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Identify and explain the major revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries, including: political revolutions (American and French) and the Industrial Revolution (causes, development, reactions and other consequences, such as social, political and economic globalization ) H.3b.K.b. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Identify and explain the major revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries, including: political revolutions
(American and French) and the Industrial Revolution (causes, development, reactions and other
consequences, such as social, political and economic globalization)
H.3b.K.b
During this time period, the French were the richest and most powerful nation in all of Europe
The majority of people did not share in the wealth and privilege
Society was divided
First EstateClergy1% of the population Controlled 5-10% of landGot $ from the land’s produce as well as the tithes to the church
Second EstateNobility2% of the population25% of the landSome resided at the Palace at VersaillesMain income from feudal dues
Third EstateEveryone else – peasants, bourgeois, and artisans
97% of the populationOnly estate that paid taxes40% of the landVery poor because they paid tithes, feudal dues, and land tax
Third Estate calls for reform because cost of living increased, but the earned $ didn’t change
France has many fiscal problemsLouis XIV’s warsLouis XV’s extravagant courtsLouis XVI’s American Revolution support
Louis XVI cuts cost, but sees no other solution than to tax the First and Second EstatesBoth groups refuse to pay
1786- Banks refuse to loan $ to government
Crops fail and cause bread shortagesLouis is forced to call the Estates General
Hadn’t met since 1624Only way Louis could obtain additional taxes
Made of delegates from each EstateKing and the Estates have very different goals
King wants to tax 1st and 2nd Estates2nd Estate wants to weaken royal
power and take over government3rd Estate wants additional rights
and equalityKing wants them to meet separately
but the 3rd wants to meet jointlyThey get locked out of the meetings
Third Estate deems themselves the National Assembly and meets at the Royal Tennis Court
Take Tennis Court Oath saying they wouldn’t disband until they had written a Constitution for France
King realizes trouble and orders the 1st and 2nd Estate to join the Third Estate
King calls out troops to keep the peace but people fear it is to stop the Assembly and halt reforms
Mob attacks the Bastille (which they see as a symbol of injustice of the monarchy)Freed the 7 prisoners, soldiers open fire killing 98 rioters, the prison commander and several soldiers
Revolutionary Government forms
Violence spreadsRumors abound
Nobility hiring robbers to kill peasants and seize land
Peasants arm themselves and drives landlords off property and destroy feudal properties
Old ways die – nobles give up feudal dues and tax exemption, all male citizens could hold positions
Goal – to ensure equality of all citizens before the lawDid not grant equal rights to women but did make divorce easier and allowed them to inherit property
People marched to Versailles because they wanted King to move to Paris to show support of the new constitution
King doesn’t accept new reforms or the Declaration of Rights
1789 – Thousands of women march to the palace demanding breadMob surrounds palace and King finally agrees to move to Paris
Political reforms beginVote to sell church land to pay government debt
Passed Civil Constitution of the Clergy and church became under government control
Clergy were elected
Decided to keep the monarchy but limit Royal Power (Constitution Monarchy)
Unicameral LegislatureMembers chosen by voters
Many people still unhappyFor some the reforms had gone too far, for others they hadn’t gone far enough
Louis and Marie Antoinette were aware of the unrest and decided to flee to Austria where the Queen’s brother was emperor
Disguised as ordinary people they fled, were recognized, brought back, and forced to accept the limited monarchy
Some wanted to reinstate his power (which was what Louis was trying to accomplish with Austria)
Others wanted to get rid of him completely – because of the royals family connection with Austria, Revolutionary leaders attack Austria (thought to be aiding the King and Queen)
War causes upheaval September of 1791 the September
Massacres occur – nobles and priests accused of political crimes are killed or imprisoned
Radicals take over the government
National Convention creates a new government
Writes new constitution (with part of the old one)Universal male suffrageReplaced weights & measures with metric system
New government had to decide what to do with Louis XVIUsed the families letters to Austria to discredit him
Was convicted bc he “conspired against the liberty of the nation”
1793 – beheaded by the guillotine
Rejected elaborate clothes and powdered wigs
Jacobins – extreme radicals led by “defenders of the Revolution”Maximilen Robespierre, George-Jacques Danton, Jean-Paul Marat
Girondist – moderates, believed that Revolution had gone far enough
Danton wanted to expand France to its natural borders – The Rhine, The Pyrenees, The Alps and the Mediterranean SeaToo many defeats forced French to retreat
Committee of Public Safety forms to direct the war effortsAdopted conscription (better known as a draft) for all males 18-45
Civil War rages Political battles between the
Jacobins and Girondists
Jacobins set out to crush revoltHunted down suspected traitors and turned them over to the courts
Courts carried out quick trials (bc of pressure)
Victims include Marie Antoinette85% of the executions were of commoners
Set up new schoolsIssued pamphlets to teach
agricultural skillsIntroduced wage and price controls
to combat inflationAbolished slavery in French coloniesEncourage religious tolerance
Danton calls for an end to the terror (executions)
Robespierre accuses him of treason and sends him to the guillotine
Others fear for their safety and turn on Robespierre
With Robespierre’s death the Reign of Terror ends
1795 – new constitution writtenOnly those who owned property could vote
Set up executive council of 5 menRuled with a two house legislature called The Directory
Growing discontent because of food shortages and rising prices
Financial and Moral scandals, government on brink of bankruptcy
People look to military for help
Young general, married into connections
Won control of the French ArmyMade improvements to soldiers lives (and wins their support)
Beat Austria and gained most of Northern Italy for France
Hears there is trouble back home and leaves his army in Egypt
Napoleon arrives home and takes part in a Coup dé tat or seizure of power from the government
1804 – names himself the Emperor Sets up new constitution that in theory forms a republic, but in actuality is a dictatorship with Napoleon the absolute ruler.
Names himself ruler for life and was approved by a plebiscite, or popular vote
Restructures governmentPlaces education under his control
Set up technical schools, universities, and secondary schools
Created Bank of FranceRequired all citizens to pay taxesGradually brought prices and
inflation down
New code of law writtenEquality of all citizens under the lawReligious toleranceAdvancement based on meritPlaced state above the individual
Napoleon has been out commanding armies and taking over territory
Britain remains France’s greatest enemyNapoleon believes he has a good chance
of invading England through the ChannelNever made it that farOn the southern coast of Spain (Trafalgar) British soundly defeated Napoleon removing all possibility of invading GB
Tries to defeat GB by economic meansOrdered all nations he controlled to stop trading with GB
Forbid imports from GBFails - leads to France’s economy
and trade suffering more
People resented having to pay taxes to France
Countries begin reinstating old rulersPeople begin to rebel against France and
NapoleonRussia stops their economic blockade
Napoleon is outraged and marches to Moscow
Russians burn city and force Napoleon to retreat to find shelter in the harsh winter
Russia defeats Napoleon
Allies of France force Napoleon to surrender and abdicate power
Throne restored to Louis XVIII (Louis XVI’s brother)
Napoleon exiled to Elba
Napoleon returns to France and motivates the troops to dessert the King
Regains emperor and declares France wants no more territory (so he could avoid war)
Other nations are scared Napoleon is going to return to powerBattle of Waterloo – ends with a French defeat and Napoleon placed under house arrest
Sets out to calm the waters after Napoleon
Guided by three principles
Compensation – all countries should be repaid for their expenses of fighting France
Legitimacy – power restored to royal family before Napoleon
Balance of Power – no country should dominate the majority of Europe again
Had to give up recently won
territory
Had to pay large indemnity
Land was divided up among other
nations