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ACRONYMS
Apia Convention Convention on the Conservation of Nature in the South Pacific AIDAB Australian International Development Assistance Bureau AsDB Asian Development Bank ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometry BAKOSURTANAL National Centre for Coordination of Surveys and Mapping (Indonesia) BARC Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council BIOTROP Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology BP British Petroleum CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CMC IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (now WCMC) CNPPA Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas (IUCN) CPA Construction and Planning Administration (Ministry of Interior, China) CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Australia CFDT Committee for Forest Development in the Tropics (FAO) CTFT Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (Paris) DANIDA Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Department of International Development dbh Diameter at breast height DENR Dept of Environment and Natural Resources (Philippines) DoT Department of Trasmigration (Indonesia) ECAN Environmentally Critical Areas Network (Philippines) ECE Economic Commission for Europe (UN) EEC European Economic Community ELC Environment Liaison Centre ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN) ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FELDA Federal Land Development Authority (Malaysia) FINNIDA Finnish International Development Agency FRIM Forest Research Institute, Malaysia FSI Forest Survey of India GEMS Global Environment Monitoring System (UNEP) GIS Geographic Information System GRID Global Resources Information Database (UNEP/GEMS) GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Technische Zusammenarbeit HEL VET AS Switzerland Development Agency HIID Harvard Institute for International Development IBM International Business Machines IBP International Biological Programme IBPGR International Board for Plant Genetic Resources ICBP International Council for Bird Preservation IDRC International Development Research Centre (Canada) liED International Institute for Environment and Development ILO International Labour Organisation (UN) ISFP Integrated Social Forestry Programme (Philippines) IPT Asian Wetland Bureau ITT A International Tropical Timber Agreement
GLOSSARY
accretion See LAND ACCRETION.
agroforestry Interplanting of farm crops and trees. anthropogenic Produced as a result of human activities. arboreal Tree-dwelling. arboretum Place where trees and shrubs are grown for study and display. aseasonal Without clear seasons. avifauna Birdlife of a region or period of time. biodiversity Richness of plant and animal species and in ecosystem complexity. biogeographical province Area defined by fauna and flora it contains. biomass Amount of living matter in a defined area. Biosphere Reserve Concept introduced by Unesco's Man and Biosphere Programme. A reserve including zones with different degrees of land use. See CHAPTER 9. biota The flora and fauna of an area. biotic Relating to living things. 250
ITTO International Tropical Timber Organisation IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources- The World Conservation Union IUFRO International Union of Forestry Research Organisations IWRB International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau JNC Jet Navigation Charts MAB Man and the Biosphere Programme (Unesco) MNS Malayan Nature Society NARESA National Resources Energy and Science Authority (Sri Lanka) NCC Nature Conservancy Council (UK) NCS National Conservation Strategy NGO Non-governmental Organisation NRMC Natural Resources Management Centre (Philippines) OCA/PAC Oceans and Coastal Areas Programme Activity Centre (UNEP) ODA Overseas Development Administration (UK) ODNRI Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute (UK) ONC Operational Navigation Charts ORSTOM Institut Fran~ais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation OSI Ombudsman of the Solomon Islands POSSCEP Project on Study Survey and Conservation of Endangered Species of Flora (India) Ramsar Convention Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat RePPProt Regional Physical Planning Programme for Transmigration (Indonesia) SACEP South Asia Cooperative Environmental Programme SAM Sahabat Alam Malaysia (Friends of the Earth, Malaysia) SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar SIDA Swedish International Development Authority SKEPHI Sekretariat Kerjasama Polestarian Hutan SLAR Side-looking Airborne Radar SPOT Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de Ia Terre SPREP South Pacific Regional Environment Programme SSC Species Survival Commission (IUCN) TFAP Tropical Forestry Action Plan TPC Tactical Pilotage Charts UN United Nations UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme Unesco United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organisation UNSO United Nations Sundano-Sahelian Office US-AID US Agency for International Development US-NPS US National Park Service WCED World Commission on Environment and Development WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre WCS World Conservation Strategy WEI Wau Ecology Institute WFP World Food Programme WRI World Resources Institute WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
bole Trunk of a tree. broadleaved (tree) Any tree belonging to the subclass Dicotyledonae of the class Angiospermae (flowering plants). buttress Flange at base of a tree bole (qv); common in rain forests. canopy The whole of a forest from the ground upwards. Some scientists use canopy to mean just the top of the forest. catchment A river basin, sometimes referring only to its upper part. clear felling Complete clearance of a forest, as opposed to selective fellings. See also monocyclic/polycyclic systems. climax The final stage in the natural succession reached by a community of organisms, especially plants, in equilibrium with existing environmental conditions. closed canopy Canopy (qv) which is effectively complete, rather than consisting of scattered trees; in practice, canopy cover of 40% or more. commensal species Different species that associate, bringing benefit to one of the species and harming none of them. concession Block of forest granted for exploitation over a specified period to a firm or person, the concessionaire.
cordillera Chains of mountain peaks. corridors of forest Strips or belts of forest running through nonforested land, joining larger forest blocks. coupe A technical forestry term referring to the amount of forest cut in a specified period. creaming Light exploitation of a forest (removal of the most valuable trees). crown canopy Cover formed by the top branches of trees in a forest. crown cover Coverage of ground by tree crowns. cytology Study of cells. degazette an area, degazettement Rescind the legal demarcation of an area. desertification Expansion of deserts by climatic change or by overgrazing and clearing of vegetation in adjacent areas. desiccation Removal of moisture; drying out. dipterocarp Member of the Dipterocarpacae, a family of old-world tropical trees valuable for timber and resin. ecological niche The functional position of an organism within an ecosystem. ecosystem A natural unit consisting of organisms and their environment. endemic Native or confined to a particular area. endemism Noun from endemic. epiphyte A plant which uses another for support, not for nutrients. escarpment Long cliff or slope separating two more or less level slopes, resulting from erosion or faults. estuarine Living in an estuary. faller Person who fells trees. fauna Wildlife in a particular area or time. felling cycle Time period between successive forest harvests. feral Referring to animals or plants that were once domesticated but have escaped to the wild. fire climax Synonym: pyroclimax. Regions of plant life, e.g. forests, grassland, where fire plays an important role in suppressing some plants and encouraging the growth of others. See CLIMAX.
flora Wild plant life in a particular area or time. floristics The plant species composition of an ecosystem. friable (soil) Crumbly. frugivorous Fruit-eating. germplasm The genetic diversity of a group of organisms. Gondwanic Pertaining to Gondwanaland, the southern super-continent which has disintegrated from the early Tertiary onwards. granodiorite Coarsely crystalline acid igneous rock. hardwood Wood of a flowering plant, technically recognised by its possession (with rare exceptions) of vessels. Hardwoods range from hard and dense (e.g. Lignum vitae) to soft (e.g. balsa). lmperata cylindrica Aggressive stoloniferous (qv) creeping grass which forms fire climax vegetation after forest destruction. inflorescence Flowering shoot. karst Cavernous and deeply eroded limestone. land accretion Fixation of land. lateritic (acid I. soil) Hard impermeable soil unsuitable for cultivation. littoral Situated near a (sea) shore. massif Large mountain mass. monoculture Cultivation of a single crop. monocyclic system Synonym: uniform system. Removal of all saleable trees at a single operation. The length of the cycle corresponds roughly to the rotation (qv) period of the trees. Damage to the forest is more drastic than under a polycyclic system. monotreme Egg-laying order (Monotremata) of Mammalia with many primitive reptilian features. monotypic Having a single representative (used of a biological group). monsoon forest Closed canopy forests in seasonal tropical climates (see CHAPTER 1). montane Growing or living in mountainous areas. morphology Study of the form of animals and plants. multistorey See STOREY.
niche See ECOLOGICAL NICHE.
open forests See WOODLANDS.
