. F. Roach

Semi- and Full Interpenetrating Polymer Networks as Stable Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Materials .............................. 229

S. K. Tripathy, S. Marturunkakul, R. J. J eng, L. Li, J. I. Chen and J. Kumar

Photo-polymerization and Photo-crosslinking in the Graphic Arts ........ 239 Ovart Nitidandhaprabhas

POLYMERS FOR ELECTRONICS

Conducting Polymers: Science and Technology Alan G. MacDiannid and A. J. Epstein

x

251

Control of the Mesoscopic Organization of Conjugated Thiophene Oligomers, Induced by Self-Assembly Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 263

Francis Garnier, Abderahim Yassar, Ryad Hajlaoui, Gilles Horowitz and Fran~oise Deloffre

Functionalization of Conducting Polymer for Advanced Materials ........ 273 T. Shimidzu, T. Iyoda and H. Segawa

Polymeric Materials Based on Azomethine Moieties for the Preparation of Organic One-Dimensional Superlattices ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 281

S. Destri, W. Porzio and R. Tubino

Theoretical Analysis of the Vibrational Spectra of Conducting Polymers: A Model Compound Approach ............................ 289

S. Lefrant and J. P. Buisson

A Modified Pariser-Parr-Pople Formulation for the Study of Low-Lying Excitation Energies of Polyenes ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 297

M. O. Tjia and R. E. Siregar

Dopant and Charge Carriers Correlation in Polyaniline Prepared by Potentiostatic Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 305

M. O. Tjia, R. Hidayat, M. Abdullah and R. E. Siregar

Understanding the Novolak Synthesis Reaction Leonard E. Bogan, Jr.

311

Synthesis and Polymerization of 3,3'-Difunctionalized-2,2'-Bithiophenes .... 319 Siu-Choon Ng, Hardy Sze-On Chan and Swee-How Seow

Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase in Poly(2,2'-Bithiophene) ........... 325 Hardy S. O. Chan, Siu-Choon Ng, Swee-How Seow and Hua Chi

Molecular Arrangement of Perconjugated Systems H. Naarmann

333

Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Poly(7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1 ]hept-5-ene-2,3-diacetate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 345

Michael Schimetta, Ernst Zenkl and Frank Stelzer

Carbon Clusters and Carbon Polymers: Advanced Materials with Exciting Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 355

H. Kuzmany and J. Kastner

Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the Interaction of Metals with Polymer Surfaces: A Case Study of the Use of a Model Molecular System to Study the Nature of Charge Storage in Short Polyenes ........................................ 369

M. Logdlund, P. Dannetun, C. Fredriksson, S. Stafstrom, C. W. Spangler, J. L. Bredas and W. R. Salaneck

xi

High Resolution XPS Study of the Electronic Structure of Polyaniline ..... 383 D. Rodrigue, J. Riga and J. J. Verbist

HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYMERS

Expanding the Polyolefin Property Envelope: From Spheripol to Spherilene Technology .................................. 391

Tonino Simonazzi and Paolo Galli

Organic-Inorganic Composites J. E. Mark

403

Thermoplastic Geomembranes for Water Barriers .................... 411 J. H. Park, J. T. Rim and T. I. Min

Effects of the Preparing Conditions on the Physical Properties of Surface Grown UHMW PE Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 423

Young Wook Noh and Sang Yong Kim

Surface Characterization and Platelet Adhesion Studies of Plasma-Sulfonated Polyethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 439

Tze-Man Ko and Stuart L. Cooper

Development of Long-Fibre Prepreg via Pultrusion Process ............. 453 M. Nasir, H. Ishak, Z. A. Mohd Ishak, B. Azahari and K. H. Chew

Synthesis and Properties of p-Aromatic Polyamide Having Benzoxazinone U nit in the Main Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 467

Seog Joo Kang and Wan Shik Ha

Rigid-Rod Polymers with Flexible n-Alkoxymethyl Side Branches ........ 477 Jin Chul Jung, Sang-Bong Park, Heesub Kim and Wang-Cheol Zin

Aromatic-Heterocyclic Polymers Research at United States Air Force Wright Laboratory: Recent Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

Loon-Seng Tan

A Review of Stabilization Requirements of Post Consumer Recycled Polyolefins ........................................... 503

L. T. Pearson

POLYMERS FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biocompatible Polymers and Their Applications Naoya Ogata

Supra-Biomolecular Architectures at Functionalized Surfaces

509

J. Spinke, M. Liley, F.-J. Schmitt, H.-J. Guder, L. Angermaier, ....... 519 A. L. Weisenhorn, P. K. Hansma, C. A. Helm, D. E. Leckband, J. N. Israelachvili and W. Knoll

xii

Optical Properties of Polyaniline Synthesized by Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions in Organic Solvents ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 531

Joseph A. Akkara, Francisco J. Aranda, D. V. G. L. N. Rao and David L. Kaplan

Polynucleotide Analogues: Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties ..... 539 Man Jung Han, Ki Ho Kim, Ji Young Chang and Suck Hyun Lee

POLYMERS BLENDS AND COMPOSITES

Systematically Varying Compatibility of Styrene Containing Copolymers with Poly(vinyl methyl ether) ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 551

Chang-Sik Ha, Jin-Ho Ryou, Won-Jei Cho and Ryong-Joon Roe

Thermodynamics and Interfaces of Polymer Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 561 J brg Kressler and Takashi Inoue

Effect of Specific Interaction on Miscibility Windows of PVC/SAN's Copolymer Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 575

Jung-Ki Park and Chul-Hwan Kim

MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND INTELLIGENT POLYMERS

Molecular and Physical Structure's Designs of High Performance Polymeric Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 581

Masaru Kurihara and Takao Aoki

Design of Functionality of Polymers by the Use of the Property of Siloxane Linkage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 591

Yusuke Kawakami

Intelligent Polymer Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 599 William E. Price, Gordon G. Wallace and Huijun Zhao

ADVANCED MATERIALS FROM NATURAL POLYMERS

Biosynthesis of Poly(3-Hydroxyalkanoates) by Pseudomonas Putida ....... 607 Gerrit Eggink, Gem N. M. Huijberts and Pieter de Waard

Progress of Research and Development in Modification of Polymeric Materials Using Radiation Technique in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 613

F. Sundardi and S. Kadariah

Trial Production of Condoms from Irradiated Natural Rubber Latex on a Factory Scale .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627

Marga Utama

The Study of Composite Reinforced with Natural Fibres . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 639 Mimpin Sitepu

xiii

Trial Production of Examination Gloves from Irradiated Natural Rubber Latex on a Factory Scale .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 649

Marga Utama

SOL-GEL PROCESSED MATERIALS

Sol-Gel Synthesis of Transition Metal Oxopolymers J. Livage

659

Research on Sol-Gel Optical-Coatings for a Megajoule Laser at CEL-V ... 669 H. G. Floch and P. F. Belleville

POLYMER SURFACES

New Directions in Organosilicon Surface Science Michael J. Owen

677

Low-Pressure Membranes: New Developments and Applications ........ 689 Mohommad Soltanieh

Ultra-Thin Fihns of Tricosanoyl and Pentacosanoyl-10:12-Diynoic Acids and the Resultant Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 699

J. E. Biegajski and D. A. Cadenhead

Program Committee 711

Advisory Committee 713

Index 715

xiv