Francis Bacon Desconocido

7/27/2019 Francis Bacon Desconocido

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FRANCIS BACONGRAY'S INN


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FRANCIS BACON


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Digitized by tine Internet Archivein 2009 with funding from

University of Toronto

http://www.archive.org/details/francisbaconcomOOgray


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FRANCIS BACONTHE COMMEMORATION OF HIS

TERCENTENARY ATGRAY'S INN

f

LONDON: PRINTED AT THE CHISWICK PRESS BYORDER OF THE MASTERS OF THE BENCH

FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION tT^


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TABLE OF CONTENTSPAGE

Introduction by the Rev. R. J. Fletcher, D.D.Preacher of the Society 7The Memory of Francis Bacon. A Speechdelivered in Gray's Inn Hall at the Tercenten-ary Celebration by Mr. H. E. Duke, K.C, M,P.,Treasurer of Gray's Inn, 1908 21

List of Benchers and Guests present at theTercentenary Celebration, 1908 ... 37

Francis Bacon. A Speech delivered by the RightHon. A. J. Balfour, M.P., on the occasion ofthe Unveiling of the Bacon Statue at Gray's Inn 43Francis Bacon's Essays: Of Gardens and OfMasques and Triumphs, reprinted from theearliest editions 57

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSPortrait of Francis Bacon . . frontispieceGray's Inn as it appears in the Map of Ralph

Aggas, temp. Eliz 21Portrait of Nicholas Bacon 37Statue of Francis Bacon 42Reduced Facsimile of an Account from the

Society's Ledger for the year 1598 . . 57

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Introduction

IN the autumn of 1908 the Benchers of Gray's Innobserved with appropriate festivity the tercenten-ary of an event which appears in the records ofthe Society as having taken place at a Pension

held on 17th October 6 James I:Sir Francis Bacon Knight Sollicitor to y King is

elected Tresorcr of this house off Graies Innnowe after f decease of Sir CutJibert PepperKnight.

In further commemoration of this occasion * they dc-' In connection with the tercentenary Dr. W. Aldis Wright pre-

sented to the Society a valuable collection of Bacon's works, in-cluding the following :

The Essaies, Sixth edition (Jaggard). 1613.The Essaies. Eighth edition (Jaggard). 1624.3 copies The Essaies. Newly written. (First complete edition.)

1625.The Essaies. First Italian edition. 1618.A Declaration of the . . . Treasons . . . committed by Robert,

late Earle of Essex. First edition. 1601.The Wisedome of the Ancients. First English edition, trans,

by Sir A. Gorges. 1619.The Historie of Life and Death. First English edition. 1638.The Naturall and Experimentall History of Winds. First

English edition, trans, by R. G. Dent. 1653.7


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cided upon the erection of a statue of their greatestTreasurer in South Square, and the workexecuted byMr. F. W. Pomeroywas unveiled on 27th June 19 12by the Right Honourable A.

J.Balfour, M.P. On the

precise day of the anniversary a speech was made, after aluncheon in the Hall, by Master H. E. Duke, K.C., M.P.,at that time Treasurer of the Inn, and at the unveilingof the statue Mr, Balfour delivered an address. On bothoccasions a large company of members of the Honour-able Society and of distinguished guests was present.But for the sake of the still larger company of those towhom Bacon bequeathed his memory and fame, it wasresolved that these two tributes to him should be pre-served in a commemorative volume, along with two ofthe famous essays in which he seems to have been re-miniscent of Gray's Inn doings. The Benchers honouredme with a request for an explanatory foreword.The speech of Bacon's successor in the office of

Treasurer related chiefly to the connection of the greatlawyer and thinker with Gray's Inn. It may be of useif some of the entries in the Pension Book to whichMaster Duke referred be here collected. It stands re-corded that on 27th June 1576:

Ad hanc pentionem adniissi sunt AntJioniiis BaconFranciscus Bacon Willieliims Bowes ThomasBalgcy et Rogcrus Wilbraham et predictiAnthonius Bacon Franciscus Bacon et WilliisBowes admissi sunt de societate inagistrorum etceteri dc mense clencorum.^

^ The difference corresponded more or less to that which existedbetween the ordinary pensioners at a college and the sizars. Studentsadmitted as " masters " paid a higher fee, and fared better in Hallthan those admitted as " clerks." The latter, moreover, waited onthe "masters" (Pension Book, vol. i, p. 137).

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In the ensuing term an order was made admitting thebrothers of Francis to their father's chamber, and at thesame Pension (21st November 1576) we read:

It isfarther ordered that all his {the Lord Keeper's']sonnes now admittedofthe housse viz.:Nicholas,Nathaniell, Edward, A7itho7iye and Francisshalbe of the graund company ^ and not to bebound to atty vacations.

On 13th May 1580 an order was made that:Mr. Francis Bacon in respect of his healthe is alloived

to have the benefit of a speciall admittance withall benefits and privileges to a speciall admit-tance bebtigingfor the fyne of xl\^

On 27th June 1582 occurs the entry:Mr. Francis Bacon, Mr. Edward Morison, Mr. Roger

Wilbraham andMr. Laurence Washington utterbarristers'^ at this pention.

Less than four years later (loth February 1586) wehave record of an exceptional favour

:

At this pencon it is allowed that Mr. Francis Baco7imale have place with the Readers att the Rederstable but not to have any voyce in pencon nor toWynne ancientie ofany that is his ancient or shallread before him.

In the following May his name is for the first timerecorded as having been present at a Pension, though he

1 I.e., they were to sit at the Ancients' (Senior Barristers') tablein the Hall and became eligible for the office of Reader and so forthe dignity of the Bench.

^ This enabled him to send to the buttery for his commons andtake his meals in his chamber instead of coming into the Hall.' A student was anciently known as an inner barrister. For the

derivation see note on p. 5, vol. i, of Pension Book.


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would, of course, have taken no part in the discussion of,and decision upon, the business.On 3rd November 1587 an order was made in which

it was set forth that John Brograve, Attorney-General ofthe Duchy of Lancaster, who had been chosen to readduring the ensuing Lent vacation, had been respited tillthe Lent next after that

ct Francisciis Bacon Amnger electiis est in officiinnlectoris pro lenipore qiiadragessiniali proximosequcnti. Et ejus assistentes TJiomas BroxolineEdmundus Foley.

Accordingly in Lent 1588 Bacon gave his reading,exercised the Reader's customary hospitality and pre-sided after supper during that " learning vacation " atthe customary moots.^ Having performed his task, hebecame, in accordance with the custom of the period, afull Bencher.

In the following November the " whole buildings andseveral romes " whereinto Francis Bacon, with others," stood admitted " were, in confirmation of a grant madesome nine years earlier {i.e. just after the death of SirNicholas Bacon), leased and demised to the new Bencherand his brother Anthony for the term of fifty years, andleave was given them to build additional rooms overthose which they had held " as well as over and abovethe library." * They did, in fact, build two new stories,making four in all. About the same time, Francis entered

^ See the quotation pp. 4 and 5 of the Pension Book, vol. i, froma document drawn up by Nicholas Bacon and others in the reignof Henry VIII. Two assistants (Benchers) were always at thisperiod appointed.

^ See vol. ii of Pension Book, p. 437, as to the situation of theLibrary prior to 1788. Unfortunately, "Bacon's Buildings" wereburnt down in 1684.

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upon the office of Dean of the Chapel which he held fora year. It was, perhaps, not without connection withhis tenure of this post that during the year he wrote his" Advertisement touching Controversies in the Churchof England." That he continued to attend Gray's InnChapel long after this time, appears from a letter of 27thAugust 1610, in which he invites Sir Michael Hickes tothe funeral of his mother and adds " I dare promise youa good sermon to be made by Mr. Fenton, the Preacherof Gray's Inn, for he never maketh other." The phrasecan hardly be taken not to imply that he had frequently"sat under" Fenton, who began his ministry in 1599.An order of 28th January 1594 mentions a paymentmade " to Mr. Bacon, one of the treasurers of this house."Bacon seems, however, to have been but an acting-treasurer at this time, though he had been appointed atthe end of 1590 " Receiver of the Admittance money."Under the date 9th November 1599 we have:Att this peticon Mr. Francis Bacon Esquire is cJiosen

Double Reader for this next Lent and time isgiven unto him untill next pencon to be advisedwhether it shall please him to accept of the sameand then to give Jus answer.

It did please him to accept, and the reading he gaveon the Statute of Useswas afterwards published.

Before this, however, Bacon had begun an enterprisein which he clearly took a keen interest as well during,as before, the period of his greatest political and literaryactivity. Aggas' map of Gray's Inn, reproduced onanother page, cannot be regarded as having been atany time accurate, but it serves to illustrate the fact,established by other evidence, that the buildings of theSociety were, in the earlier days of Bacon's membership,

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bordered on the north and west by rough pasture ground.When, during the reign of Eh'zabeth, the piles of cham-bers had spread northward and southward of the singleoriginal court which covered the southern part of whatis now Gray's Inn Square, the property still included,besides three courtsConey Court, Chapel Court, andHolborn Courta section of ground, roughly square, towhich the most northern row of buildings formed thesouthern side, and a oblong field on the west, borderedwhere it adjoined the other section by a row of elm trees/The former bore the name of "the Panyerman's close";the latter that of "Gray's Inn Close," or "field." ThePanyerman's close had in 1579 been granted, subject to arent payable to the Panyerman, to Sir Edward Stanhope,a Bencher of the Society, who had covered it with stablesand " base cottages." Of Gray's Inn close a small portionhad been enclosed to form a " walk," and in 1583 it con-tained nineteen elm trees, but the rest was untouched.There can be little doubt that it was Bacon who was

chiefly responsible for the decision reached as to the useto which it should be put. Now that he had his voice inPension there was no more chance for anyone to setsqualid buildings under the windows of the Inn. In1 591 we find a committee, of which he was a member,appointed to consider the enclosure of "parte of our backfeild," and mention is made of a loan from one Bencherto the house " towards the making of ther walks." For atime, indeed, the roadway and gate into Holborn occupiedthe attention, and engaged the subscriptions, of theSociety,'' and it was not until 1 596 that the enclosingwalls were put in hand. But by 1598 Bacon had begun

^ See Pension Book, vol. i, p. 57." Pension Book, vol. i, pp. 98, 99, seq.