peelers, peeling See VENEER LOGS.
perhumid Permanently humid climate with no dry season. photosynthesis Process by which green plants use sunlight to build complex substances from carbon dioxide and water.
physiognomy External features. physiographical Describing natural phenomena. phytochemistry Chemistry of plants. poison girdling Poisoning of unwanted trees and climbers to enable nearby trees to develop. polycyclic system Synonym: selection system. Systematic repeated removal of mature trees to encourage growth of young ones. See CHAPTER 6. polymer Chemical compound consisting of repeating structural units. primary forest See PRISTINE FOREST.
pristine forest Forest in a primary, virgin or undisturbed state. production forest Forest designated for the production of goods, usually timber. propagules Any part of a plant capable of forming a new plant when separated from the parent. rain forest Closed canopy forests in aseasonal climates; may be found in tropical and temperate latitudes. See CHAPTER I. refugium, plur. refugia Region where biological communities have remained relatively undisturbed over long periods. residual stand The number of trees left standing after logging. riparian Land bordering water. riverine Living or growing on a river bank. rotation Length of time needed for a stand of commercial timber trees to reach a suitable felling size. sawlogs Logs which are to be sawn lengthwise for the manufacture of sawnwood. scaling (logs) Use of a pre-determined measure (scaling stick) to determine the number of board feet (12' X 12" X 1") per tree. sclerophyll Plant with tough evergreen leaves. secondary forest Forest containing fast-growing trees which flourish after disturbance. selection system See POLYCYCLIC SYSTEM.
shifting cultivation System of agriculture that depends on clearing and burning an area of forest for farming over a temporary period. See SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE.
silvicultural treatment Treatment often involving removal in a natural forest of unwanted climbers, damaged trees or uncommercial species. Replanting is rare. silviculture The cultivation and management of forests and woodland. sinker Logs that are denser than water and thus cannot be rafted down river. Antonym: floater. skid track, skid trail Track caused by logs being dragged or skidded. skidder Vehicle used to haul logs from the forest. skyline working Skyline cable logging, overhead logging. slash and burn See SHIFTING CULTIVATION.
softwood Wood from a conifer, technically recognised by the absence of vessels. Softwoods have abundant fibres and make good paper. stand See RESIDUAL STAND.
stoloniferous Describes a creeping plant which throws out runners. storey Layer or stratum of a forest. swidden agriculture Shifting agriculture carried out in the traditional, sustainable way, i.e. with periods of fallow to restore soil fertility. taxonomy Classification of plants and animals based on natural relation
. ships. tetrapod Vertebrate with two pairs of limbs. thermoplastic Capable of softening or melting when heated and hardening when cooled. transfer pricing The price at which intra-company trades are consummated e.g. from a firm's sawmill to a company-owned wholesale warehouse. ultrabasic rocks Igneous rocks almost entirely composed of ferromagnesian minerals. understorey See STOREY.
ungulate Hoofed mammal. uniform systems See MONOCYCLIC SYSTEMS.
vascular Used to describe channels carrying fluids in plants (and animals). veneer logs Logs from tree that are good 'peelers', i.e. relatively easy to cut into thin veneers for making plywood. vessel Continuous tubular structure in a plant used for the longitudinal conduction of materials from roots to leaves. virgin forest See PRISTINE FOREST.
woodland Woody vegetation formations with scattered trees, generally with less than 40% crown cover. Also known as 'open forests'.
251
Index of Species- Plants Page numbers referring to Tables are given in bold.
Acacia, 226; aunculzformts, 238; wtechu, 123; mangium, 43, 80
Acamhus, 207 Aceraceae, 223 Achrostichum, 207 Actinostachys digitata, 123 Agathis, 47, 48, 143, 193, 202;
dammara, 143; labillardierez, 178; macrophylla, 245, 247; silbai, 247
Albizia, 66, 80, lSI, !58 Alstonia, 223 Anisoptera, 183, 238;
cochinchinemis, 166; costata, 111; glabra, Ill; thurifera, 175
Annonaceae, II 7 Ant plant, 202 A pi tong, 43 Araucaria, 43, 143 Areca catechu, 14 Artocarpus, 14; heterophyllus, 14,
30; uti/is, 14, 22, 175 Austrobaileva scandens, 91 Averrhoa carambola, 14 Avirennia, 86
Bagtikan, 47 Balau, 43 Balaukuus, 46 Bamboo, 14, IS, 47, 74, 92, 106,
107, 108, 119, 123, 127, 166, 193,222,226,239,241,245
Bambusa vulgaris, 245 Banana, 14, 25, 30, 92, 175,234 Bangkirai, 46 Begonia, 22 Begoniaceae, 187 Benguet pine, 193, 223 Betel nut, 14 Betula ahzoides, 223 Black pepper, 14,211,213,219 Boehmeria nivea, 14 Bow-string hemp, 14 Breadfruit, 14, 22, 17S Broussonetia papyifera, 245 Bryophyte, 142
Cablin patchouli, 123 Calamander, 14, 216 Calamus spp, IS, 245; caesius, IS,
48; helfenanus, 109; manan, 48; subinermis, 48; trachycoleus, 15, 48,49
Caloph_vllum, 127, 128, 143, 202 Conarium, 246 Carambola, 14 Cardamon, 14, 113, 134, 219,
220-1 Carica papaya, 30 Cassava, 30, 32, 41, 170 Cassia-bark tree, 123 Cassia siamea, 238 Castanopsis, Ill, 223,232 Casuarina, 142 Ceriops decm1dra, 95 Ceylon gooseberry, 14 Chaulmoogra tree, 123 Chengal, 43 Chilli, 170 Cinchona, 22 Cimzamomum spp, 14, ISS, 158;
cassia, 123; zeylanicum, 219 Citrus spp, 14, 22; limon, 30 Cocaine tree, 123 Cocoa, 22, 153, 174, 179,206 Coconut, ISS, 186, 213, 216, 245
Coffee, 13, 14, 22, 134, 158, 174, 179, 216, 234
Colocasia esculenta, 14, 25, 30, 32, 17S
Conifer, II Copra, 241 Corchorus: capsularis, 14, 92;
olizorius, 14 Cotton, 33, 241 Cowpea, 32 Crotalariajuncea, 14 Curcuma: domestica, 219; longa, 14 Cutch, 123 Cyphosperma tanga, 242
