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The French Revolution Caused a
…
T.E.R.R.O.R.
**Write the headings, not the content on the slides … this is just a preview … we‟ll go
into depth in the near future …
T. The Influence of the
Enlightenment & American
Revolution1. What kind of govt. did enlightened thinkers like Locke,
Montesquieu, Voltaire, & Jefferson NOT like? What did
they like?
2. What did Locke, and then Jefferson in the Declaration of
Independence, say people should do if they govt. doesn‟t
protect their rights?
3. What would the Enlightenment & the American
Revolution influence the French to do if they were
unhappy w/ their govt.?
- Want democracy
- Willing to revolt to get it
E. Estate System - 3rd estate
treated unfairly by 1st &
2nd• 3rd estate = poor & middle class
• 1st = clergy, 2nd = nobility
Q: What does this picture represent?
Q: What will the 3rd estate want to
do if they feel social injustice,
economic distress, & that there
is an unpopular method of rule?
R. Revolution Begins: Storm of
the Bastille
• 3rd estate wants rights & equality
• July 14th, 1789: take over Bastille prison
• 3rd estate forms new govt. people sovereign
Q: What would Hobbes say should happen now that the people are sovereign?
R. Reign of Terror - kills anyone
against the revolution
• 3rd estate radicals use
guillotine to execute
opponents (17,000)
Q: Does the 3rd estate seem at
all hypocritical?
Q: Does Hobbes seem right or wrong
in this case?
O. Off With Absolute Monarch
Louis XVI‟s Head!
Q: According to Hobbes, would a govt. without a
king be able to meet the needs of the people? Why
or why not?
New Govt. =
Weak &
Corrupt
R. Rise of Napoleon becomes
a dictator after coup d‟ etat
- Coup d‟ etat = quick take
over of govt.
Q: Would Hobbes say things
would be better or worse
now that an absolute
ruler is in charge?
French Revolution:
CAUSES
Background:
• French pop: 27
million
Q: What does this picture
imply about the social
structure in pre-
revolutionary France?
Causes:
• Social
• Economic
• Political
Social: First Estate
1. CLERGY
2. 130,000 ppl.
3. Owned 10% of land
4. PRiVILIEGE:
• Exempt from taille
5. Radically Divided:
• Higher clergy shared interested w/ nobility
• Parish priests often poor; from class of
commoners
Social: Second Estate
1. NOBILITY
2. 350,000 ppl.
3. Owned 25-30% of land
4. Crucial Roles:
• Govt., military
5. Sought to expand
power @ expense of
monarchy
6. PRIVILEGE:
• Exempt from taille
Social: Third Estate
1. COMMONERS
2. Maj. Of FR pop
3. Divided: occupation,
level of edu, & wealth
4. Peasants=75-80% of
pop
• Lgst. segment of 3rd
• Little of no land to
survive
5. Relics of feudalism:
obligations to local
landlords
3rd Estate (cont)
7. Bourgeoisie
• 8% of pop
• Owned 20-25% of land
• Bankers, prof. ppl.,
lawyers, docs
• Drawn to ideal of
Enlightenment b/c
upset with
monarchical system
Upset With:
Immediate Cause:
Economic1. Spending Too
Much
• Spent enormous
sums on costly
wars & court
luxuries
• Spent lg. amt to
help Am. Colonists
against Britain
• Fr. Govt. was
bankrupt
Economic (cont)
2. Bad Harvest (1787-1789)
• Food Shortages price of food &
unemployment in cities
• Poor = 1/3 of pop on eve of revolution
• Louis hires Jacques Necker as finance
minister
- Advises him to call Estates General
Political
1. Louis XVI calls the Estates General (May, 1798)
• For the 1st time since 1614!!