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" plantinge of trees in the walks," and it is clear fromthe following account that he had obtained the authoriza-tion of his brother-Benchers to proceed with the projectwith which he must be particularly identifiedof turning" our back feild " into gardens, celebrated during twofollowing centuries for their beauty.

The Accompt of Frauncis Bacon Esquire ofMoney laide out & disbursed for GraiesInne Walkes taken & agreed upon the xxiiiiof Aprill An Eliz: xlii''^

Imprimis to the carpenter for the stayres & raylesItem for Ixvi elmes at ix** a pieceFor viii Birche trees at xviii** the treeFor xvi cherrye trees at xii** the treeFor cclxxxvi bundles of poles & stakes at iiii''

ob the bundleFor iii iiii*^ great oziers at xiiii*^ the CFor XX of quicke setts at iii* viii** the MFor small Bindinge oziersFor i" vi*^ of woodbines at vi'' the CFor iii" vii*^ of eglantyne at xii the CFor cxxv standerds of rosesFor xx" of privye at ii' the MFor pincks violetts & primrosesFor cuttinges of vynesFor car: wharfinge & toll of all the stufife & for

barrowes trestles brooms &cFor the principall gardiner & his mans wages

at 3' per diem xxix daies & a halfeFor other gardiners at xviii*^ the daie clxi daysFor gardiners at xvi*^ the daie Ixxviii daiesFor labourers at xii'^ per diem cxxvi daies & a

halfeFor weeders wages

Siiia total

:

Rec: of the StewardSic rem: claro computant:

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vnr X"xlix* vi*"xii'xvi^

v" vii* iii**xxxix* viii''ill" xiii' iiii**xxxv' i""viii'xxxvii*xii* vi**X?vii"ijs vi''

nn viir vr"xii'' i* vi''v" iiii*

VI vrxiiii'Ix'' vi"xl"xx'' vi'


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W^*" twenty pounds sixe shillings eight pence is the 28th ofAprill 1600 paidd by me Robte Coates for my Mr. JohnBrograve Esquire to Frauncis Bacon Esquire

Pro me Robt Coats. ,.^ f Edward StanhopeAuditores ! xt = t- 1

\ Niches Fuller.^The expenditure of the Society during 1599 included

the following additional items:Item to Slowman in full payment of the Northe

Brick wall ix" vi' viii**To the gardiner of the Temple for the Walks vii" xv* iiii**To Mr. Bacon by the appointment of theReaders towards the seats in the Walks vi" xiii' iiii''

For the next few years little or nothiiig more was done.But in 1605 we find a long Pension Order in which theill use made by Sir Edward Stanhope of the Panyerman'sClose is rehearsed, and declaration made of the resump-tion of the ground by the Society, " the former order ofdemyse notwithstanding"; in June 1608 an order waspassed that it should be cleared of the stables and otherbuildings placed there by Stanhope, and, soon afterBacon's election as Treasurer, he went to work upon theplanting of the new space and the further beautifying ofthe old. Here are some further items of his expenditure,containing reference to the mount he erected whereNo. 5 Raymond's Buildings now stands and to thesummer-house with its " type," or canopy, of which MasterDuke speaks on p. 34.The accompt of Sr. ffrancis Bacon knite the Kings Solicitor

gener. and Treasurer of Graies Inn of all the disbursmentsffrom the 12 of August 1608 untell the 26 of Novemberi6io. ^ s. d.

To Brooks towards the makinge of the Mount 200' The facsimile of this account appears below.


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To Thomas Goodwyn for the timber and carv-inge of the Griffin on the Mount in theWalks I I o

To Mr. Poultney for 30 beeches att 8^'. apeeceand 5 elmes att 10^. apeece i 4To John Mortimer gardiner for 150 stakes forthe trees, for 100 standerds of roses, for 200red rose plants i 17

To John Mortimer ye 3 of December 1608 forroses sweet bryar setts (S:c. 4 o

To Richard Talbott for playsteringe the Mountin the Walks 5 4To Thomas Bourkley 12 Febr. 1608 for primingeand stoppeinge the Type in the Walkes i 10

To Mr, Underwood ye 10 of Marche 1608 for100 of Sicamore trees 4 11

To ye sayd Mr. Underwood for 21 beeches and8 elmes i o

To Mr. jSIaudesley ye slater for slatinge ye tipein the Walkes 6 13To Mr. Abraham ye 9 of Aprill for pavinge thetipe in the Walkes 4 3To Brooks for makinge of the Bowlinge alley 2 1

To Brooks for hearbes, seedes and worke donein the walkes 3 5To Thomas Bartlett for paintinge ye railes andseates and gildinge the Griffin ye 13 Maii1609 5 13To Slowman 26 Maii 1609 in full payment of allthe worke done in the Walkes

To Brooks 2 Jan. 1609 for 3c sicamore treesTo Brooks 11 Jan. 1609 for 18 apletrees and 200

eglantynes, 1000 red roses and 200 oziersTo Brooks 27 Oct. 16 10 for sicamore trees

The space at command was not so much as a third ofthe thirty acres desired in the essay for a " princelygarden." But in many respects the garden of the essay

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represents that which he had actually brought into beingbetween 1598 and 1612. Of the copious lists of flowersgiven for all the months *' for the climate of London " therewere, at least, at Gray's Inn for February primroses, forMarch violets and svveetbriar, for April blossoming cherrytrees, for May and June pinks and roses, for Septembervines and apple trees, and for October " roses cut or re-moved to come late." The Society had in its Walks, wemay well suppose, an approach to ver perpetuum. Therewas also "green grass kept finely shorn" than which"nothing is more pleasant to the eye" ; there were "framesof carpenter's work," " alleys spacious and fair " yielding" a full shade, some of them, wheresoever the sun be,"and there was, as has been said, " a fair mount " with a" fine banqueting house."The connection of Bacon's life at the Inn with the

subject he takes in the other essay reprinted belowmust be more briefly indicated. Of the plays andshows presented in the Hall during his time, as of the"sports and shewes at the court before the Queen'sMajestie," the orders in Pension tell us too little. Butfrom other sources we gather that he bore in manyof these entertainments an active part, devising dumbshows for Candlemas 1587, writing speeches for themumming of 1594, taking the lead in furnishing amasque for the Court at Shrovetide in the followingyear. Later on, again, he aided the ordering and pre-sentation of Beaumont and Fletcher's " Masque of theanciently allied Houses of the Inner Temple and Gray'sInn, Gray's Inn and the Inner Temple," at the mar-riage of the Princess Elizabeth. In 1614 he bore thecost of the performance by a company of Gray's Innmen of " The Maske of Flowers," and after he was Chan-cellor we hear that on Candlemas Day he " dined at

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Grayes Ynne to give countenance to their Lord or Princeof Purpoole and see their revels."Of Bacon's share in the administrative work of the

Inn Master Duke has spoken fully. Owing to the systemunder which the records were kept we have no exactknowledge of the part taken by the greatest of theBenchers in those meetings of Pension at which he wasfor so many years so regular an attendant. But enoughappears to indicate that he was as much concerned forthe educational efficiency and discipline of the Inn asfor its amenity. Rarely, if ever, I should think, has anysingle Bencher of any Inn of Court done so much, on somany sides, for his legal alma mater. Whatever defectshave to be acknowledged in Bacon's emotional capacity,enthusiasm for Gray's Inn must be reckoned to him.There is strong testimony upon the extent to which

the place was to him a true home in the fact that it wasto Gray's Inn that Bacon, after his condemnation, retired.It was, says Chamberlain the letter-writer, " the fulfillingof the prophecie of one Locke, a familiar of his of thesame house, that knew him mtus et in cute, who seein^him go thence in pompe and with the great seale beforehim said to divers of his friends, We shall live to havehim here again." Higher criticism will find in this pro-phecy no foresight, but a friend's knowledge of Bacon'saffection for the place he had done so much to beautify.

If but few words be devoted in this Introduction tothe second of the addresses which form the main bodyof this volume, that is only because I can claim no suchparticular qualifications for illustrating its theme as wereacquired in reference to Master Duke's main subject in thecourse of my work upon the records of the HonourableSociety. Mr. Balfour's address may leave hot partisansunsatisfied. There have been, ever since Bacon's time,

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those who have belittled his services to thought and, inMr. Balfour's words, "grossly exaggerated the shadowsupon Bacon's character." There have been, and are, thosewho have paid him an exaggerated homage. But it may-be humbly conjectured that the main body of cultivatedpeople will find a welcome expression for their view ofhim in the claim made by Mr. Balfour that he was theseer and prophet who beheld, and pointed out, and calledhis posterity to enter upon, a land of milk and honeywhich was to be won by laying aside "the flutteringfancies of men " and humbly observing " the imprintstamped upon things by the Divine seal." How muchprecisely in the rise of that new attitude towards naturewhich has characterized modern philosophy and madepossible the growth of modern science was due to hissingle mind is a question upon which wise men will notdogmatize. If the debt of the race to him cannot be ex-pressed in figures, its weight will not be felt the less byinformed and impartial minds.