Dacr_vdium, 202; pierrei, Ill Dalbergia spp, 80, 166; latifolia,
127 Damar, 48, 49 Degeneriaceae, 242 Dimocarpus Iongan, 14 Dioscorea, 25 Diospyros spp, 143; oppositifolia,
220; quaesita, 14, 216 Dipterocarpus, 183, 202; alatus,
166, 238; costatus, Ill; dyeri, 238; grandiflorus, 127; hispidus, 216; kerrii, 127; macrocarpus, 127; warburghii, 193; ze_vlanicus, 216
Dov_va/is hebecarpa, 14 Dracontomelum, 43 Dr_vobalanops, 43, 47, 183, 202;
rappa, 102 Durian, 14, 30 Dyera: costulata, 47; lowii, 47
Ebony, 143 Elaeis guineensis, 13, 14, 22, 40,
41, 42, ISO, 153, 174, 179, 186, 187, 189,206
Eleltoria cardonomum, 14, 113, 134, 219, 220-1
Enterolobium saman, 211 Epiphyte, 245 Er_vthrox_v/um coca, 123 Euca(vptus, 23, 43, 80, 85, 86, 93,
107, 142, 143, !51, 226, 238, 239; deglupta, 175; grandts, 86
Eugeissona uti/is, 25, 99, 147, ISO, 175, 206, 246
Eugenia car_vophyllata, 219 Eusideroxylon zwageri, 147 Excoecaria agal/ocha, 95
Fagaceae, 98, Ill, 142, 175,202, 207, 232
Fern, 22, 109, 179 Ficus, 207 Fig, 245 Flacourtiaceae, 202
Ga/bulimima belgraveana, 91 Gambier, 211, 213 Garcinia, 128; mangoslana, 14 Gesneriaceae, 187 Gewa, 95 Giam,43 Gigantochloea, 14 Ginger, 14,219 Gmelina, lSI; moluccana, 245 Gnetum, 246 Gonystylus bancanus, 202 Goran, 95 Gordonia spp, 216 Gossypium, 33, 241
Index of Species - Animals and Birds Accipiter Soloensis, 123 Ailuropoda melanoleuca, 119, 120 Alcippe peracensis, 228 Anoas (Bubalus spp), ISS Amzyx cinerea, 227 Arborphila ardens, 119 Arctogalidia trivirgata trilineata,
16 Argusianus, 17, 18 Asian bonytongue, 16 Asian elephant, 16-17, 171,235 Asiatic clawless otter, 227 Asiatic golden cat, 16 Australian dabchick, 248
Babirusa, 16, ISS Badger, 207 Bali starling, 19 Bali tiger, l 55 Bandicoot, ISS
252
Banteng, 16, 3S, 48, 92, 93, 108, 114, 154, 171,207, 227, 235
Barbet, ISS, 212 Barking deer, 16, 48, 108, 212 Bat, 16, ISS, 207,242 Batagur baska, 95 Bathawk, 207 Batomys granti, 195 Bearded pig, 16, 48 Bengal florican, 9 3 Bengal tiger, 92, 95 Birdwing butterfly, 16, ISS, 180,
247 Black bear, 122 Black gibbon, 119, 122, 171, 235 Black-necked stork, 235 Black-shanked douc langur, 235 Bornean bay cat, 16 Bas: gaurus, 16, 35, 48, 93, 108,
114, 171, 227, 230, 235;
Guava, 30 Gulubia microcarpa, 242 Gutta percha tree, 211 Guttiferae, 202 Gymnostoma, 202
H eritiera fames, 95 Hevea brasiliensis, 22 Hooker mayten, 123 Hopea, 43, 117, 166, 175, 193;
basilanica, 193; caga_vanensis, 193; odorata, Ill, 238
Hyacinth bean, 32 Hydnocarpus amhelminticus, 123
lllipe nut, 14, 47, 57 Impatiens, 22 Jmperata, 108, 114, 118, 147;
cylindrica, 33, 34, 142, 198, 238 Indian rosewood, 127 lndigofera tenemani, 238 lntsia, 43, 46, 143; palembanica, 47 Ironwood, 147
jackfruit, 14, 30 janabu, 30 japanese snowbell, 123 jelutong, 47-8 jute, 14, 92
Kapor, 43 Kauri pine, 245, 247, 249 Keruing, 43 Keteleeria roulata, 232 Ketenggah, 22 Koompassia excelsa, 151
Lablab purpureus, 32 Langsat, 30 Lauan, 43, 47 Lauraceae, 98,117,142,223,232 Lemon, 30 Leucaena, 226; leucocephala, 245 Lichen, 142 Lizhocarpus, Ill, 223, 232 Litsea spp, 216 Longan (Dimocarpus Iongan), 14
Mace, 14,219 Magnoliaceae, 207,222,232 Mahogany, 51, 80,216, 241, 242 Maize, 33, 41, 170, 228 Malabar kino, 127 Mango, 14, IS, 128, 216 Mangosteen, 14 Manilotescudmta, 30, 32, 41,170 Many-leaf paris, 123 Maytenus hookeri, 123 Melaleuca, Ill, 114, 223, 234 Melanorrhea, 202 Melapz, 47 Melastoma, 118 Meliaceae, 51, 117 Melocanna bambusoides, 92, 108 Meranti, 43, 46, 47 Merbau, 46 Merrillia caloxylon, 22 Mesua, 127, 216 Metroxylon: sagu, 143, 147, ISO,
175; salomonense, 245 M ichelia nilagirica, 216 Mindoro pine, 113, 142, 193, 223 MoJave, 193 Moraceae, 117 Mung bean, 33 Musa spp, 14, 25, 30, 92, 175, 234
javanicus, 16, 35, 48, 92, 108, 114, 154, 171, 207, 235; sauveli, 16, 19, 35, 114, 171,235
Boselaphus cragocamelus, 92, 93 Bower-bird, 16, ISS Broadbill, 212 Brow-antlered deer, 16, 119, 171 Brown palm civet, 16, 135 Brown shrike, 123 Bubalus spp, ISS; bubalus, 16, 171;
depressicornis, 16; mindorensis, 16, 195, 198; quarlesi, 16
Buffy fish-owl, 228 Bufo marinus, 87 Bulwer's pheasant, 207 Butastur indicus, 123
Caerulean paradise flycatcher, 17, ISS
Cairina scutulata, 94
Myristicafragram, 14, ISS, 219 Myrmecodia, 202 Myrtaceae, 117, 142, 202
Narra, 211 Neobalarzocarpus heimii, 43, 44 Neoveitchia storckii, 242 Nepemhes, 13, 14, 202, 209 Nephelium /appaceum, 14 Nibong, 22 Nipa palm, 175 N othofagus, 175 Nutmeg, mace, 14, ISS, 219 N_vpa, 175, 179;fruticans, 93
Oak, Ill Octomeles sumatrana, 175 Oil palm, 13, 14, 22, 40, 41, 42,
153, 174, 186, 187, 189, 206 Okari nut, 246 Oncosperma zigi/larium, 22 Opium poppy, 28, 33, 34, 170,
222, 228 Orchid, 13, 14, 22, 60, 109, 127,
171, 187,209,227, 248
Pacific sago palm, 245 Palaquium, 211, 216 Pallisander, 80, !66 Palm, 14, Ill, 127, 209, 242; see
also Rattans Papaver somniferum, 28, 33, 34,
170, 222, 228 Papaya, 30 Paper mulberry, 245 Para rubber, 22 Paraserianthes flataria, !58 Parashorea, 43, 47, 117; stellata,
166 Paris polyphylla, 123 Pentacme spp, 43, 47 Pepper, 14, 211, 213, 219 Phyllocladus, 202 Pinus spp, 93, 232, 238; caribaea,
242; ichasiana, 127; kesiya, 193, 223; khasiana, 127; merkusii, 113, 142, 158, 193, 223; roxburghii, 127; wallichiana, 127
Piper nigrum, 14,211,213,219 Pitcher plant, 13, 14, 202, 209 Podocarpus spp, 47, 232;
neriifolius, Ill Pogostemon cab/in, 123 Pometia, 43; pinnata, 247 Psidium spp, 30 Pterocarpus, 47, 80; dalbergioides,
127; indicus, 211; macrocarpus, 166; marsupium, 127
Pyinkado, 106
Quercus, 223, 232; cambodiensis, Ill
Rafflesia, 13, IS, 208, 209 Rain tree, 211 Ramhutan, 14 Ramie, 14 Ramin, 202 Rattan, 14-15,25,47,48-9,57,
58, 74, 99, Ill, 113, 141,245 Rauvo/fia _vwznanensis, 123 Red lauan, 193 Red merantis, 80 Rhaphidophora spp, 24S Rhododendro>~, 22, 103 Rose apple, 14
Calamian deer, 16, 195 Calotes cristatellus, 207 Cane toad, 87 Capriconzis, 16, 122, 154 Cassowary, 86, ISS, 175 Casurius casuaris, 86, 175 Cave swiftlet, 16 Cervus: alfredi, 16, 195;