2. Each estate had one vote (1st & 2nd could outvote 3rd estate)
3. 3rd estate: wanted a const‟l govt, all to pay taxes & each deputy to have 1 vote
4. King refused 3rd Estate calls a National Assembly to draw up a constitution
5. Tennis Court Oath (June 20, 1789): swore they would continue to meet until they produced a Fr. constitution
6. Storming of Bastille
• Louis prepared to use force against 3rd estate
• Bastille: prison in Paris; symbol of royal oppression
• Mob of Parisians stormed Bastille & dismantled it, brick by brick
• Royal authority collapsed
• Saved Natl. Assembly
July 14, 1789
Declaration of the Rights of
Man and the Citizen
Think & Respond:
1. According to this document, what are the
natural (imprescriptible) rights of man?
2. According to this document, can a person
be arrested or otherwise “disturbed”
because of his religious beliefs?
3. How do the rights listed in number 2 of the
document compare to the rights listed in
the Bill of Rights?
Declaration of the Rights of
Women and the Female
CitizenThink & Respond
1. What does the author of this document believe to be the “causes of public misfortunes and of the corruption of governments”?
2. What are the rights of women as listed in this document?
3. In point number 11, the document author says that “the free communication of thoughts & opinions is one of the most precious rights of women.” Add the word “men” to the statement also. As it reads now, do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your answer.
Discussion of the Details:1. What was the purpose of this document?
2. Why do you think Olympe de Gouges felt a need to create a separate declaration of the rights of women?
3. Why did she apparently regard the use of the word „men‟ to refer to males rather than to humans of both sexes?
4. How did it compare to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen?
5. To the U.S. Bill of Rights?
Write 2 Responses to this doc: (on same sheet of paper)
1. One response from the viewpoint of a male in a male-dominated society
2. The other response from the viewpoint of a feminist.
Reform: Louis XVI is Forced to
Paris
1. During the turmoil: Louis remained quiet at Versailles; refused to accept Declaration of Rights
2. Women March to Versailles
• Women marched there and forced the king to accept the new decrees (angry over price of bread)
• Louis agrees to sign declaration; not enough
• Insisted that royal family return to Paris
• He returned, escorted by armed women
• King became virtual prisoner of Paris
• ** POWER now w/ the PEOPLE
Women‟s March for Louis
XVIThere were “detachments of women coming up from
every direction, armed w/ broomsticks, lances, pitchforks, swords, pistols, & muskets” … and upon Louis‟ return to Paris, he was escorted by “women armed with pikes, some of which held the severed heads of the king‟s guards.
“We are bringing back the baker, the baker‟s wife, and the baker‟s boy.”
Reform: Catholic Church
1. Thought to be pillar of the old order
2. Lands of church seized
3. New Civil Constitution of the Clergy
• Bishops & priests elected by the ppl & paid by
state
4. SIGNIFICANCE: French govt now controlled the
state
• Catholics became enemies of the revolution
Q: Do you see any similarities in the way many
people view Catholics and/or Catholicism today?
Reform: Constitution
1. National Assembly completed a
Constitution in 1791
• Set up a limited monarchy
Q: How is it “limited”?
• King & Legislative Assembly
• Kings power is waning (forced to sign
laws)
Q: Why is this event so historically
significant?
Louis XVI: Disloyalty1. Old order is now
destroyed: he needs help
2. Tried to flee FR in June, 1791
3. Captured, brought back to Paris
4. Disloyal monarch
5. Legislative Assembly called Oct. 1791
6. FR‟ relations w/ Europe led to Louis XVI‟s downfall
Q: Why?
War on Austria Radicals in FR
1. Austria & Prussia feared revolutions would
spread to their countries
2. Austria & Prussia: threatened to use force to
restore Louis XVI to full power
3. Legislative Assembly declared war on
Austria in spring of 1792
4. French ultimately defeated
5. Impact: new political demonstrations
• Emergence of radical groups (esp. against
king)
6. Called a Natl. Conv: to form new govt
radical stage
Meanwhile … A Radical
Revolution• Sans-culottes: w/o kneepads; symbol of non-aristocrat
• Sept, 1792: National Convention
• First Step: abolish monarchy & establish a republic.