It may be hoped that we shall not always standdeprived of Mr. Balfour's views upon Hegel's assertionthat Bacon is "the special representative of what inEngland is called philosophy and beyond which theEnglish have not yet advanced," and the contemptuousaddition that we " appear to be that European peoplewhich, limited to the understanding of actuality, isdestined, like the class of shopkeepers and workmen inthe State, to live always immersed in matter and haveactuality but not reason as object." In this connection itdeserves to be noted as an eloquent fact that almostexactly coincident with Bacon's membership in Gray'sInn was the lifetime of Jacob Boehme. The bifurcationof modern philosophy may be said to have had its begin-ningperhaps we should say its ante-natal beginning

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at that wonderful period. Mr. Balfour has aptly indi-cated what Bacon would have thought of Hegel. It maywell be recalled, in addition, that the German thinker'scriticism was written before the great scientific advanceof the Victorian era had done so much to recommendfor German imitation "that which in England was calledphilosophy." Perhaps, too, it is pertinent to this matterto confess that English writers of the eighteenth centuryhad said of the works of Bacon's German contemporary,the mystic who would seem, in some respects, to havebeen Hegel's philosophic ancestor, that they were " sub-lime nonsense " and even that they " would disgraceBedlam at full moon."

It will be observed that the authors of both addressesconfess to dealing with but a part of the wide and variedfield which lies open to anyone who takes Francis Baconas his topic. The reader, however, will require no apologyon the score that there is ground uncovered. At thetercentenary commemoration the Benchers of Gray'sInn invited the representatives of English culture to joinwith them, not in compiling an annotated catalogue ofqualities and accomplishments, but in honouring thegreatest name on the long roll of their Ancient andHonourable Society. Naturally, therefore, the object ofthe speakers was to focus the thoughts and feelings ofthose who accepted the summons upon the centralservices which Bacon rendered to the Society whichnurtured him and to the human race. For their achieve-ment of this object I am sure that readers of the ensuingpages will be grateful.

Reginald J. Fletcher.

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GRAY'S INN AS IT APPEARS IN THE MAP OF RALPH AGGAS


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"The Memory of Francis Bacon"

ATan Assembly in Gray's Inn Hallon Saturday, October 17th, 1908, the

I 300th anniversary of the day of theelection of Francis Bacon as Treasurer

of Gray's Inn, the Treasurer, Master H. E.Duke, K.C, M.P., after the toast of " Domus"had been drunk, proposed " The Memory ofFrancis Bacon." He spoke as follows:

Mr. Junior, there is a wholesome tradition ofthis house which prohibits anything of the natureof speechmaking in this place. Except thatFrancis Bacon, when he was Attorney-General,found it necessary to come here once in thecourse, apparently, of a visitation of the Inns ofCourt at the instance of James the First, with aview to the restoration of their efficiency and thereformation of some of their excesses, and made

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a notable speech, there are few Instances, indeed,of speeches in this Hall.Our colleagues have thought fit to-day to

entrust me with a toastnot one of the customary-toasts that were honoured here by our forefathers,but one of an exceptional and unique kind, andthey have so far honoured the old tradition thatthey have taken care not to provide me with aspeech.

I am reminded, when I find myself in thatpredicament, of a famous precedent on the North-Eastern Circuit. There was a celebrated leaderwhose habit it was to relieve his professionallabours by going about spreading true religionamong those in whose neighbourhood he foundhimself. At one of these excursions some of hiscomrades at the Bar were found in the front rowat a roadside chapel awaiting the utterances oftheir learned brother. When he rose to speak heeyed them, and he said, "My friends, I see mybrother So-and-So is here; he will lead us in ourdevotions." I do not know what was the result.But it occurred to me whether I might not lookround this table, and, casting an eye upon menwho represent pre-eminently the veneration whichEnglishmen have come to have for Bacon, andwho speak with authority in respect of those dis-tinguished centres of learning from which theycome, might have bidden them to address you.Names will occur to you of many who know and

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love Bacon, and are here to-day, who couldundertake this toast far better than myself.My Lords and Gentlemen, the Inn thanksyou for your presence, because it recognizes inyou the expression of a feeling and a convictionwith regard to Bacon common to the minds ofEnglish-speaking men, and ofmen beyond Englishspeech, which justify the saying of Macaulay thatthe day would come when the name of Baconwould be spoken with reverence by thoughtfulmen throughout the intellectual world. WhetherI should refer to that seat of learning fromwhich he came to this house, and which he ad-orned, and which he left, no ungrateful student,or whether I should refer to his labours in theHouse of Commons, where from the time he wastwenty-three until the time when he becameLord Keeper he was an ornament of what waseven then a great expression of the English mind,or whether I should glance into the world ofletters, or whether I should dwell upon thosechapters of his life which associate him with theBar and with the Bench, I know that I couldfind here men who would be glad to say withregard to Francis Bacon, "We are all his debtors,and of his debtors I am chief."

I should not presume to search those higherregions of intellectual activity in which Baconwas a master and a pioneer. Men of sound judge-ment have linked him with Plato. I believe the

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opinion of our own age places him before Plato.A just sentence of a censorious critic describeshim as the Moses of an unexplored land. Hewas the Pizarro of more fruitful conquests thanPizarro. And for my part I can only echo thosewords in which a great Englishman spoke ofanother great Englishman when he coupled thosetwo names which I have ventured to associate,and bracketed in immortal words, " Plato thewise and large browed Verulam, the first of themthat know."

I have said he was no ungrateful student. Letme add with regard to Cambridge that when Iread that first fallacious allegation in the greatessay upon him, that he came away from Cam-bridge with a supercilious mind, I remember theassociation with this Inn of Whitgift, who wasMaster of Trinity, and to whose care FrancisBacon was committed by his father, the LordKeeper. You remember the unsparing languagein which Whitgift also was held up to the con-tempt of posterity. Now, when Francis Baconhad attained a pre-eminent position in this house,and the old Master of Trinity, his old tutor, be-came Archbishop of Canterbury, Whitgift wasenrolled among the Fellows of this house, andone of the first acts which followed was an act towhich Bacon was a party, by which the gatehouseof the Inn was assigned to Whitgift for hislodging. The man who held Bacon up to censure,

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which would have been just if it had been true,with the suggestion that he came away disdain-fully from Cambridge, where his mind had be-come so stored with learning that the wealth ofhis learning astonishes the students of his worksto-daycame away with a supercilious thoughtof his university and collegethe man who madethat mistake could not have made it had heknown the regard in which Bacon held his oldtutor, Whitgift.

These are general topics. But there is one ofthe general topics with regard to Bacon which Ihave not touched upon, and one which, to mymind, and I venture to say, to the mind of everyman who has ever dipped into English literature,puts Bacon into a place apart ; the recollection ofthe sensation with which the lad who readsBacon's "Essays" completes their perusal. It isas though he had walked in company with Sinbador Aladdin, and had found his pockets filled withgems. Those treasures are imperishable, theyattach to the mind ; and in that respect those ofus who know little of Plato, and who have noprofound study of Bacon's works upon which tofound deeply the gratitude which we know is dueto himin that respect, we all of us feel the debtwhich we owe.

But it is not in any of these respects, and notbecause we here in Gray's Inn think that we canspeak on behalf of the admirers of Bacon in

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regard to any of those matters which are publicproperty, that we have asked you to come hereto-day to join with us in celebrating this anni-versary. It is because for the twenty-five mostdifficult years of Bacon's life he was student, hewas Barrister, he was Bencher, he was the re-generator of this Society, and the intimate friendof those who were his fellows in it, and becauseduring those twenty-five years Gray's Inn wasbound up with the difficulties of his life, and withthat long period of his adversity, as no otherEnglish place was. Here, in this Hall, here inthis Inn, Bacon came and went, a Brother, and aMaster ; and it is because Bacon was here so longa brother of our students, a brother of our bar-risters, a Master of this Bench and ultimatelyTreasurer of this Society for, I think, the almostunprecedented term of nine years; and becauseduring those years his mind was bent upon thatcolossal task which he undertook and which heachieved ; because during that time often itseemed that to his expectations, so long delayed,must succeed the destruction of his hopes and thesterility of his powersbecause of these thingswe claim in this place a share in the possession ofthe name and the man which we do not grant toany other English society, or to any society.

It was a strange fate which linked Bacon withthis house, where he found and kept a securefoothold during years when the eye of power

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regarded him very jealously. His father hadbeen Treasurer fifty years before him. This hallhad been built during his Treasurership. NicholasBacon, Cecil, and Walsingham had been studentsand ancients here together. Thomas Cromwellhad been their predecessor. When Francis Baconwas on the point of leaving Cambridge, and whenin all human probability the practice of the law,the utility of the law, was to him a matter ofentire indifference, just as Nicholas Bacon hadpreviously entered three sons of greater age,he brought here his two younger boys, Anthonyand Francis, and here together, when Franciswas fifteen years of age, they were entered. Weknow that it could have been as to Francis littlemore than a courtesy to the Inn, because in thatyear Francis Bacon set out upon what seemed tobe his destined career in public life, in the suiteof Sir Amyas Paulett, the Ambassador in Paris.Sir Nicholas Bacon chose for his sons a masterone Richard Barker ^among the youngerbarristers of this Society, and Richard Barker'sname is recorded in our books in the eulogy uponhim of William Cecil, Lord Burghley, but weknow that Francis Bacon at once left the Inn and

^ " Forasmoche as on Richard Barker an honest an towardstudent in learning of your howse for good respects & commendable partes in him, was chosen by the late deceasedL. Keper to be an Instructor to his two sonnes my nephewes."Burghley to the Readers of Grafs Inn, Pension Book, 1579.

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in spite of his youth gained a name for himself inFrance. Bacon had embarked upon a careerwhich must have severed him from us when in1579 his father's life came to an untimely close.His father's will left him, not penniless, but whollydependent, and it was then, and under these cir-cumstances, that Francis Bacon came back toGray's Inn, and took the place of Anthony Baconin his father's old chambers, where No. i, Gray'sInn Square now stands.