calamimzensis, 16, crispus swinhoei, 16; duvauceli, 92, 93; e/di eldi, 16, 119, 171; eldi siamensis, 16; kuhli, 16; nippon caioumzus, 19, 123; porcinus, 227; schomburgki, 223, 227; unicolor, 16
Chinese goshawk, 123 Chrotogale owstmzi, 16 Ciconia stormi, 207 Clouded leopard, 13, 16, 100, 109,
141, ISS, 171,207,212 Columba elphinstonii, 127, 135
Rosaceae, 223 Rosewood, 4 7, 80 Rotan, 48 Rubiaceae, 213 Rutaceae, 14
Sacchareum spontaneum, 198 Sago, 143, 147, ISO Sago palm, 25, 99, 147, ISO, 175,
206, 246 Sal, 80, 92, 127 Sandalwood, 142 Sansevieria, 14 Santa/urn album, 142 Sapindaceae, 117 Sapotaceae, 202 Schizea digitata, 123 Schumnacheria arzgustfolia, 220 Selangan batu, 43 Selcurinega flexuosa, 245, 246 Seraya, 43, 47 Shorea spp, 14, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48,
49, 57, 80, 92, 117, 127, 183, 193, 202,216, 222
Stemmzoporus spp, 216, 220 Sterculia alata, 92 Styrax, 239;japonica, 123 Sugar cane, 241 Sundri, 95 Sungrass, 93 Sunn hemp, 14 Surian, 158 Sweet potato, 25, 32, 175 Swietmia macrophylla, 51, 80,216,
241, 242 Swinwnia floribunda, 92 Syzygium: aromaticum, 14, ISS,
l58;jambos, 14; malaccense, 14
Tamarind, 219 Tapioca, 25, 332 Taro, 14, 25, 30, 32, 175 Taxus baccata, 232 Tea, 13, 14, 22, 92, 174,216,220 Tectona grandis (teak), 14, 52, 92,
93, 103, 106, 107, 108, 127, 142, 166, 193,222, 223, 226, 228
Terminalia, 127, 128, 245, 246 Tecrameles nudiflora, 92 Too'tla sureni, 158 Tossa jute, 14 Tree ketenggah, 22 Tristmziopsis, 202 Turmeric, 14, 219
Uncana gambir, 211,213 Usnea, 142
Vanilla orchid, 219 Vatica, 117, 127, 175 Vigna unguiculata, 32, 33 Vitex, 43, 216; parviflora, 193
White lauan, 193 Wild mango, 14 Wild sago, 16
Xylia dolabriformis, 106
Yam, 25, 32, 175,241 Yunnan devil pepper, 123
Zea mays, 33, 41, 170,228 Z ingiber officinale, 14, 219 Zingiberaceae, 219
Crab-eating macaque, 16 Crested argus, 171 Crested fire-back pheasant, 109 Crocodile, 13, 16, 108, ISS, 171,
179, 209, 235 Crocodylus siamensis, 171; palustris,
93 Cuculus vagans, 228 Cuon alpznus, 171,235 Cuscus, ISS Cynocephalus variegatus, 228 C'ynogale bennettii, 16
Dasyurus maculatus, 86, 87 Dmdrolagus spp, I 55; dorianus
notatus, 179;goodfellowi, 179 Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, 16, 19, 41,
100, 108, 141,207,209 Dorcopsis macleayi, 179 Doria's tree-kangaroo, 179
Double-banded argus pheasant, 17
Douc langur, 171,235 Draco, ISS Dugong, 100
Eastern sarus crane, 114 Echidna, 175 Echymipera spp, ISS Elephant, 13, 16, 40, 41, 56, 92,
94, 103, 108, 109, 114, 141, 154, 188, 207, 221
Elephas maximus, 16-17, 171, 235 Emperor pheasant, 122, 171 Entrichomyias ruwleyi, 17, ISS Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus, 235 Estuarine terrapin, 95 Everett's ground thrush, 207
Felis, 16, 207 Fiji fruit bat, 242 Flat-headed cat, 16 Flying fox, 100, 101 Flying lemur, 228 Flying lizard, ISS Forest rat, 195 Formosan sika deer, 19, 123 Francois' langur, 171
Gallus gallus, 109 Garrulax vassali, 171 Gaur, 16, 35, 48, 93, 108, 114,
171,227,230,235 Gazelle, 16 Gecko, ISS Giant ibis, 114 Giant rat, ISS Gibbon, 13, 17, 18, 46, 235 Goodfellow's tree-kangaroo, 179 Graphium procles, 207-8 Great argus pheasant, 18, 100,
109 Greater mouse deer, 228 Green peacock, 119, 171, 235 Grey-faced buzzard, 123 Grey-faced tit-babbler, 171 Grus antigone, 119, 171 Gurney's pitta, 17, 109, 228, 230
Hainan flying squirrel, 119 Hainan moonrat, 119 Hainan partridge, 119 Hairy rhino see Sumatran
rhinoceros Helarctos malayanus, 13, 17, 209 Helmeted horn bill, 207 H emibelideus lemuroides, 86-7 Hemitragus hylocrius, 127, 135 Hog deer, 227 Hornbill spp., 16, 17, 18, 31, 155,
189, 209, 212 Houbaropsis bengalensis, 93
General Index
Hylobates spp, 13, 17, 18, 46, 235; concolor, 119,122, 171,235; kloss, 18; pileatus, 230
Imperial pheasant, 122, 171 Indian rhinoceros, 16 Irrawaddy dolphin, 171
javan rhinoceros, 16, 108, 114, 171,187,235
javan small-toothed palm civet, 16
javan warty pig, 16 javan wattled lapwing, ISS java tiger, ISS jerdon's palm civet, 16
Kalij pheasant, 109 Ketupa ketupu, 228 Kingfisher, IS 5 Kloss's gibbon, 18 Komodo dragon, ISS Kouprey, 16, 19, 35, 114, 171,
235 Kuhl's deer, 16
Langur, 235 Lanius cristatus, 123 Lanthanotus borneensis, 207 Large green pigeon, 207 Laticauda crockeri, 248 Leaf monkey, 17, 18, 101,213 Lemuroid ring-tail possum, 86-7 Leopard, 108, 109, 171,212 Lesser frigate bird, 248 Lesser long-tongued fruit bat, 228 Leucopsar rothschildi, 19 Lion-tailed macaque, 134, 135 Lizard, 155, 207, 209 Long-nosed echidna, ISS Long-tailed fruit bat, 242 Long-tailed macaque, 207 Lophura: bulweri, 207; diardi, 230;
hatinhensis, 17; ignita rufa, 109; imperialis, 122, 171; leucomelana crawfundii, 109; nycthemera, 119
Lowland anoa, 16
Macaca: cyclopsis, 122; nemestrina, 212; pagensis, 18; silenus, 134, 135
Macaque, 17, 18, 122, ISS, 207 Macheiramphus alcinus, 207 Macrogalidia musschenbroekii, 16,
135 Macroglossus minimus, 228 M acrounous kelleyi, 171 Malabar civet, 135 Malay peacock-pheasant, 109, 207 Malayan gaur see Seladang Malayan sun-bear, 13, 17, 109 Malayan tapir, 13, 108, 109
Marbled cat, 16, 207 Melogale everetti, 207 Mentawai leaf monkey, 18 Mentawai macaque, 18 Mindanao gymnure, 195 Monitor lizard, 207 Mountain fulvetta, 228 Mouse deer, 16, 48, 108 Moustached hawk cuckoo, 228 Mugger crocodile, 93 Muntiacus, 16 Muntjac, 16, 25, 147, ISO, 175 Mus spp, 135
Nasalis larvatus, 17, 18, 100, 101, 207, 208
Neofelis nebulosa, 13, 16, 100, 109, 141,155,171,207,212
N eohylomis hainanensis, 119 New Guinea birdwing, 16 New Guinea harpy eagle, 175 Nilgai, 92, 93 Nilgiri leaf monkey, 135 Nilgiri tahr, 127, 135 Nilgiri woodpigeon, 127, 135 Notopteris macdonaldi, 242 Nycticebus pygmaeus, 17, 171
Orangutan, 13, 17, 18, 19, 100, !54, 207, 208
Orcaella brevirostris, 171 Oriolus mellianus, 228 Ornithoptera spp, 16, 155, 180,
