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Wood, Peregrine. “GEM Reference: ee Betel Chew Ritual”. Association for Progressive.Communications Women’s Networking Support Programme. 2001. Online

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“Unit 1: A conceptual framework for gender analysis and planning.” ILO/SEAPAT’s Gender Learning & Information Module. OnLine. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/mdtmanila/training/

homepage/mainmenu.htm (n.d.)

Gurumurthy, Anita. Gender and ICTs Overview Report. UK: Bridge, Institute of Development Studies, September 2004. 31-32. Online. http://www.siyanda.org/search/summary.cfm?NN=1458&ST=SS&Keyw

ords=icts&Subject=0&donor=0&langu=E&StartRow=1&Ref=Adv

Tinio, Victoria. “ICT in Education”. e-ASEAN Taskforce and UNDP-APDIP, May 2003.

33

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Ghosh¤ Jayati. “Globalization and the Economic Empowerment of Women.” UNESCAP High Level Inter-Governmental Meeting to Review the Implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action and its Regional and Global Outcomes. 2004. 13. Online. http://www.unescap.org/esid/GAD/Events/High-

.level%20meeting%20Sep%202004/English/Jayati%20Ghosh.pdf (n.d.)

Ha"in¤ Nancy. “Globalization and the economic empowerment of women: DeÄning and building a gender-responsive information society in the ESCAP region.” UNESCAP. 2004. 6-7. Online.http://www.

unescap.org/esid/GAD/Events/High-level%20meeting%20Sep%202004/English/Nancy%20Ha"in.pdf

International Telecommunication Union. 2005. http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/at_glance/main02.pdf (n.d.)

Kee¤ Jackyln. “Cultivating Violence through Technology? Exploring the Connections between Internet Communication Technologies (ICT) and Violence Against Women (VAW”. Association for Progressive

Communications Women’s Networking Support Programme. 2005. 11–18.

McNamara¤ Kerry. “ICTs¤ Poverty and Development: Learning from Experience”. InfoDev Annual Symposium. 2003. 3. Online. www.infodev.org/symp2003/publications/learning.pdf (n.d.)

Nicol¤ Chris. ed. “Part I¤ What are ICT and Internet Policies.” ICT Policy: a Beginner’s Handbook. Association for Progressive Communications. 2003. Online. http://www.apc.org/english/rights/

handbook/ICT_01.shtml (n.d.)

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SECTION=201.html (n.d.)

Ramilo¤ Concepcion and Pi Villanueva. “Issues¤ Policies and Outcomes: Are ICT Policies Addressing Gender Equality?” United Nations ESCAP Expert Group Meeting. 2001. 6 Online. http://www.unescap.

org/esid/GAD/Publication/Issues.pdf (n.d.)

Slater¤ Don and Jo Tacchi. ICT Innovations for Poverty Reduction. New Delhi: UNESCO. 204. 89. Online. http://unescodelhi.nic.in/publications/Research_on_ict.pdf (n.d.)

Spence¤ Randy. ICTs for Poverty Reduction: When¤ Where and How? International Development Research Center (IDRC). 2003. 4–6.

TopTenREVIEWS.com “Internet Pornography Statistics”. Internet Filter Review. http://www.internet-Älter-review.toptenreviews.com/internet-pornography-statistics.html (n.d.)

Wood¤ Peregrine. “Gender and Information and Communication Technology: Towards an Analytical Framework”. Association for Progressive Communications Women’s Networking Support Programme. (c.1998 or 1999). Online. http://www.apcwomen.org/resources/research/analytical-framework.html (n.d.)

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*) -<= OCC^$,- m-VX$0- �= �":; e:#�E RTVM7% ?#0 f(N @QGK *)T OCC^$,- 'CLMN R#+LA OP8oE -T@7� T; -#MP{

.«d*$8 >)

*) -<= OCC^$,- R#+L$AT �":; e:#�E R#MPQ% ?#0 .'CLM7,- c ',*7{ e:#�E �l:*p) -#8*l

OP8; BC] OCC^$,- c -#l:*p% R; �)VX$Gv- [N �7$% nl �l:*p) -#8*l OP8; T; �)VX$G) �T1- '/K@v- c -#8*l T;/T �^L$) OP$Q�E O4T .STU��v- c eq*/) e:#�E -T9VD% # 5~T 6Z{oE R#7$M$% OP{ STUv- c �l:*p) [N e#|a 6l V(N OCC^$L, 9#�^v- m-VX$0}- J%J7K 'CQCl

.�%@|,- i#W

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::*/$N}- c �% *) 3a; h"@% �K-:-@ ,

c �C":*aT �CLa-9 -#8#+% VI 'DL�v- .*D_; e:-9=T STUv- tQª#)T STUv- `3Q() 6�) �I#,- ¢Q8 yC(�$,- �= R#M$(% STUv- >) >%VCQ$Gv- .�Qª#v-