It was during the years which followed whatseemed so dire a calamity that Francis Baconcoming back to this Hall devoted himself here tothat severe course of oral exercises which was thelot of the law-student of his time, and he solaboured as to be in three years so sufficiently amaster of the learning of the Common Law as togain his call to the Bar. Three years more andthe Benchers of his daymen of whose namessome stand high among the Judges and Advocatesof Englandwhen he was not ripe to become aBencher, called him to this table to sit among theReaders. The happenings of these early yearsbound him to the end of his days and with an in-dissoluble tie to this Society. And those yearsdevoted to the law brought to Bacon one con-spicuous piece of knowledge which he pithilyexpressed" Themis will have no bedfellow."That adage of Bacon's is itself racy of the life ofthe Inn. It speaks of the rule whereby, as

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chamber accommodation was scanty, every occu-pant of chambers must take a companion to sharehis lodging, who in a kind of legal cant was calledhis bedfellow. It assures us of Bacon's earlyrealization that Themis is a jealous mistress, andemphasizes the disability which knowingly anddeliberately Bacon accepted in his devotion toLearning.When I read the second great fallacy of the

famous Essay and am told that Bacon sprangsuddenly into great practice as a young man, Iremember the letters in which year after yearBacon besought aid in many quarters, represent-ing that he must get a livelihood so that he mightgo on with the great task of his life, the Advance-ment of Learning. When I know, from recordswhich the essayist had not before him, thatBacon's first appearance in the Court of King'sBench dated twelve years after his call to theBar in this House, and that his candidature forthe office of Solicitor-General was greeted with achorus at the Bar that " he hath not come intothe field at all," then I realize how unjust is theimputation upon Bacon that during those earlyyears of his life he was gathering and squander-ing great gains in his work at the Bar. It wasnot until he had been for eight years a memberof this Bench that he was taken into the publicemployment at all, and then came the chance tojustify what no doubt was his own confidence in

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his training in the law, to justify his declarationthat in the technicaHties of the English CommonLaw he was Coke's equal, if not his master. Thejustification is the even struggle between themfor mastery continued during long years. Everylawyer knows how abundantly Bacon held hisown against his great rival, that man in manyrespects of unmatched greatness in hisown domainof the law, Lord Coke.The great and declared object of Bacon's life

from his boyhoodhis pursuit of learning profit-able to the human racecolours his whole life inthis Society. But he spent here twenty-five yearsof that part of his career in which there was nomaterial splendour, and any of you who will takethe "Essays" or the "Apophthegms," whichthrow so much light into his pursuits, or still morewill take Spedding's " Life " of him, and thenstudy the Pension Books of the Inn, which I amglad that we have published, and the varied recordsof his' labours and attendances in this Society, willsee with perfect clearness how Gray's Inn is boundup with the noblest parts of his life, and will un-derstand why it is that Gray's Inn regards him aspeculiarly its own, and regards Gray's Inn aspeculiarly his debtor.

I am not to be an apologist or a biographer,but there are many phases of his life in the Innupon which I might dwell. One is the part whichBacon took in setting in order the community into

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which he came. He found time when he was pen-ning and preparing his great works to devote avast deal of attention to the everyday doings ofthis Society. Few men who have not beenengrossed in the affairs of the Inns know theprecise form which the Hfe of an Inn of Courttook in the days of King James. You had here alittle commonwealth governed by custom andremarkably free from external interference. Baconcame at a time when to this Hall the nobility andgentry of the land resorted for the learning of thelaw, but when it was still necessary to lay downstrict rules as to coming armed into hall, as toscuffling and striking, violence and disorder. Baconapplied himself to amend and enforce wholesomediscipline. He applied himself also to maintainand even to increase the stringency of the coursesof study through which he had himself come.They were no holiday tasks which were set here inBacon's days. This Hall was a place of trial. Theinner barristers searched the knowledge of theouter barristers, the ancients searched the know-ledge of the inner barristers, the Readers searchedthe knowledge of them all. Bacon evidentlyattended to the studies pursued in this Hall, andwas a diligent attendant. Read the passage in the"Apophthegms" which relates the discourse ofMr. Howland with the student, and let me tellyou that Mr. Howland was an ancient in this Inn,and that the scene must have occurred here. Read


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also Bacon's speech in 1614 on the discipline ofthe Inns, and you will see how Bacon and hiscolleagues made Gray's Inn the model of a placeof legal education.

I shall not ask you to-day to visit the gardensof this Inn, but we have included in the little bookgiven to you a facsimile of a page of accounts inwhich the responsibility of Francis Bacon for thecare of the Gardens first appears at some length.The interest of the transcript is that if you readthe essay " Of Gardens " side by side with thetranscript, you will see how every word of theessay comes from the practical knowledge ofBacon and the application of the practice of hisown life. His chambers overlooked the Gardens.He made them. There had been walks before histime, but no Gardens. He inclosed and laid outthe fields of the Society, and for two hundredyears at least after Bacon's time, as Charles Lambtells us, they were a delight to the people ofLondon. Our predecessors were under the neces-sity of building on material parts of them, andthey present little to you to-day of the Gardensas Bacon created them. That they were thenbeautiful was due to his genius and his care. Hisassociation with the Gardens went on for twentyyears, up to his treasurership and during histreasurership. It was in the Gardens of Gray'sInn that Bacon chiefly enjoyed the friendship ofhis numberless friends. Read the "Apophthegms,"

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and you will see how much his everyday life wasassociated in his mind with the use of the Gardenshe had made.There is one instance of his association with

the Gardens which I do not think is well known,and which does so much honour to that kindlyheart which Bacon possessed, that I mention it toyou. In the " Apophthegms " you will find morethan once the record of the witty sayings of one" Mr. Bettenham." " Mr. Bettenham said," or" Mr. Bettenham used to say," is the phrase, andthe topics of conversation are illuminating. Onewas the uses of adversity, and another the uses ofwealth. Mr. Bettenham was a fellow Reader ofBacon's,who had preceded Bacon in the Treasurer-ship. For many years of Bacon's residence theyco-operated in the work ofthis Inn. Mr. Bettenhamwas a learned lawyer, but he was also a man ofwhom our records show that he had "been nogreat gainer by the law." ' The position of Mr.Bettenham toward the Society was discussed whenhe came to his Readership, an occasion of amaz-ingly great expenditure in those days, and Baconand his colleagues made a grant to Mr. Bettenham.Their association was closer than that of colleagues.Bacon says in his essay, as you will remember,

* " Hath byn a continuall and diligent keper of learning inthe house and was called a year before hys tyme & hath bynno great gayner by the lawe & hath chargeably & learnydlyperformed his reading." Pension Book, 1590.


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that in every garden there should be a mount, andsuch a mount he had caused to be formed in ourGardens. Raymond's Buildings stand on its sitenow, but you will find it represented in one of thepictures in the little book. Now, if you could havewalked in the Gardens two hundred years ago,you would have found a summer-house on thatmount, and upon the summer-house an inscriptionsetting forth that it was erected by Francis Bacon,Solicitor-General to the King, in memory ofJeremy Bettenham, late a Reader of this House,whose executor he was, "a man innocent andcontemplative."

I might bring before you other glimpses fromthe records of Gray's Inn of this distant time.They have much to say on many topics. Butwhat I think is the dearest recollection of the menof this Inn in the career of Bacon is that whenthe day of calamity came, when within threemonths in 1622 the Bacon of Ben Jonson's gloriousverse became the Bacon of the Confession to theHouse of Lords, Bacon came back to this House,and here in this House the first act of his oldcolleagues, from whom, of course, his high officehad separated him, was to extend the grant of

^ The inscription was as follows: "Franciscus Bacon, RegisSolicitor generalis Executor testamenti Jeremi Bettenham,nuper I-ectoris hujus hospitii, viri innocentis abstinentis etcontemplativi, hanc sedem in memoriam ejusdem Jeremiaeextruxit An. Dom. 1609."

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Bacon's lodgings which he had erected on the oldchambers of his father, Sir Nicholas Bacon, sothat he might have in those chambers a saleableinterest. Macaulay and Spedding record of thatperiod an almost prophetic word by Prince Charles,afterwards King, to the favourite George Villiers,Duke of Buckingham, for whom Bacon was sacri-ficed; for the lawyer who has looked into thesematters will know of the loopholes which Baconcould have sought, and which he disdained to usebecause his conduct had been contrary to thestandard ofjustice and judgement which he had setup. At that time, when Bacon's attached friends,whom poverty and adversity did not divide fromhim, rode with him on his way from Gorhamburyto this House, Prince Charles wrote to Bucking-ham, " Do what we will with this man, he will notgo out in snuff," or "will not go out in a snuff."Either version serves. Bacon does not "go insnuff" to-day. He was not suddenly extinguished,and he cannot be extinguished. Among theshadows of that great age the name of Baconstands forth with fact about it, with public serviceabout it, with character about it, in spite of all theerrors of his time, and all the weakness of hisnature, and these things make his name increas-ingly a treasure of the English race.Mr. Junior, what he wrote in his will was, thathe left his memory " to the charitable speeches of

mankind, to foreign nations, and to the next age."35


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Three hundred years are gone, andwe have thoughthere to-day that the time was ripe when we mightdeclare our gratitude to Bacon, when we mightchallenge the judgement of Englishmen upon thewhole, and in a broad view, as to the memory andservices of Bacon.My Lords and Gentlemen, I ask you to beupstanding and to drink with us to the toast of" The Memory of Francis Bacon."

f

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List of Benchers and GuestsPresent at an Assembly in Gray's Inn Hall

UPON the 300TH Anniversity of the Elec-tion as Treasurer of Francis Bacon

A'Beckett, Mr. A. W.Allbutt, Sir Clifford, K.C.B., F.R.S.American Ambassador, His Excellency The.Amery, Mr. L. S.Astbury, Mr. J. M., K.C., M.P.Atkin, Master J. R., K.C.Bacon, Sir Hickman, Bart.Balfour-Browne, Mr. J. H., K.C.Ball, Sir Robert, F.R.S.Ball, Dr. W. E.Bankes, Mr. J. Eldon, K.C.Barnard, Master W. T., K.C.Barnes, The Right Hon. Sir Gorell {President of the

Probate^ Divorce and Admiralty Division^Beeching, The Rev. Canon H. C.Bigham, The Hon. Mr. Justice.Birrell, The Right Hon. Augustine, K.C, M.P.Borrajo, Mr. Edward M.Bosanquet, Sir Albert, K.C. {The Commojt Serjeant of

London).