247 Otter civet, 16 Owston's palm civet, 16
Pachycephala, ISS Palm civet, 16, 135 Panda, 119, 122 Pangolin, 16 Panthera: pardus, 108, 109, 171,
212; tigris, 13, 16, 60, 64, 94, 408, 409, 449, 134, 154, ISS, 171,212,227, 235; tigris balica, 95; tigris sondaica, ISS; tigris tigris, ISS
Papilio acheron, 208 Papuan dorcopsis, 179 P aradoxurus jerdoni, 16 Partula, 19 Pavo muticus, 119, 171,235 Petinomys electilis, 119 Phalanger spp, ISS, 175; lullulae,
179 Philippine eagle, 195, 198 Philippine spotted deer, 16, 195 Pig-tailed langur, 18 Pig-tailed macaque, 212 Pileated gibbon, 230 Pink-headed duck, 93 Pithecophaga jefferyi, 195, 198
Pitta, 18, ISS; gurneyi, 17, 109, 228, 230
Podogymnura truei, 195 Polyplectron malacense, 109, 207 Pongo pygmaeus, 13, 17, 18, 19,
100, 154, 207, 208 Prachypithecusjohni, 135 Presbytis: cristata, 207; femoralis
femora/is, 17, 18, 101, 213; francoisi, 171; melalophos, 209; potenziani, 18
Proboscis monkey, 17, 18, 100, 101, 207, 208
Pseudochelidon sirintarae, 17 Pteralopex acrodonta, 242 Pteropus, 101 Pygathrix: nemaeus, 171, 235;
nigripes, 23 5 Pygmy loris, 17, 171
Queen Alexandra's bird wing, 180
Red jungle fowl, 109 Rennell fantail, 248 Renne! white-eye, 248 Rhinoceros hornbill, 18 Rhinoceros, 13, 16, 92, 93, 103,
154, 171, 190, 208; sondaicus, 16, 108, 114, 171, 187, 235; unicarnis, 16
Rhinopithecus spp, 235 Rhinoplax vigil, 207 Rhipidura rennelliana, 248 Rhodonessa caryophyllacea, 93 Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, 16 Rhyticeros undulatus, I 09 Rusty-spotted cat, 16
Sambar deer, 16, 48, 108,212 Sarus crane, 119, 171 S chleropages formosus, 16 Schomburgk's deer, 223, 227 Seladang, 16, 35, 48 S elenarctos thibetanus, 122 Serow, 16, 154 Siamang see Hylobates Siamese crocodile, 171, 227 Siamese fireback pheasant, 230 Silver oriole, 228 Silver pheasant, 119 Silvered langur, 207 S imias con color, 18 Snail, 19 Snub-nosed monkey, 235 Sooty babbler, 171 Spiny-tailed mouse, 135 Spotted-tailed quoll, 86, 87 Stachyris herberti, 171 Storm's stork, 207 Sulawesi palm civet, 16, 135 Sumatran rhinoceros, 16, 19, 41,
100, 108, 141,207, 209
INDEX OF SPECIES
Sun bear, 13, 17, 109 Sus: barbatus, 16, 48; barbatus
cebifrons, 195; scrofa, 8, 48, 122; verrucosus, 16
Swallowtail butterfly, 108, 180, 207-8
Swamp deer, 92, 93 Swiftlet, 202, 207
Taiwan birdwing, 123 Taiwan macaque, 122 Tamaraw, 16, 195, 198 Tapir, 108, 109 Tapirus indicus, 13 Tarsier, 17, 18, 155, 195 Tarsius spp, 17, 18, 155; baucanus,
207; syrichta, 195 Thallasina, 207 Threskiornis mollucus pygmaeus, 248 Tiger, 13, 16, 60, 64, 94, 108, 109,
119, 134, 154, ISS, 171,212, 227, 235
T oranborides, 208 Trachypithecus johni, 135 Tragulus spp, 16, 48, 108, 228 Tree kangaroo, ISS Treron capellei, 207 Trionyx nigricans, 93 Troides spp, 16, ISS, 180, 247;
aeacus kaguya, 123; andromache, 208
Turtle, 93, 94, 95, 100, 179, 209
V anellus macropterus, I 55 Visayan spotted deer, 16, 195 Visayan wild pig, 195 V iverra: megaspila, 13 5; megaspila
civettina, 16 Vo Quy's pheasant, 17
Water rat, ISS Western tarsier, 207 Whistler, I 55 White ibis, 248 White-cheeked laughing thrush, 171 White-eyed river martin, 17 White seraya, 47 White-shouldered ibis, 114 White-winged wood duck, 94 Wild boar, 8, 48, 122 Wild buffalo, 93 Wild cattle, 16, 35, 48, 86 Wild dog, 171,235 Wild pig, 32, 50, 99, 212 Wild water buffalo, 16, 171 Woodlark Island cuscus, 179 Woodpecker, 212 Wreathed hornbill, 109
Zaglossus bruijni, ISS Zoothera everetti, 207 Zosterops rennellianus, 248
The page numbers of Tables are denoted by bold type. Map page numbers are preceded by (M). Both Map and Figure page numbers are given in italic type.
Abhayaranyas, 61 Action Strategy for Protected
Areas in the South Pacific Region, 243
Adam's Peak, 220, 220, 221 Adelbert Range, 174, M 17617 Afforestation, 93, 129, 138 Agastyamala Hills, M I 1819, 134 Agno River Basin Development
Project, Philippines, 195 Agriculture, effect of, 13, 25, 26;
TFAP, 69, 70, 72, 73; shifting agriculture, compared, 30, 33, 34; soils, potential of, 9; wildlife, effect on, 16, 18; see also Conversion forests, Settlement schemes, Shifting agriculture and chapters 12-29 for individual countries
Agro-forestry, 57, 228, 232, 238; TFAP, 69, 70, 72, 73
Akha people, 25, 28 Alaungdaw Kathapa National
Park, M /0415, 109, 109, 110 Albert-Edward Mountain, M 17617,
179 Almaciga, 48 Alpine: forest, 142, 143; grassland,
175; heathlands, 143; scrub, 126 Altitude effect on forests, 9 Ambuklao Dam, 195 Amenity forests, 185 Amsterdam Botanic Garden, 22 Amungwiwa Mountain, 179 Andaman Islands, 9, IS, 126, 127,
130, M/3213, 134, 135, 137, 138 Andhra Pradesh, 131 Anduki Reserve, 99, 100, I 02
Andulau Reserve, 100, 102 An Giang, 41 Angkor Wat, 35, M //2, 114, 115 Annamite Mountains, Ill, 166,
167, M/6819, 232, 235, M23617 Annual cut assessment of, 44-5 Ao Phangnga, 223, M22415, 229 Api, Mount, 202, 206 Apia Convention, 63, 63 Apo, Mount, 192, M /9617, 199 Arakan Yoma, 103, M/0415, 106,
107, 108, 110 Arboretum Forest reserve, 102 Arfak Mountains Reserve, 65 Arjin Reserve, 122 Arnavon Wildlife Sanctuary, 247 Aroman Manobo people, 28 Arunachal Pradesh, 116, 127, 130,
131, 137 Asian Development Bank, 80, 93,
198, 230; TFAP, 70, 72, 75 Assam region, 9, 28, 115, 127,
131, 134, 135, 137 Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN), 63, 175, 198 Atherton Tableland, 86, M88/9 Austin, Mount, 247 Australasia biodiversity, 23, 86-7 Australia, 9, 12, 23, 62, 63, 64, 77,
80, 81, 85-90, M88/9, I72, 146 Australian influence, flora and
fauna, ISS, 178, 179, 187 Awo, Mount, ISS
Bac Bo plain, 232 Badas For est Reserve, 99, 100 Bai Bang, 239 Balayan Bay, 195
Bali, IS, 16, 35, 36, 142, 146, 147, M/4819, 154, ISS
Bali Declaration, 65 Ban Sap Tai, 66 Banana Bay, 123 Bandar Seri Begawan, 98 Bang Nara, 223, M22415 Bangladesh, 9, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66,