• They didn‟t trust the king
Q: What would Hobbes say now that the ppl are sovereign?
4. Effects:
• Push for radical change: Danton (led the Commune)
- Rallied country against enemies; pushed for people to fight
- Sept. Massacre: Sans-culottes killed ppl against the rev.
5. Jan. 21, 1793: King executed (guillotine)
• Destruction of old regime complete
• “Kill king so revolution can live”
Louis XVI Killed Europe
Outraged
6. Informal coalition of
Austria, Prussia, SP,
Port, Brit, Dutch Rep, &
Russia:
- Took up arms against
FR
7. If coalition invaded:
- revolution &
revolutionaries would
be destroyed
- Old Regime would be
re-est‟d
Jean- Paul Marat Killed
• Radical leader of
revolution
• Urged popular violence
against anyone who
supported Louis XVI
• Killed by Charlotte Corde
- Girondin
• Martyred
• Symbol of revolution Death of Marat
Jacques-Louis David
Death of Marat
• How does the artist portray Marat?
• How is the lighting significant?
• Who does the artist seem to be comparing Marat to?
Marie Antoinette Executed
Oct, 1793
• Accused of incest
(excuse)
• Plead to mothers
of jury
• Sentence:
execution
• Symbol of court
culture and its
corruption
Reign of TerrorTo Strike Terror in Enemies of Revolution
1. Set in motion to protect
revolutionary France from internal
enemies.
2. In 9 months: 16,000 ppl killed by
guillotine (quick & efficient
separation of heads from bodies)
3. Said this method would only be
temporary
4. When guillotining proved too
slow, cannon fire & grapeshot
(sm. cluster of iron balls) used.
Reaction to Terror: The Directory• Needed Stability
1. By summer 1794: FR defeating their foes
2. Less need for Reign of Terror, but cont‟d
3. Robespierre guillotined July 28, 1794 moderate leaders took control & terror over
• The Directory
1. 5 directors = exec. auth. under new const.
2. Era of corruption (ppl reacted against terror)
3. Unable to solve FR‟s econ. Probs
4. Relied on military to maintain power coup d‟etat: Napoleon seized power (1799)
Napoleon
I. Early Years
A. Born 1769, Corsica (only 5’2”!!)
B. FR mil. school (“foreigner”) army
C. Welcomed FR Rev.• Joined Ppl‟s Army
• Never liked crowds (witnessed attacks on nobles : cutting off ears & genitals)
• Promo: General Commander
• Many victories (1796-99)
D. Married Josephine (widow, lover of many men)
E. 1799: Joined conspiracy to overthrow Directory
• Appt‟d consul: reformed govt, edu, law, econ, rel (Rom Cath)
• 1802: Consul for life
Napoleon
II. Dictator (1804)
A. Crowned himself (after Brit. Plot to assassinate him,
Senate urged him to est. hereditary dynasty)
B. Victories: GB, Prussia, Austria, Russia
C. 1814: Abdicated throne in favor of son
• Sen.: only accept unconditional abdication
D. Exiled to Elba (annexed to FR in 1802)
• Treaty of Fountainbleu: N received Elba; still
Emperor
III. Personal Life
A. 1809: Divorced Josephine (no male heir)
B. 1810: Married Marie Louis (gave male heir)
Napoleon
IV. FR After Napoleon
A. Living in the past
B. Louis XVIII: so fat, can barely walk
C. Nobles: favoritism
D. Clergy: rising in power
E. Ppl yearn for Napoleon to return
V. “100 Days”
A. N leaves Elba for FR (“I must give FR a constitution … the time
for dictatorship is over”)
B. King‟s troops meet N in Alps troops join N
C. Louis XVIII flees N to Paris 100 Days
D. Defeated @ Waterloo (Allies don‟t want N) exiled to St.
Helena (off coast of Africa) Dies 1821