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.m*N 6+pE \}*�K}-T \*)#L7v- *C"#,#(+K

?VP,- 'N#MY) O4T STU��v- >) RTVCQ$Gv- �$7% �LM+) \}*�K}-T \*)#L7v- *C"#,#(+K e:9*/v �T1-

\*)#L7v- *C"#,#(+KT :V(Y,- *%*ZI 6CLDKT ypl 'CLM7, �/�% :V(Y,- 6CLDK RoE @l3$K R; �CLNT .\}*�K}-T c eq*/) 'l:*p) R#l:*p) µ*8; *P, 6_#$% *)V(N r*C,#DK STUv 'DL�v- .*D_; 'Â*^, r}*�) 2*89; �:V8T .'CLM7,-  LG% \}*�K}-T \*)#L7v- *C"#,#(+K \*NTU) >) ?@7$,- >+A >%3,- �%@4#Y,- 'DL�v- .*D_; [N F#Z,-

.�MCC^$, �)VX$GMl OPCLN

�a-9 Jl@v- \*Qª#)/#Qª#)(e:-9�- ¢LY)) Jl@v- e:-9= '�C4

t$,- \*N#MYv- 5CM" �= *(4 �p% `3,-T) 5M$Yv- eq*/) e:#�E f() e9*Q$0}-T Jl@v- m-VX$0- 5C|$GK

(eq*/) �� T;

\-/�)VX$Gv- ��T \-/R#)VX$Gv-5M$Yv- \nx()'CLDv- ')#+D,-

Jl@v- *P)VX% t$,- '^|(v- c ')*7,- \*)VX,-

6aV$K >) 6l R#LMp% >%3,-) 'DL�v- .*D_;(Jl@v- \*CLMN c OP$|p8;

6C�p$,-T ONV,- \}*lTT 6%#M$,- \}*lTT R#N-@,-'C)#+D,- \*�CP,-\*)VX,- T9TJ)

'M$Pv- ?-@W1- 6M7,- Jl-@) m-VX$0*E @+QK t$,- H@a1- \nx(v-V7E >N

>N 6M7,- Jl-@) \nx()T H@a1- i*�K}- Jl-@)V7E

:#PMY,- m#MNmkN�- 6d*0T'CM($,- \nx()

i*Y) c R#L)*7,- R#�]*/,-T OCL7$,- [N R#Â*^,-'CNn$"}- 'CM($,-T \}*�K}-T \*)#L7v- *C"#,#(+K

.�V/) :*W= :V7E >N 6M7,- Jl-@v 5I#,-T OCC^$,-T V_@,- \*"*C$]- �] ::V�v-Evaluation and Impact Assessment (MEIA) of Telecentres: an Initial Framework Monitoring¤

8,g eF ZE,0' CR'@) o <[+$-' u#[J?

73

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!'/eDd*$;-' !'/A)8XNP-' SF t@,N0' 1-1 �#}10'

'DL�v- .*D_; >) 'Â*^E �T@XL, t(4< y�N 'CLM7E OI [N ?@7K .\}*�K}-T \*)#L7v- *C"#,#(+K :9-#E >) e:9*/, 'Y,*7) OP() 5C|$G% >) 9V]T �MPv- 'DL�v- .*D_; V%VD$E OI .\}*�K}-T \*)#L7v- *C"#,#(+KT :V(Y,- *%*ZI �)VX$Gv- 'Dd} c �":Vv- 'DL�v- .*D_; Fn0; .*D_; i*�) m-VX$0- �8*+)�E R= .OCC^$L, >%9#�^v-

.V�@Ml i*�K}- Jl@) c 'DL�v-

d*$;-' W'8XNH"' 8D8[% 2-1 �#}10'

i#] \*~T*Q) F-@"= OPv- >) R�{ &R#K*E 29:T; *v r*^/W

t)VX$G)T �MC^v- �E *) fC,= 6_#$,- O$% �bp) OP{ .'C7I-T e:#�E OCC^$,- «d*$8 m-VX$0- 'CQCl i#] STUv- -34 £TUE OPGQ8; R#)VX$Gv- mJ$L% R; t7C/|,- >)T �©o$L, OCC^K F-@"= R�{ &i*�v- 6C/0 [7{ .�bpv- OPQ,- 'C0*G] �l; STUv- 67" 'C8*+)�E '_*X,- \-:-@ ,- [N -<*) :'C,*$,- 'L�01- :*/$N}- c 3ao% ?#0 &:V(Y,- 2*YK s\-:-@ ,- 3X$C0 `3,- >) s\-:-@ ,- 234 '7C/W R#+$0 s\-:-@ ,- <*XK- c @©j$0 t$,- H@a1- 6)-#7,- t4 *)T h$) *v r*^{T OCC^$,- m-VX$0- OK *) -<= R#MC^v- ?@7C0 yClT