77, 92-7, M96, 134, ISO Baram River, 201, M204/S, 209 Baratang Island, 138 Barisan Mountains, M /4415, !58 Bartle Frere, Mount, 85, M88/9 Basaltic areas, Australia, 86, 91 Bassein Valley,M/0415, 107 Batang Hari River, !58 Batjan Island, 147 Batu Cave, 189 Batu Laga Sanctuary, M20415, 208 Batu Patam-Sungei area, 101-2 Bawangling Natural Protected
Area, 119,MI20/I, 122 Bawean, 16 Bay of Bengal, 13, 66, 92, M96 Beach forest, II, 128, 143, 193,
223, 241,243,245,247 Belait District and River, 98 Belait Peat Swamp Forest Reserve,
99, 100, 101 Belalong River, 10 I Bengkulu Province, 39, !53 Benguet Province, 195 Bentan island, 213 Benutan Catchment, 100 Berakas For est Reserve, I 00 Berawan tribe, 202 Bertam River Basin, 48 Berumput, Mount, M 20415, 209
Bhawal Park, 94, 95, M96 Bidayuh tribe, 202 Bihar, India, 131 Binh Tri Thien, 41 Bintang Island, 213 Bintuni Bay, !54, M /60/I Biodiversity, 9, 10, II, 13-18, 15,
17, 22, 23, 42, 57, 59, 60, 63, 66, 72; See also Biodiversity sections in chapters 12-29
Biosphere reserves, 12, 58, 62-3, 65, 122, 135, 138, 181, 220
Bismarck Archipelago, 43, 174, M/7617
Black Mountain corridor, 86 Blue Mountains, Nilgiri, 127 Bodong peace treaties, 29 Bolovens Plateau, 166, M 16819 Bontoc people, 28 Borikhamxai Company, 171 Borneo, 13, IS, 17, 33, 35, 43, 46,
47, 61, 80, 141, 142, !51, 154 Botanic gardens, 13, 17,10,21,
22 Bougainville Island, 174, M 17617,
180, M244, 245 Brahmaputra River, 92, M96, 126,
M/3213 Brunei, 17, 63, 64, 77,98-102,
M/0/ Brunei Bay, 99, 100, 101, MIOI Brunei-Muara district, 98 Buda, Mount, 209 Buffer zones, conservation areas,
56, 59, 65, 80, 81, 158, 190, 207, 213, 216, 220
Bugney wetlands, 195 Bukit Batu Patam, 100
Bukit Bedawan, 100, M 10 I Bukit Biang Reserve, 99, 100 Bukit Shahbandar Reserve, 100 Bukit Teraja, 100, 100, MIOI Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, 211,
212, 213,214, 2IS Bukit Ulu Tutong, 100 Bulolo, 180 Bung Nong Ngom areas, 171 Burma see Myanmar 'Burma Selection System', 107
Cable yarding, 45 Calamian Islands, 16 Camau Peninsula, 234 Cambodia 9, 16, 17, 23, 25, 63,
64, 76, 77, 111-IS,Ml/2, 113, 115, 232, 235
Cameron Highlands, 48, M I84, 187
Canopy cover, I 0, II Canturoy, Rizal, 198 Cape Tribulation Park, 86,
M88/89, 90 Cape York Peninsula, 85-7, 87,
M8819, 90 Carabello Mountains, 193 Carbine, Mount, 86, M8819 Cardamom Mountains, Ill, M II 1,
222, 223, M21415 Carstenz, Mount, 142, M I60/I Cat Ba National Park, 233,
M23617, 238 Catanduanes, 194, MI9617 Catchment protection see
Watershed protection Cave systems, 189, 202, 207 Cebu, Philippines, 195, M /9617
253
GENERAL INDEX Central Catchment Area, DANIDA, 75 Flooding, impact of deforestation, Hong Kong, 116, 117, 118, 122; Irian Jaya, 15, 26, 28, 36, 37, 38, Singapore, 211,212, 2I2, 213 Danum Valley, M20415, 208, 209 9,48, 54,81,68,81, 108,114, markets for timber, 43, 52 39, 43, 80, 141, 142, 143, 146, Central Plain, Thailand, 222, Dao people, 232 116, 153, 185, 222, 234 Honiara, M244, 245 147, ISO, 154, 155,MI60/I, 175
227-8 Darval Bay, 43 Flores Island, 155 Horseshoe Reef Marine Park, 180 Iriri, 246, 247 Central Province PNG, 175, 178 Deccan Plateau, 126 Fly River, 174, 175, MI7617 Horton Plains, 221 Iron Range, 85 CFDT, 68, 73,74 Deciduous forest, 10, 11, 103, 107, Food and Agriculture Organisation Hose Mountains Park, M20415, Irrawaddy Delta, 103, 107, 108, Chalakudi River, 134 111, 123, 193,223, 245; see also (FAO), 56, 68, 69, 70, 77, 113, 208, 208 111 Chancar leu, 114 Monsoon forest 109, 155, 172,221, 243, 245, Hua Chang Reserve, 118, 124 Irrigation schemes: forest, effect Chang-Yun-Chia Reserve, 118, Dediyagala, 220 248; TFAP, 72, 75, 243; Huai Kha Khaeng Sanctuary, 61, on, 13, 56, 57, 79, 133; logging,
M I2011, 124 Defoliation, Ill, 113 UNDP, 1982-6, 216; UNEP 223, M22415, 228, 229 effect of, 151, 187 Changbai Reserve, M I2011, 122 Deforestation, future, 76-81, 77, Tropical Forest Resources Hun Sen Government, 114 Isolation, species, 213,214,240 Chantaburi Province, 223, 228 78, 79; See 'Deforestation' Assessment, 1981, 10, 141, 143, Hunting, 100, 113, 108-9, 113, Itawe people, 195 Chao Phraya River, 222, M22415, sections in chapters 12-29 193 119, 134, 167, 171, 198,207, IUCN, 12, 17, 22, 94, 95, 114,
227-8 DENR, 193-4, 198-9 Forest Development and 209, 212, 213, 227, 234, 235; 122, 139, 141, 172, 198, 216, Chena, 218 see also Shifting Dent Peninsula, 41, 207 Wasteland Management Project, protected areas, 65; shifting 218, 220,221, 230, 248;
agriculture Department of Lands, Fiji, 243 172 cultivation, 30, 31; wildlife, Commission on Natural Parks Chico Dam, 28 Desertification, 116, 130, 138 Forest Development in the effect on, 16, 17, 18, 48, 50, 61 and Protected Areas, 60, 65; Chin Hills,M/04/5, 106, 108,110 Dhaka Forest Division, 92 Tropics, Committee on, FAO, Hunting and gathering, 13, 25, 26, Convention on Conservation of China, 9, 13, IS, 16, 17, 25, 28, Dinghu Reserve, 122 (CFDT), 68, 73, 74 28,30, 126,170,171,175,187, Biological Diversity, 63; Species
51, 52, 55, 63, 64, 76, 77, 108, Diversity see Biodiversity Forest Research Institute of 193, 202, 206; land use Survival Commission, 16, 17; 116-25,MI201I, 127,227 Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Malaysia (FRIM), 189 planning, 57; protected areas, TFAP, 68, 70, 72, 74, 75, 172
Chindwin River and forests, 103, Sanctuary, M22415, 228,229 Forest Resources Conservation 61, 65; settlement schemes, 36; Ivory, 16, 17,25 M/0415, 110 Doi Inthanon Mountain, M22415, Project - Lao/Swedish Forestry shifting agriculture, change to,
Chinese affinities, species, 94, 228 Programme, 172 31 Jakarta, 19, 142, M/4819 M/0415, 108,223, 227, 228 Doi Suthep Pui, 60 Forestry Inventory Project, Laos, Hurulu Forest Reserve, 62 Japanese markets, 11, 51, 52, 54,