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Bowen, Mr. Ivor.Bremner, Mr. A.Brown, Mr. J. W. Ross.Brown, Mr. R. Weir {Bacon Scholar, 1878).Buckley, The Right Hon. Lord Justice.Bunting, Sir Percy.Burgis, Mr. E, C. {Baco7i Scholar, 1902).Byrne, Master W. P., C.B.Campbell, Master The Right Hon. J. H. M., K.C., M.P.Cassel, Mr. Felix, K.C.Castle, Mr. E. J., K.C.Cecil, Mr. Evelyn, M.P.Cherry, The Right Hon. R. R., K.C, M.P. {Attorney-

Generalfor Ireland).Clarke, Sir Edward, K.C.Clayton, Master Edward.Cohen, The Right Hon. Arthur, K.C.Collins, Master Sir Arthur, K.C.Collins, Sir William J,, M.P.Corbet, Mr. F. H. M.Courtney of Penwith, The Right Hon. Lord.Coward, Master Lewis, K.C.Cozens-Hardy, The Right Hon. Sir H. {Master of the

Rolls).Crichton-Browne, Sir James, M.D., F.R.S.Cripps, Mr. C. A.. K.C.Cunningham, The Ven. Archdeacon, D.D. {Fellow of

Trinity College, Cambridge).Danckwerts, Mr. W. O., K.C.Darling, The Hon. Mr. Justice.Deans, Mr. R. Storry.Dewar, Sir James, F.R.S.Dicey, Professor A. V., K.C.Dicey, Master Edward, C.B.


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Dickens, Mr. H. R, K.C.Dixon-Hartland, Sir R, Bart., M.P.Dodd, Mr. Frank.Douthwaite, Mr. D. W. {The Undcr-Treasurer).Dugdale, Mr. J. S., Y^.Q. {Treasurer of the Inner Temple).Duke, Master H. E., K.C. {The Treasurer).Durning-Lawrence, Sir E., Bart.Ellison-Macartney, The Right Hon. VV.Evans, Sir Samuel, K.C, M.P. {Solicitor-General).Exeter, The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of.Farleigh, Mr. E. A. {Bacon Scholar, 1894).Farvvell, The Right Hon. Lord Justice.Finlay, The Right Hon. Sir Robert, G.C.M.G., K.C.Firminger, Mr. F. L.Fletcher, The Rev. R. J. {The Preacher).Frankland, Professor P. R, F.R.S.Fulton, Sir Forrest, K.C. {Recorder of London).Goddard, Mr. Charles.Gomme, Mr. G. L.Gratwicke, Major G. R, V.D.Greenwood, Mr. George, M.P.Griffith, Master Henry.Harrison, Mr. English, K.C.Hawtin, Mr. W. G.Haysom, Mr. George, C.C.Headlam, The Rev. A. C, D.D. {Principal of Kings

College, London).Healy, Mr. T. M., K.C, M.P.Henson, The Rev. Canon Hensley, D.D.Herbert-Smith, Mr. CHill, Sir John Gray.Holland, Professor T. E., K.CHowe, Mr. J. J. {Bacon Scholar, 1900).Huggins, Sir William, K.CB., O.M., F.R.S.

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Ilbert, Sir Courtenay, K.C.S.I.Inglis, Mr. James.Joyce, The Hon. Mr. Justice.Kennedy, The Right Hon. Lord Justice.King, Mr. G. Welby.Lampard, Mr. Forder.Lee, Mr. Sidney.Lush, Master Montague, K.C.McCall, Mr. R. A., K.C.McCarthy, Mr. J. W.Macdonell, Sir John, C.B.Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, Mus. Doc. Macmillan, Mr. F. O.Magnus, Sir Philip, M.P.Manisty, Master H. F., K.C.Matthews, Sir William, K.C.M.G. {President of the Insti-

tution of Civil Engineers).Mattinson, Master M. W., K.C.Morris, Mr. Henry {President of the Royal College of

Surgeons).Moulton, The Right Hon. Lord Justice Fletcher.Moyses, Mr. J. VV.Mulligan, Master His Honour Judge, K.C.O'Connor, Mr. B.O'Connor, Mr. T. P., M.P.Owen, Sir Isambard (Z>^///(;^ Chancellor of the University

of Wales).Pochin, Master W. J. R.Pollock, Sir Frederick, Bart.Pomeroy, Mr. F. W., A.R.A.Poyser, Mr. A. S.Proctor, Mr. John.Raleigh, The Hon. Sir Thomas, K.C.S.LRamsay, Sir William, K.C.B., F.R.S.

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Reichel, Sir Henry [Principal of the University ofWales).

Reid, The Hon. Whitelaw {The American Ambassador).Ridley, The Hon. Mr. Justice.Robson, Sir W. S., K.C., M.P. {Attorney-General).Roscoe, Sir Henry, F.R.S.Rose, Master John.Russell, Master Charles A., K.C.Russell, Mr. Cecil H. {Treasurer of Lincoln's Inn).Scott, Mr. C. C.Sharpe, Mr. Montagu.Simon, Mr. J. A., K.C, M.P.Stanford, Sir Charles V., Mus. Doc.Strathcona, The Right Hon. Lord, G.C.M.G., F.R.S.

{Chancellor of the University of Aberdeen).Taylor, Mr. R. S.Terrell, Master Thomas, K.C.Treasurer, The (Master H. E. Duke, K.C).Vaughan-Williams, The Right Hon. Lord Justice.Verulam, The Right Hon. The Earl of.Walsh, Mr. Cecil.Ward, Dr. A. W. {Master ofPeterhouse).Warmington, Sir Marshall,, Bart, K.CWatt, Mr. F.Wilberforce, The Ven. Archdeacon, D.D.Witham, Mr. Philip.Woods, The Rev. H.G., D.D. {Master of the Temple).Wright, Dr. W. Aldis ( Vice-Master of Trinity College,

Cambridge).

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Francis BaconA Speech delivered by the Right Hon. A. J.Balfour, M.P., on the occasion of theUnveiling of the Bacon Statue at Gray'sInn on Thursday 27TH June 191

FROM the very moment at which I rashlyundertook to take a leading part in thisceremony I have been occupied in repent-ing my own temerity. For, indeed, the

task which the members of this Society havethrown upon me is one which I feel very ill quali-fied to perform; one, indeed, which has someaspects with which many present here to-day arefar more fitted to deal than I.

For the great man whose introduction intoGray's Inn some three hundred years ago wehave met to commemorate was a member of thisSociety through his whole adult life. Here helived most of his days before he rose to thehighest legal position in the country; here, after

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his fall, he returned again to his old friends anddwelt again among his earlier surroundings. Itwas to this Inn that he gave some of his mostloving work, adorning it, regulating it, and takinga large share both in its pleasures and its business.It would seem, therefore, to be fitting that the manwho unveils the Memorial of this great member ofGray's Inn should himself be a member of Gray'sInn, and that a man who speaks in praise of aLord Chancellor should himself know somethingof the law.

I possess, alas ! neither qualification. But I amtold by those who are more competent to form ajudgement on the subject than I am that Baconshowed, as we might expect, great mastery oflegal principles, and that although he did notequal in learning that eminently disagreeablepersonage. Sir Edward Coke, his great rival, yetthat his views upon law reform were far in advanceof his time, and, according to some authorities,had even an effect upon that masterpiece of codi-fication, the Code Napolion.However this may be, I clearly have no title

to say, and do not mean to say, a single wordof my own upon Bacon as a lawyer. Upon Baconas a politician it would not be difiicult, and itmight be interesting, to dilate. Although I thinkhe lacked that personal force which is a necessaryelement in the equipment of every successfulpolitician, he yet possessed a breadth of view, a

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moderation of spirit, which, had his advice beentaken, might have altered the history of thiscountry and even of Europe. It might be anattractive task for those who like drawing imagin-ary pictures of the historical " might-have-been," toconceive a man of Bacon's insight inspiring thepolicy of a Sovereign who had the power and thewish to act upon his advice. Had such a combin-ation existed at the beginning of the seventeenthcentury we might well have seen a developmentof Parliamentary and constitutional institutionseffected at a less cost than civil war; and all thebitterness of political and religious strife, whichso greatly hindered our progress at home, and soeffectually destroyed our influence abroad, mighthappily have been avoided.

But all this is a dreama dream that couldnever have come true under a sovereign likeJames the First. Am I then to turn from thepart which under happier circumstances Baconmight have played in public affairs, and discussthe part which in fact he did play? I confess thatthe subject does not attract me. Anybody whogoes to the study of Bacon's life, rememberinghow his fame has been darkened by the satire ofPope and the rhetoric of Macaulay, must naturallydesire to find that these great writers have grossly.exaggerated the shadows upon their hero's char-acter. And, indeed, they have exaggerated. Baconwas not a bad man. He was not a cruel man.