(82) s?VP$G) #4

t$,-T 2-1 £*p(L, V�@Ml 'L�01- >) 'N#MY) 2*89; �:V8:'CL7Q,- OCC^$,- 'CLMN c r*Z%; VN*GK R; >+A

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s!0*(v- �I#,- c e:9*_T s:-@ ,*E '|CDv- *%*Z^,- T; \}*Yv- t4 *)T s>v '/G(,*ET s@W*X) 6MDK t$,- \-:-@ ,- t4 *)

s\-:-@ ,- <*XK- 'CLMN R#MZ)T ·%:*K #4 *) <*XK- 'CLMN c @©j$0 t$,- (�,3E t$,- 9#N#,-T \*C�Xp,-T '0*CG,-T &OC^,-) H@a1- 6)-#7,- t4 *)

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s'C7I-T e:#�E – OCC^$,- 'CLMN >) f©TV] 5I#$K `3,- �©o$,- :-V^) #4 *) s:-@ ,- «d*$8 V%VDK 67Q,*E OK HV) `; �=

s\-:-@ ,- <*XK- ONV, 'E#L|v- «d*$(,-T \*8*C/,- t4 *) s�©o$,- >) H#$Gv- -34 6�) �C^D$, fLMN �7$% `3,- *)

s?VP$G) #4 *v r*^{T f)-VX$0- OK VI OCC^$,- R*l -<= *) V7E nC{ ?@7(0 yCl

::V�v-Utilization-Focused Evaluation by Michael Quinn Patton (83)

74

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.'C©k�,- >4:-T9oE m*C^,-

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.*K#�#E c :-#Y,- \*)#L7) \-V]T c :V(Y,- 'C0*G]

#DC.0#) o 8,g eF ZE,0'STUv- 3Q() :9#�^v- mVX$Gv-

6M7,- J%J7$, `JC,*v- R#MZv- c V7E >N 6M7% !$+) ')*I=T V7E >N 6M7,- HTV" [N ?@7$,- :9#�^v- 6M7,-'%JC,*v- ')#+DL, V7E >N

7'*90' !#)*+,) >8l(OCC^$L, OP)-VX$0-T \-/RT9#�^v- \-/R#)VX$Gv-

'CLDv- ')#+D,- 'l:*pu *%*Z^,- 'Y,*7) ika >) 'CLDv- \*7M$Yv- �+g :\[-' ~EN9-' !'*wF/j#wF? 1.',TV,- \*8*ClT 'C,TV,- \}*l#,-T

OPK *%*ZI 6MpK \-V]#,- R; >) Vlo$L, 'C)#+D,- �� H@a1- \nx(v- �-q= :<.)*2[0' `� !qU1-' 2.�Dv- 5M$Yv-

.:-#Y,- Jl-@) �E RT*7$,- VC,#K :v(�-' !'�s1)/(�s1) 3

d*$;-' W'8XNH"'( eDd*$;-' A)8XNP-' Ag #) <�'*-' :ZEF >7qNH' <1.F �#4d? _(89%

>7d#M-' :H'RT9#�^v- R#)VX$Gv-

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:\-9*�:�- §7E 2*89; �:V8T .OCC^$L, >^$)T

F*G(L, 'L�M) �%@Q,- c '%#Z7,- R#+K R; !Y% .STUv- T; e:9*/v- T; £*p(,- c �l:*pv- i*"@,-T

6I1- [N �%@Q,- c V]-T #ZN HV, R#+K R; �7$% 'C,*�v- :#)1- >) R#+% ?#0T .:V(Y,- *%*Z^, OP{T e�a OCC^$,- *P(N :9*�,- 'Mx(v- >) .:*Y$,- £*/($0- OK *) -<= r-@{#$) �,< >+% ´ -<�{ .'Mx(v- c !%@I �%q >) T; c @+Q% �Xpl OP) :T9 !7L, �%@Q,- c #ZN �C7$E OI �@|,- V%VDK >) VloK .tNn$"}- S#(L, ')#0@v- 9TVD,-

.:V(Y,- m#M4T *%*ZI OPQK >) f(C+g/*P(C+M$, ',*7Q,-

fN#Za OCC^$,- �%@Q, '/G(,*E 6Z{1- :#)1- >) *%*Z^E tN#,- 6CPG$, :V(Y,- 'C0*G] iT*($% !%:V$,

.OCC^$,- 'CLMN F*(©; *P$Y,*7) �7$% t$,- :V(Y,-

6I1- [N �%@Q,- c V]-T #ZN HV, R#+% R; !Y% VC7_ [N F-#0 \}*�K}-T \*)#L7v- *C"#,#(+$, OP{

m-VX$0- T; STUv- ?-V4; �C^D$, e-9ol \*C(^$,- m-VX$0-.\*7M$Yv-T \nx(v-T 9-@{1- �+M$, *C"#,#(+$,-