Chittagong Region, M96 Dong Zhai Gang reserve, 118 171-2 Huvalu Tapu Forest, 61 55, 80, 154, 178, 194,201,206 Choiseul Island, M244, 245, 247 Downey Creek, 91 Forestry Sector Development Hydroelectric schemes: forest Jarawa Reserve, 134, 138 Choonhaven, C, 222 Drought, 108, 116, 141, 147, 151, Plan, Sri Lanka, 216 depletion, 133-4, 187; setting Jardine River, 85, M8819 Cibodas Biosphere Reserve, 62-3 206, 241 Forests, definition, 10 due 10 logging, 192, 195, 234 Java, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, CITES, 16, 94, 122, 139 Drung people, 25 Freshwater swamp forest, 11, 13, 36, 37, 39, 40, 56, 80, 103, 141, Closed canopy, 10, II; see also Dry land agriculture, 54, 57 63; see also maps and text in Iban people, 33, 98, 99, 202 142,146, I47,MI4819, 153,
Lowland rain forest, Monsoon Dumoga-Bone Park and valley, 34, chapters 12-29 for individual IBP, 189 154, ISS, 207 forest, Montane forest 61, 142,MJ56, 162 countries IBPGR, 22 Jaya, Mount, 142, MI6011
Coastal forest, 92, 123, 213, 234 Dusuns, Brunei, 98 Fruit trees, 30, 31, 34, 14, 57, 117, lglit-Baco National Park, MI9617, Jelutong, 47-8 Coastal swamp forest, II, 201,245 Dutch colonial rule, 219 171, 189 198, 199 Jengka Triangle, 40-1, 48 Coastline protection, II, 66 Dwarf forest, 111, 171 Fuelwood, 11, 52, 55, 57, 68, 92, Igneous rocks, 223, 240 Jhum, 93 Cocoa, 22, 153, 174, 179, 206 93, 95, 99, 107, 111, 116, 117, lgorot people of Luzon, 29 Jianfengling Protected Area, 122 Coconut plantations, ISS, 186, East Kalimantan, 40 118, 122, 129, 130, 131, 133, liED, 70,80 Jimi Valley National Park, 180
213, 216, 245, 247 East Timor, 28 134, 138, 170, 179, 198, 213, Illegal logging, 43, 44, SO, 65, 117, Johor, 47, 61, 187, 188, 190,213, Coffee plantations, 13, 14, 22, 134, Eastern Ghats, India, 126 218, 220, 227, 234, 238, 245, 118, 172, 174,226, 227; exports, 214
158, 174, 179,216,234 Economic growth and status, 76, 247 52, 54 Johor Tenggara, 48 Colonisation, 26; see also 92, 98, 113, 119, 126, 130, 183 Future, forests, 76-81,77,78,79 ILO, 28,72 Jungle Corridors, 220, 220, 221
Settlement schemes 232 Imports, timber, 116, 117, 192, Kachin tribe, 108 Commission on National Parks and Economic and Social Commission Gahavisuka, Mount, 22, 180 218, 222, 226 Kadavu Island, 240, M244
Protected Areas (IUCN), 60, 65 for Asia and the Pacific, 94 Gal Oya Park, M217, 220, 221 Inchcape, 51 Kaingin, 194 Commonwealth Scientific Edge effects, species, 213 Ganges River, 92, M96, 126 Indaing, 103, 109 Kalimantan, 15, 16, 25, 36, 37, 38,
Industrial Research Efate, 249 Gazelle Peninsula,MI76/7, 179 India, 9, 13, /5, 16, 17, 25, 26, 28, 39, 48, 49, 56, 141, 142, 143, Organisation, Australia, 178 El Nino/Southern Oscillation Germplasm, 22 33, 35, 51,60-1, 62, 63, 64, 66, 146, 147, MISZ/3, 162,206
Communications, impact of, 26, phenomenon, I 5 I, 206 Ghaghara river, India, 126 77, 79, 80, 94, 95, 116, 126-40, Kalinga people, 28 27; see also Roads ELC, 70,73 Giluwe Island and Mountain, 179, M/2819, 136, 137,MI3213, 150 Kampung Air, 100
Coniferous forest, 117, 167, 178, Elephant Mountains, 111, M liZ 180 Indira Ghandi Conservation Kanchanaburi Province, 228, 230 193, 226 Elevation, forest cover, 9, 44 Gizo Island, 246 Monitoring Centre, 139 Kandy District, 22, 219
Conservation areas see Protected Endangered species, 16, 17, 18, Godavari river, 126 Indo-China, 9, 12; biodiversity, Kanneliya, 220 areas 19, 22, 59, 63, 94, 95, 101, 109, Gogo! valley, M/7617, 179 13, IS, 16, 23; see also Karen people, 108, 228·
Conservation awareness see Non 119, 122, 134, 138, 171, 179, Golden Triangle, 28, 228 Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam Karnataka, 127, 133, 134, 135, 136 Government bodies, Public 180, 195, 198,212,219,227, Golpata, 93 Indochinese War, 167 Karst scenery, 201, 202, 248 awareness 230, 235 Gombak River and settlement, 187 Indonesia, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 25, Kas Kong, Ill, Mill
Conservation of Biological Endau-Rompin National Park, 61, Goodenough Island, M 17617, 180 26, 36,40,44,45,47,48,49, Kasetsart University, 230 Diversity, Convention of, 63 188, 189, 190 Grassland formations, II, 127, so, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 71, 75, Kassalong forest, 94
Conservation of Nature in the Endemic species, 22, 23, 60; see 130, 142, 143, 166, 171, 174, 78, 79, 80, 141-65, 159, 162, Kayah State, 108 South Pacific, 1976 Convention, also 'Biodiversity' sections in 175, 179,222,241, 242,243 163 Kayan tribe, 202 63 chapters 12-29, and indexes of Grazing forest land, 57, 175; Indonesian Reforestation Kaziranga National Park, 62
Conservation organisations see also species damage, 133, 167, 171, 198 Guarantee Fund, 80 Kedah State, 47, 187 Non Governmental D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago, 174, Great Dividing Range, 87, M88/89 Indonesian Selection System, 80 Kelabit tribe, 202 organisations, Public awareness Ml7617 Great Lake, Ill, Mill Indonesian wetland inventory, ISS Kelantan State and River, 48, 183,
Continuous Forestry Inventory, 47 Environmentally Critical Areas Gromantong Cave, 207 Industrial development and 187, 188, 189 CITES, 16, 94, 122, 139 Network, 58, 59 Ground water: and forest forestry, TFAP, 69, 72, 73-4 Kenting National Park, 19, 118, Convention on Wetlands of Inter- Erawan Park, 229, 230 formations, 11; resources, Inland swamp forest, II; see also MI2011, 122, 123, 124
national Importance, 63, 180 Erosion see Soil-erosion and damage to, 248 Fresh water swamp forest, Peat Kenyah tribe, 202 Conversion forest, 38, 39, SO, 185, conservation GTZ Philippine forest inventory swamp forest Kenyir Dam, 187
186-7 Export of timber, 98, 99, 113, 141, project, 193 Integrated Protected Areas Kerala Hills and State, 25, 127, Cook Islands, 240 167, 203, 245-6, 249; see also Guadalcanal Island, M244, 245, Systeni, 198, 199 131, 133, 134, 135, 136 Cooktown, 85, 86, M8819, 90 Trade 246, 247, 248 Integrated Social Forestry Kerangas, 48, 142, 202 'Copal', 48 Extinction of species, 16, 17, 19, Guangdong Province, 117, Program, 194 Kerinci Province, I 58 Coral reef, 103, 123, 174, 180, 22, 93, 119, 134, ISS, 179, 180, M/2011, 124 International action plans, Kerinci-Seblat National Park, 65,