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I believe he loved justice. I am sure he lovedgood government. And yet, though all this betrue, I do not think his admirers can drawmuch satisfaction from any impartial survey ofhis relations either with his family, his friends,his political associates, or his political rivals. Muchworse men than Bacon have had more interestingcharacters. They may have committed crimes,both in public and in private life, from whichBacon would have shrunk in horror. We condemnthem, but we are interested in them. I do notthink we ever feel this about Bacon the politician.Neither his relations with Essex, nor with Salis-bury, nor with Buckingham, nor with QueenElizabeth, nor with James the First, put him,however we look at the matter, in a very attractivelight. He had not a high courage. I doubt hiscapacity for uncalculating generosity. 1 couldhave wished him a little more pride. I suspect,indeed, that his deficiencies in these respectsmilitated even against his worldly fortunes. Suchmen are used in public life, but they are notgreatly loved nor greatly trusted.

But do not let us talk of Bacon as though hiscareer were a great tragedy. It was nothing ofthe sort. He was a successful man, tried by anyworldly standard you choose. He was a philo-sopher, and he was a statesman; and in the agein which he lived there were no two professionswhich promised the certainty of a more uneasy

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life or the chance of a more disagreeable death.His first patron, Essex, died on the scaffold. Hissecond patron, Buckingham, was stabbed byFelton; and if you turn from statesmen to philo-sophers, how uneasy was the life of Descartes,how unhappy the career of Galileo, how tragic theend of Giordano Bruno. Well, these were Bacon'scontemporariesthese were the politicians withwhom he was most closely connected, and thephilosophers who made his age illustrious. Howmuch more fortunate was his career than theirs!He had not to fly from place to place for fearof persecution, like Descartes. He suffered nolong imprisonment, like Galileo. He was neverthreatened with the executioner's axe, or theassassin's dagger. Nor did he go to the stake,like Bruno. And however dark be the view wetake of hereditary honours, everybody will, Ithink, admit that it is better to be made a viscountthan to be burnt.

If I now pass from those aspects of Bacon's life,with which, for one reason or another I am eitherunqualified, or unwilling, to deal, I am left by aprocess of exhaustion to consider Bacon as a manof letters, an historian, or a philosopher. He wasall threea writer of most noble prose, one ofthe men most happily gifted for history that thiscountry has produced, and in the character of aphilosopher marking the beginning of a greatepoch. As a philosopher his fate has been mixed.

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He has been magnificently praised, both in thiscountry and abroad, by men whose praise is worthmuch; he has been violently abused by menwhose abuse cannot be neglected; andworstfate of allhis achievements have been vulgarizedby some of his most ardent admirers. I do notthink this is the occasionperhaps, even, this isnot the audienceappropriate to the delivery ofa full and balanced judgement on the precise posi-tion which Bacon occupies in the history ofEuropean philosophy. He has been regardedboth by enemies and by friends as the first fatherof that great empirical school of which we in thiscountry have produced perhaps the most illustriousmembers, but which flourished splendidly in Franceduring the eighteenth century. If this claim begood (I am not sure that it is) Bacon's philosophicposition is, for that reason if for no other, a proudone. For whatever we may think of Locke andhis successors, the mark they have made on thecourse of speculation is indelible.

I do not, however, propose to deal with theseniceties of philosophic history. I shall probablybetter meet your wishes if I try to say in a veryfew words what I think was the real nature of thedebt which the world owes to Bacon; and why itis that, amid universal approval, we are met hereto-day to pay this tribute to his memory.We shall make (I think) a great mistake if wetry to prove that Bacon was, what he always said

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he was not, a maker of systems. He had neitherthe desire, nor I beheve the gifts, which wouldhave quahfied him to be the architect of one ofthose great speculative systems which exist forthe wonder, and sometimes for the instruction, ofmankind. But if he was not a system-maker, whatwas he? He was a prophet, and a seer. No doubthe aimed at more. He spent much time in attack-ing his philosophical predecessors, and took end-less trouble with the details of his inductivemethod. Of his criticisms it is easy to say, andtrue, that they were often violent and not alwaysfair. Of his inductive logic it is easy to say, andtrue, that he did not produce, as he hoped, aninstrument of discovery so happily contrived thateven mediocrity could work wonders by the useof it. It is also true that he over-rated its coher-ence, and its cogency. But this is a small matter.I do not believe that formal logic has ever madea reasoner nor inductive logic a discoverer. Andhowever highly we rate Bacon as an inductivelogician, and the fore-runner of those recentthinkers who have developed and perfected theinductive theory, it is not as a logician, it is notas the inventor of a machine for discovery, thatBacon lives.

It is, however, quite as easy to under-rate as toover-rate Bacon's contribution to the theory ofdiscovery. There are critics who suppose himguilty of believing that by the mere accumulation

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of observed facts the secrets of Nature can beunlocked; that the exercise of the imaginationwithout which you can no more make new sciencethan you can make new poetry, is useless or dan-gerous, and that hypothesis is no legitimate aidto experimental investigation. I believe this to bean error. 1 do not think that anybody who reallytries to make out what Bacon meant by his Pre-rogative Instances and his Analogies will eitherdeny that he believed in the unity of nature, andin our power of co-ordinating its multitudinousdetails, or will suppose that he under-rated thehelps which the imagination, and only the imagin-ation, can give to him who is absorbed in thegreat task.

I return from this digression on Baconianmethod to the larger question on which we wereengaged. I called Bacon a seer. What then wasit that he saw? What he saw in the first placewas the evil results which followed on the dis-dainful refusal of philosophers to adopt the patientand childlike attitude which befits those whocome to Nature, not to impose upon Nature theirown ideas, but to learn from her what it is thatshe has to teach them. Bacon is never tired oftelling us that the kingdom of Nature, like theKingdom of God, can only be entered by thosewho approach it in the spirit of a child. Andthere, surely, he was right. There, surely, hiseloquence and his authority did much to correct

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the insolent futility of those verbal disputants whothought they could impose upon Nature theircrude and hasty theories born of unsifted observ-ations, interpreted by an unbridled fancy.

I do not mean to trouble you with many ex-tracts. But there is one which so vividly repre-sents Bacon, at least as I see him, that I believeyou will thank me for reading it to you.

" Train yourselves," he says, " to understandthe real subtlety of things, and you will learn todespise the fictitious and disputatious subtletiesof words, and, freeing yourselves from such follies,you will give yourselves to the task of facilitatingunder the auspices of divine compassionthelawful wedlock between the Mind and Nature.Be not like the empiric ant, which merely collects;nor like the cob-web-weaving theorists, who dobut spin webs from their own intestines; butimitate the bees, which both collect and fashion.Against the ' Nought-beyond ' and the ancients,raise your cry of * More-beyond.' When theyspeak of the ' Not-imitable-thunderbolt ' let usreply that the thunderbolt is Imitable. Let thediscovery of the new terrestrial world encourageyou to expect the discovery of a new intellectualworld. The fate of Alexander the Great will beours. The conquests which his contemporariesthought marvellous, and likely to surpass thebelief of posterity, were described by later writersas nothing more than the natural successes of one

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who justly dared to despise imaginary perils.Even so, our triumphs (for we shall triumph) willbe lightly esteemed by those who come after us;justly, when they compare our trifling gains withtheirs; unjustly, if they attribute our victory toaudacity rather than to humility, and to freedomfrom that fatal human pride which has lost useverything, and has hallowed the fluttering fanciesof men, in place of the imprint stamped uponthings by the Divine seal."There surely speaks the seer. There you haveexpressed in burning words the vehement faithwhich makes Bacon the passionate philosopher sosingular a contrast to Bacon the cold and some-what poor-spirited politician. There is the visionof man's conquest over Nature, seen in its full-ness by none before him, and not perhaps bymany since. There is recognized with proudhumility the little that could be accomplished byone individual and one generation towards itsconsummation : yet how great that little was ifmeasured by its final results!

It is no doubt easy to praise this ideal vulgarly,as it is easy to belittle it stupidly. It can be madeto seem as if the Baconian ideal was to add some-thing to the material conveniences of life, and toignore the aspirations of the intellect. But this isa profound error. It is true that (to use his ownphrase) he looked with "pity on the estate ofman." It is true that he saw in science a powerful

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instrument for raising it. But he put his trust inno petty device for attaining that great end. Hehad no faith in the chance harvests of empiricalinvention. His was not an imagination that crawledupon the ground, that shrank from wide horizons,that could not look up to Heaven. He saw, asnone had seen before, that if you would effectuallysubdue Nature to your ends, you must masterher laws. You must laboriously climb to a know-ledge of great principles before you can descendto their practical employment. There must bepure science before there is applied science. Andthough these may now appear truisms, in Bacon'stime they were the prophecies of genius made longbefore the event. I should like to ask those morecompetent than myself to decide the question,when it was that this prophecy of Bacon began inany large measure to be accomplished. I believemyself it will be found that it is relatively recently,say within the last three or four generations, thatscientific research has greatly promoted industrialinvention. Great discoveries were made by Bacon'scontemporaries, by his immediate successors, andby men of science in every generation which hasfollowed. But the effective application of pureknowledge to the augmentation of man's powerover Nature is, I believe, of comparatively recentgrowth. You may find early examples here andthere; but, broadly speaking, the effect whichscience has had, and is now having, and in increas-

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ing measure is predestined to have, upon thefortunes of mankind, did not declare itself byunmistakable signs until a century and a half ortwo centuries had passed since the death of thegreat man who so eloquently proclaimed theapproach of the new era.You may say to meGrant that all this is true,

grant that Bacon, in Cowley's famous metaphor,looked from Pisgah over the Promised Land, butdid not enter therein; or, as he said himself, thathe sounded the clarion, but joined not in thebattle;what then? Did he do anything for scienceexcept make phrases about it? Are we after all sogreatly in his debt? I answer that he created, orgreatly helped to create, the atmosphere in whichscientific discovery flourishes. If you considerhow slightly science was in his day esteemed ; ifyou remember the fears of the orthodox, the con-tempt of the learned, the indifference of the great,the ignorance of the many, 3'ou will perhaps agreethat no greater work could be performed in itsinterest than that to which Bacon set his hand." He entered not the promised land." True; butwas it nothing to proclaim in the hearing of anindifferent generation that there is a promisedland? " Rejoined not in the battle." True; butwas it nothing to blow so loud a call that thenotes of his clarion urging men to the fray arestill ringing in our ears ? Let us not be ungrateful.