T; �CGCd@,- 'DL�v- .*D_; \*N#MY) 'l:*p) �$7K .'%:T¡T 'MP) �{T@7v- �)VX$Gv-

2F*ZN; >+A `3,- VD,- �= r-��_ �%@Q,- R#+% R; �7$%T OCC^$,- [N Od*^,- T; �%@Q,- ¢Cd: 5) eF*Q+E 6M7,- >) �7$%T .fK9*CIT m*)1- �= �%@Q,- 5{9 'C,TjG) q*/% `3,-/STUv-/e:9*/v- c �l:*p) 9-@{; >) �%@Q,- 6C+pK

STUv- tQª#) `;) \*%#$Gv- yL$X) [N 'Mx(v- i#M� r*Z%; 6Z{1- >) R#+%T (...·,= f() >%VCQ$Gv-T STUv- c �l:*pv- �� T; F*ZN1- �� >) �MC^)/O !C^)

.�%@Q,- c F*ZN;/#Z7l

R#+K R; !Y% 2/#ZN HV,

6I1- [N �/8l'( �%@Q,- F*ZN; >) *%*Z^, OP{T >�a

78190'

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c *u 6)-#7,- 5CM" w-@7$0- STU) `; 6CLDK 6Mp% '%9*�$I}-T 'C7M$Yv-T 'CMCx($,-T '%9@Q,- t]-#(,- �,< STU) '�CE 6+pK t$,- 'C0*CG,-T 'C{*^�,-T 'CNn$"}-T \*)#L7v- *C"#,#(+K \*NTUu �L7$% nC{T .9VD) 'C+C)*(%9 6�A t"#,#(+$,- R#+v- '0-:9 R�{ &\}*�K}-T t$,- 6)-#7,- V%VDK �= r*Z%; 6CLD$,- �*$D%T .'C{*~=

.STUv- 6C�pK c rnP) r-:T9 �/7,

>N BD/,- t4 :V(Y,- OCC^K i#] >%@M$, �T1- e#|X,- R= \*)#L7v- *C"#,#(+K STU) R#MZ) 6a-9 :V(Y,- *%*ZI STUv- e:TV, eV%VN t]-#8 V"#K f8; BC]T .\}*�K}-T fMCC^K c !�@K STUv- >) FJ" `; V%VDK �= �*$DK �8�{ .STUv- e*C] e:T9 >) !8*Y,- �,3, :V(Y,- *%*ZI �,3lT V%VD$, \}*Yv- 5Z% >%@M$,- -34 R1 `:T¡ -34 R=

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.'0*CG,*E '^L7$v- \*%:T½,- V%VDK

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3CQ($,- '|aT 6aV$,- \*CYCK-b0- '�*C_

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STUv- \*CLMN c *P/_ e9*N O$% } :V(Y,- *%*ZI R= R#+K R; *)= :V(Y,- *%*Z^, 5d*p,- >) R; <=  C|X$,- T; r-VC7E ¬k$KT �P/K R; T; STUv- 6GLGK >N r*CLl '/C�)  |aT STUv*E '_*X,- 6aV$,- \*CYCK-b0- '�*C_ >N \*)#L7v- *C"#,#(+K \-:9*/)  ^GK *) r-��lT .�C/|$,- `3,- !/G,- #4 -34T :V(Y,*E '^L7$v- t]-#(,- \}*�K}-T \*NTU) >) STU) '%-VE c :V(Y,- «)9 'CM4; fC{ V%-J$K R; >) Vlo$,- O$% BCDE \}*�K}-T \*)#L7v- *C"#,#(+K .�C/|$,-T  C|X$,- t$L]@) ika >) R*C7L, �~-T :V(Y,- '{@7) �� T; 'Cd@) �� T; 'D~-T :V(Y,- *%*ZI R#+K VI T \*)#L7v- *C"#,#(+K e:9*/) [N VM$7% -34T �#~#E *43a; OK VI :V(Y,- *%*ZI �8*l -<= *) [NT \}*�K}-T 2@l< :VY% n)T .STUv-  C|XK 'L]@) F*(©; :*/$N}- �7E VI R*l \*C~@{ '%; c @x(L, STUv- �d*©T '7"-@) e:T¡ OK *)V(N :V(Y,- *%*Z^E �L7$% nC{ -\V"T R=– *P7~T OK

.STUv*E '_*X,- OC4*Qv- 5~T '%-V/,- c

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.:V(Y,- :#x()

(2) >*OX0' (1) <+l@-' !"#$%"'( !#)*+,-' #./*0*12%( 78190' #D#wp 8D8[%<,p*N-' |�#N10'

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77

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