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said, but I am sure that this Is not the time to sayIt. There was a magnificent compliment paid toBacon's powers of speaking by Ben Jonsoncomphment so magnificent, that, In my privateconviction, neither Bacon or any other speakerhas ever deserved it. The poet alleges that thechief anxiety of those who heard the orator waslest his oratory should come to an end. This isnot praise which in these degenerate days any ofus are likely to deserve. But we need not rushinto the other extreme: we need not compel ouraudience to forget all else in their desire that weshould promptly sit down. That trial, at all events,I hope to spare you. I will not therefore dwell, asI partly Intended, on such tempting subjects asthe criticism passed on Bacon, and I may add, onBacon's countrymen, by a great metaphysician ofthe last century. It may be enough to say that IfHegel thought little of Bacon, Bacon had heknown Hegel would assuredly have regarded himas displaying the most complete example of whathe most detestedthe intellcdus sibi permissus.Assuredly these great men were not made tounderstand each other; though for us the verymagnitude of their differences, by making themincomparable, may allow us to admire both. How-ever this may be, I shall have played my part ifI have succeeded in showing reason why all wholove science for its own sake, all who *' looking withpity on the estate of man," believe that in science

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is to be found the most powerful engine for itsmaterial improvement, should join with this ancientSociety in doing honour to the greatest among itsmembers.

*

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of GardensGOD Almightie firfl: Planted a Garden. And indeed,it is the Pureft of Humane pleafure. It is theGreateft Refrefhment to the Spirits of Man ; With-

out which Buildings and Pallaces are but Grofle Handy-works: And a Man fhall euer fee, that when Ages grow toCiuility and Elegancie, Men come to Build Stately^ foonerthen to Garden Finely : As if Gardening were the GreaterPerfedion. I doe hold it; in the Royall Ordering of Gardens^there ought to be Gardens y for all the Moneths in the Teare:in which, feuerally, Things of Beautie may be then in Seafon.For December^ and yanuary^ and the Latter Part of Nouember^you muft take fuch Things as are Greene all Winter: Holly;luy; Baves; luniper; Ciprefle Trees; Eugh; Pine-AppleTrees; Firre-Trees; Role-Mary; Lauander; Periwinckle,the White, the Purple, and the Blew; Germander; Flagges;Orenge-Trees; Limon-Trees; And Mirtles, if they beftirred; And Sweet Marioram warme fet. There followeth,for the latter part of January^ and February^ the MezerionTree, which then bloflbmes; Crocus Vernus, both theYellow, and the Gray; Prime-Rofes; Anemonies; TheEarly Tulippa; Hiacynthus Orientalis; Camairis; Frettel-laria. For March^ There Come Violets, fpecially the SingleBlew, which are the Earlieft; The Yellow DafFadill; TheDazie; The Almond-Tree in Bloflbme; The Peach-Treein Bloflbme; The Cornelian-Tree in Bloflbme; Sweet Briar.

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In Aprill follow, The Double white Violet; The Wall-Flower; TheStock-Gilly-Flower; The Couflip, Flower-de-lices, and Lillies of all Natures; Rofe-mary Flowers; TheTulippa; The Double Piony; The Pale Daffadill; TheFrench Honny-Suckle; The Cherry-Tree in BlofTome; TheDammafin, and Plum-Trees in Bloflbme; The White-Thorn in Leafe ; The Lelacke Tree. In May and lune^come Pincks of all forts, fpecially the Blufh Pincke; Rofesof all kinds, except the Muflce, which comes later; Hony-Suckles; Strawberries; BuglofTe; Columbine; The FrenchMarygold; Flos Africanus; Cherry-Tree in Fruit ; Ribes;Figges in Fruit; Rafpes; Vine Flowers; Lauender inFlowers; The Sweet Satyrian, with the White Flower;Herba Mufcaria; Lilium Conuallium; The Apple-tree inBloflbme. In //j, come Gilly-Flowers of all Varieties;Mufke; Rofes; The Lime-Tree in blofl'ome; Early Pearesand Plummes in Fruit; Ginnitings; Quadlins. In Augujl^come Plummes of all Sorts in Fruit; Peares; Apricockes;Berberies; Filberds; Mufke-Melons; Monks Hoods, of allcolours. In September^ come Grapes; Apples; Poppies of allcolours; Peaches; Melo-Cotones ; Nectarines; Cornelians;Wardens; Quinces. In Oiober^ and the beginning ofA'^oK^w/'^r, come Seruices ; Medlars; BuUifes; Rofes Cut orRemoued to come late; HoUyokes; and fuch like. ThefeParticulars are for the Climate of London^ But my meaningis Perceiued, that you may haue f^er Perpetuum^7i% the Placeaffords.And becaufe, the Breath of Flowers, is farre Sweeter in

the Aire, (where it comes and Goes, like the Warbling ofMufick) then in the hand, therfore nothing is more fit forthat delight, then to know, what may be the Flowers^ andPlants^ that doe befl perfume the Aire. Rofes Damaflc &Red, are faft Flowers of their Smels, So that; you may walkeby a whole Row of them, and finde Nothing of their Sweet-nefl'e ; Yea though it be, in a Mornings Dew. Bayes like-wife yeeld no Smell, as they grow, Rofemary little; nor Sweet-Marioram. That, which aboue all uthers, yeelds the SweetejiSmell in the Aire^ is the Violet; fpecially the White-double-

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Violet, which comes twice a Yeare ; About the middle ofAprill^ and about Bartholomew-tide. Next to that is, theMufke-Role. Then the Strawberry Leaues dying, which amoft Excellent Cordiall Smell. Then the Flower of theVines ; It is a little duft, like the duft of a Bent, which growesupon the Clufter, in the Firft comming forth. Then SweetBriar. Then Wall-Flowers, which are very DelightfuU tobe fet vnder a Parler, or Lower Chamber Window. ThenPinks, fpecially the Matted Pinck, and Cloue Gilly-flower.Then the Flowers of the Lime Tree. Then the Honny-Suckles, fo they be fomewhat afarre off. Of Beane Flowers Ifpeake not, becaufe they are Field Flowers. But thofe whichPerfume the Aire moft delightfully, not pajfed by as the reft,but being Trodden upon and Crufhcd^ are Three: that isBurnet, Wilde-Time, and Water-Mints, Therefore, you areto fet whole Allies of them, to haue the Pleasure, when youwalke or tread.

For Gardens^ (Speaking of thofe, which are indeed Prince-like^ as we haue done of Buildings) the Contents, ought notwell to be, under Thirty Acres of Ground \ And to be diuidedinto three parts; A Green in the Entrance; a Heath orDefart in the Going forth; And the Garden in the middeft;Befides Alleys^ on both Sides. And I like well, that foureAcres of Ground be Afligned to the Greene; Six to theHeath; Foure and Foure to either 7?^^; and twelue to theMaine Garden. The Greene hath two pleafures. The one,becaufe nothing is more Pleafant to the Eye, then greeneGrafle kept finely ftiorne; The other, becaufe it will giueyou a faire Alley in the Midft, by which you may go in frontvpon a Stately Hedge^ which is to inclofe the Garden. But,becaufe the Alley will be long, and in great Heat of theYeare, or Day, you ought not to buy the Shade, in theGarden.^ by Going in the Sunne thorow the Greene^ thereforeyou are, of either Side the Greene^ to Plant a Couert Alley.,vpon Carpenters Worke, about Twelue Foot in Height, bvwhich you may goe in Shade, into the Garden. As for theMaking of Knots, or Figures., with Diuers Coloured Earths^that they may lie vnder the Windowes of the Houfe, on that

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Side, which the Garden ftands, they be but Toyes : Youmay fee as good Sights, many times, in Tarts. The Gardenis beft to be Square; IncompafTed, on the Foure Sides, witha Stately Arched Hedge. The Arches to be vpon Pillars^ ofCarpenters Worlce, of fome Ten Foot high, and Six Footbroad: And the Spaces between, of thefame Dimenfion, witlithe Breadth of the Arch. Ouer the Arches^ let there bee anEntire Hedge^ of fome Foure Foot High, framed alfo vponCarpenters Worke: And vpon the Fpper Hedge., ouer eueryArch., a h'ttle Turret., with a Belk., enough to receiue a Cageof Birds : and ouer euery Space., betweene the Arches., fomeother little Figure., with Broad Plates of Round Coloured Glafsgilt, for the Sunne to play vpon. But this Hedge I entend tobe raifed vpon a Banche., not Steepe, but gently Slope, of fomeSix Foot, fet all with Flowers. Also I vndeiftand, that thisSquare of the Garden., fhould not be the whole Breadth of theGround, but to leaue, on either fide, Ground enough, fordiuerfity of Side Alleys; Vnto which, the Two Covert Alleysof the Greene may deliuer you. But there muft be, no Alleyswith Hedges., at either End, of this great Inclofure: Not atthe Hither End., for letting your Profpeft vpon this FaireHedge from the Greene; Nor at the Further End, for lettingyour profped from the Hedge, through the Arches, vpon theHeath.

For the Ordering of the Ground, within the Great Hedge,I leaue it to Variety of Deuice; AduifingneuerthelelTe, thatwhatfoeuer forme you caft it into, firft it be not too Bufie, orfull of Work. Wherein I, for my part, doe not like Imagescut out in lumper, or other Garden-Jiuffe: They be forChildren. Little low Hedges, Round like Welts, with fomepretty Pyramides, I like well: And in fome places FaireColumnes vpon Frames of Carpenters Work. I would alfohaue the Alleys, Spacious and Fair. You may have CloferAlleys vpon the Side Grounds, but none in the Maine Garden.I wifh alfo, in the very Middle, a Faire Mount, with threeAfcents and Alleys, enough for foure to walke a breast;Which I would haue to be Perfea Circles, without any Bul-warkes, or Imbofments ; And the JVhole Mount, to be Thirty

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Foot high; And fome fine Banquetting Houfe^ with fomeChimneys neatly caft, and without too much Glafs.

For Fountaines, they are a great Beauty, and Refrefhment;but Foo/es marre all, and make the Garden vnwholefome, andfull of Flies, and Frogs. Fountaines I intend to be of twoNatures : The One, that Sprinckleth or Spouteth Water ; TheOther a Faire Receipt of IVater^ of fome Thirty or FortyFoot Square, but without Fifh, or Slime, or Mud. For thefirft, the Ornaments of Images Gilt, or of Marble, which arein vfe, do well : but the maine matter is, fo to conuey theWater, as it neuer ftay, either in the Bowles, or in theCefterne, That the Water be neuer by Reft Difcoloured,Greene or Red, or the like; Or gather any Mojftnefs orPutrefaction. Befides that, it is to be cleanfed euery day bythe hand ; alfo fome Steps vp to it, and fome Fine Pavementabout it, doth well. As for the other kinde of Fountain,which we may call a Bathing-Poole, it may admit muchCuriofity, and Beauty; wherewith we will not trouble ourfelues: As, that the Bottome be finely paued, And withImages: The fides likewife; And withall Embellifhed withColoured Glaffe, and fuch Things of Luftre; EncompafTedalfo with fine Railes of Low Statua's. But the Maine Point isthe fame, which we mentioned, in the former Kinde ofFountaine\ which is, that the Water be in Perpetuall Motion,Fed by a Water higher then the Poole, and Deliuered into itby fair Spouts and then difcharged away vnder Ground, byfome Equalitie of Bores, that it ftay little. And for fineDeuices of Arching Water without Spilling, and Making itrife in feuerall Formes (of Feathers, Drinking Glaftes,Canopies, and the like,) they be pretty things to looke on,but Nothing to Health and Sweetnefle.

For the Heath, which was the Third Part of our Plot, Iwifh it to be framed, as much as may be, to a Naturallwildnejje. Trees I would haue none in it ; but fome Thickets,made onely of Sweet-Briar, and Honny-Suckle, and fomeWilde Vine amongft; and the Ground fet with Violets,Strawberries and Primc-Rofes. For thefe are Sweet, andprofper in the Shade. And thefe to be in the Heath, here

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and there, not in any Order. I like alfo little Heaps, in theNature of Mole-Hib^ (fuch as are in Wilde Heaths) to be fet,feme with Wilde Thyme; fome with Pincks; fome withGermander, that giues a good Flower to the Eye; Some withPeriwinckle; Some with Violets; Some with Strawberries;Some with Couflips; Some with Daifies; Some with Red-Rofes ; Some with Lilium Conuallium; Some with Sweet-Williams Red; Some with Beares-foot; And the like LowFlowers, being withal Sweet, and Sightly. Part of whichHeapeSy to be with Standards, of little Bujhes, prickt vpontheir Top, and Part without. The Standards to be RofesJuniper; Holly; Beare-berries (but here and there, becaufeof the Smell of their Bloflbme ;) Red Currans ; Goofe-berries;Rofe-Mary; Bayes; Sweet-Briar; and fuch like. But thefeStandards, to be kept with Cutting, that they grow not outof Courfe.

For the Side Grounds, you are to fill them with FarietieofJ/leys, Priuate, to giue a full Shade; Some of them, where-foeuer the Sun be. You are to frame fome of them likewifefor Shelter, that when the Wind blows Sharpe, you maywalke as in a Gallery. And thofe Alleys muft be likewifehedged, at both Ends, to keepe out the Wind; And thefeClofer Alleys ; muft bee euer finely Grauelled, and no GrafTe,becaufe of Going wet. In many of thefe Alleys likewife, youare to fet Fruit-Trees of all Sorts; As well vpon the Walles,as in Ranges. And this would be generally obferued, thatthe Borders, wherein you plant your Fruit-Trees, be Faireand Large, and Low, and not Steepe ; And Set with FineFlowers, but thin and fparingly, left they deceiue the Trees,At the End of both the Side Grounds, I would haue a Mountof fome Pretty Height, leauing the Wall of the Enclofurebreft high, to looke abroad into the Fields.

For the Maine Garden, I doe not Deny, but there fhouldbe fome Fair Alleys, ranged on both Sides, with Fruit Trees;And fome Pretty Tufts of Fruit Trees, And Arbours withSeats, fet in fome Decent Order; But thefe to be, by noMeanes, fet too thicke; But to leaue the Maine Garden, foas it be not clofe, but the Aire Open and Free. For as for

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Shade^ I would haue you reft vpon the Alleys of the SideGrounds^ there to walke, if you be Difpofed, in the Heat ofthe Yeare, or Day ; But to make Account, that the MaineGarden^ is for the more Temperate Parts of the yeare; Andin the Heat of Summer, for the Morning, and the Euening, orOuer-caft Dayes.

For JuiarieSy I like them not, except they be of thatLargenefle, as they may be Turffed^ and haue Liuing Plants^and Bujhesy fet in them; That the Birds may haue moreScope, and Naturall Neaftling, and that no Foulenejfe appeare,in the Floare of the Auiary. So I haue made a Platforme ofa Princely Garden^ Partly by Precept, Partly by Drawing,not a Modell, but fome generall Lines of it; And in this Ihaue fpared for no Coft. But it is Nothing, for Great Princes^that for the moft part; taking Aduice with Workmen, withno lefle Coft, fet their Things together; And fometimesadde Statua^s and fuch Things, for State, and Magnificence,but nothing to the true Pleafure of a Garden.

?

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of Mafques and TriumphsTHefe Things are but Toyes, to come amongfl: fuchSerious Obferuations. But yet, fince Princes willhaue fuch Things, it is better, they fhould be Graced

with Elegancy, then Daubed with Coft. Dancing to Song,\sa Thing of great State, and Pleafure. I vnderftand it, thatthe Song be in Quire, placed aloft, and accompanied withfome broken Muficke: And the Ditty fitted to the Deuice.Ad'ing in Song^ efpecially in Dialogues^ hath an extreme GoodGrace : I fay ASiing^ not Dancings (For that is a Meane andVulgar Thing;) And the Voices of the Dialogue^ would beStrong and Manly, (A Bafe, and a Tenour; no Treble;)And the Ditty High and Tragicall; Not nice or Dainty.Seuerall ^ires, placed one ouer againft another, and takingthe Voice by Catches, Jntheme wife, giue great Pleafure.Turning Dances into Figure is a childifh Curiofity. Andgenerally, let it be noted, that thofe Things, which I here fetdowne, are fuche as doe naturally take the Senfe, and notrefpeft Petty Wonderments. It is true, the Alterations ofScenes^ fo it be quietly, and without Noife, are Things ofgreat Beauty, and Pleafure : For they feed and relieue theEye, before it be full of the fame Objedl. Let the Scenesabound with Light^ efpecially Coloured and Varied: And letthe Mafquers^ or any other, that are to come down from theScene^ haue fome Motions, vpon the Scene it felfe, before theircomming down : For it drawes the Eye ftrangely, & makes

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it with great pleafure, to defire to fee that, it c3not perfe6llydifcerne. Let the Songs be Loud^ and Cheerefull^ and notChirpings^ or Pulings. Let the Mujicke likewife be Sharpe,and Loud, and PFe/I placed. The Colours, that (hew beft byCandle-light, are ; White, Carnation, and a Kinde of Sea-Water-Greene; And Oes, or Spangs, as they are of no greatCoft, fo they are of moft Glory. As for Rich Embroidery, itis loft, and not Difcerned. Let the Sutes of the Mafquers,be Gracefull, and fuch as become the Perfon, when the Vizarsare off: Not after Examples of Knowne Attires; Turks,Soldiers, Mariners, and the like. Let Anti-mafques not belong; Theyhaue been commonly ofFooles,Satyres,Baboones,Wilde-Men, Antiques, Beafts, Sprites, Witches, Ethiopes,Pigmies, Turquets, Nimphs, Rufticks, Cupids, Statua'sMouing, and the like. As for Angels, it is not Comicallenough, to put them in Anti-mafques ; And any Thing thatis hideous, as Deuils, Giants, is on the other fide as vnfit.But chiefly, let the Mujicke of them, be Recreatiue, and withfome ftrange Changes. ?)OVCiQ Sweet Odours, fuddenly commingforth, without any drops falling, are, in fuch a Company, asthere is Steame and Heate, Things of great Pleafure; & Re-frefhment. Double Mafques, one of Men, another of Ladies,addeth State, and Variety. But All is Nothing, except theRoome be kept Cleare, and Neat.

For lujii, and Tourneys, and Barriers', The Glories ofthem, are chiefly in the Chariots, wherein the Challengersmake their Entry; Efpecially if they bedrawne with ftrangeBeafts; As Lions, Beares, Cammels, and the like: Or in theDeuices of their Entrance; Or in the Brauery of theirLiueries; Or in the Goodly Furniture of their Horfes, andArmour. But enough of thefe Toyes.

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Francis Bacon Desconocido