240,243,247 194, 195, 198,212, 213, 214, Guangxi Province, 117, M 1201 I, Bangladesh, 94 M I4415, !58, 159 Corbett Action Plan, 94 227, 228, 240, 242 124 International action, 81, 114, 174, Kew Botanic Garden, 22 Corbett National Park, 135 GulfofMartaban, l03,MI04!5 192, 199,222,228,232,238, Khangchenjunga, 126 Cordage, II Fak Fak Mountains, 143 GulfofPapua,M/76/7, I78, 179 239, 243, 248; conflict with Khao Ang Ru Nai Wildlife Cordillera Peoples Alliance, 29 Fallow, shifting cultivation, 30, 33 Gumbara irrigation scheme, 153 tribal people, 28; protected Sanctuary, M224!5, 229,230 Cordwood, 207 FAO see Food and Agriculture Gums and resins, 14, 25, 47-8, 49 areas, 62-3, 62, 63; see also Khao Luang National Park, Corridors, forest, 40, 56, 138, 232, Organisation A SEAN, Biosphere reserves, M22415, 228, 229
235 Federal Land Development Ha Tien District, 41 CITES, Ramsar convention, Khao Pra Bang Khram, M22415, Cotton, 33, 241 Authority, 40, 41, 187 Habitat, fragmentation, 17, 86, SPREP, TFAP, UN 229, 230 Coupes, definition, 44 Fergusson Island, M 17617, 180 119; see also Deforestation International Biological Khao Sam Roi Yot Park, 223, Cox's Bazar, 92, 94, M96 Fiji, 63, 65, 70, 71, 75 77, 80, Hainan, 116, 117, 118, 119, Programme, 189 M22415, 229 'Creaming of coupes', 44, 46 240-3, 242, M244, 246 MilO! I, 122, 124 International Board for Plant Khao Soi Dao Sanctuary, M22415, Crocker Ranges, 201, 202, Finisterre Island and Mountains, Halmahera, 147, 151, MI57 Genetic Resources, 22 228, 229
M204/5; National Park, M20415, 174, M/7617, 179, 180 Hanunoo people, 32 International Conference on Trees Khao Yai Park, 66, 222, 223, 208, 208 Finnish International Haribon Foundation, 198 and Forests, 69; see also TFAP M22415, 228, 229, 230
Crop spraying, 234, 238 Development Agency Harvest of timber see Logging International Convention on Civil Khasi Hills, 127, M/3213 CSIRO, 178 (FINNIDA), 75, 198 Hazarikhil Wildlife Sanctuary, 94 and Political Rights, 28 Khmer civilization and people, 25, Cue Phuong National Park, 233, Fire, degradation, 13, 56, 57, 65, Heath forest, II, 48, 98, 99, 102, International Institute for 35, Ill, 113, 252
235, MZ3617, 238 79; agricultural settlement 142, 185, 202, 223 Environment and Development, Khmer Rouge regime, 113, 114 Customary ownership see Land s>hemes, 39, 86, 113, 116, 118, HELVETAS, 75 70,80 Kial River basin, 48
tenure 133, 141, 142, 147, 151, 167, Hengchun Peninsula, 123 International Labour Organisation Kien Gian Province, 41 Cyclical cultivation, forestland, 57 171, 175, 187, 198, 201, 202, HEP see Hydroelectric schemes (ILO), 28, 72 Kikora River, MI7617, 178 Cyclops Mountain Reserve, 65 206, 218, 221, 223, 232, 234, Herbicides, spraying, Vietnam International markets, timber, Kinabalu National Park, 122,
241, 245; see also Shifting War, 234, 235 51-5,53 M20415, 207, 208, 208 Daklak Province, 235 agriculture Himalayan mountains, 9, 126, 127 International Peace Park, 94 Kinabatangan, 201, M20415 Dandeli Sanctuary, MI2819, 135, Fishing, 92, 130, 170, 171, 246; Himchari National Park, 94 International Tropical Timber King George V National Park,
136 effect of logging, 151, 208; Hinidum Kanda Reserve, 220 Organisation, 49, 52, 54-5, 80, 188, 188, 189, 190 Dangrek Mountains, M I/2, 113, mangroves, II, 25, 95, 99, 114, Hmong people, 25, 222, 228 201, 206 Kinh people, 41
222, M22415, 235 118, 119, 154, 187, 230, 234, Ho Chi Minh Trail, 113, 167 International Union of Forestry Kirigalpotta, 221 Dani tribe, 26 242,247 Hoang Lien Son Mountains, 234 Research Organisations, 70 Klias National Park, 208
254
Knuckles Forests, 216, 220-1 Kokoda Trail, 180 Kolombangara, M244, 246,247 Kompong Som bay, Ill, MIll Koral Plateau, 222, M22415, 227 Kota Kinabalu, 202, M204!5 Kouprey Trust, 19 Kra Isthmus, 23, 103, M/0415,
109, 222, 223, M22415 Kranji Reservoir, 213 Krishna River, 126, M/2819 Kuala Lumpar, 19, 47, M/84, 202 Kubu people, 25 Kuching, 202 Kunthipuzha River, 134 Kusaghe villages, 246 Kutai Park, 39, 65, 150, M /5213 Kyatthin, 110, M/0415 Kyaukpandaung Park, M 10415,
109, 109
Labi hills, 98 Labu Forest Reserve, I 00 Labu-Selirong Wildlife Sanctuary,
100, M/01 Lae,M/76/7, 179 Lahad Datu, 41 Lahulgala National Park, 221 Lake Tungano, M244, 248 Lakshadweep plateau, 126 Lam Vien highlands, 234 Lamb Range, 86, M88!89 Lambi, 39, M /0415, 109 Lampung Province, 39-40, 39, 49 LancangRiver, 119,M/201/ Land tenure, 26-8, 31, 34, 44,
56-7' 58, 60, 61' 65, 79, 93, 174-5, 179, 180, 181, 193, 194, 195, 238,243,246, 247, 248
Land use planning, 10, 38, 56-7, 59 'Landing', 46 Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife
Sanctuary, M20415, 208, 208 Lao Loum people, 170 Lao Soung people, 170 Lao Theung people, 170 Laos, 9, 10, 17, 28, 62, 63, 64, 71,
75, 77, 80, 113, 114, 166-73, 167, M/6819, 171, 172,228, 235
Lau group Isles, 240 Lau people, 32 Lauan forest, 43, 47, 193 Laurasia, 154 Lawa people, 32 Legislation see chapters 12-29 for
individual countries; production forests, 79-80; protected areas, 28, 44, 60, 64, 65, 78, 100
Lesser Sunda Islands, 33, 141, 142, 143, 146, 147, M/4819, ISO, ISS, 158, 162
Leuser, Mount, 63, 65, M/4415, 159
Leyte Island, 193, 194, M /9617 Liberation thinning, 47, 203 Lim bang District and River, 98,
100,201, M204!5 Limestone bedrock, forest, II,
117, 142, 143, 167, 171, 178, 185, 189, 202, 209, 223, 243
Lipizauga Botanical Sanctuary, 22 Little Andaman lslan~, M/3213,
138 Lo-shan-fong monsoon, 123 Lockerbie, 85, 86 Logging, 44-7,45, 49-50, 79-80;
'booms', 51; cycles, 43, 45, 45, 46, 203; elephants, use of, 49, 106, 107, 171,218,219,226, 227; liberation thinning, 47, 203; poison girdling, 185; selection system, 45, 45, 46, 49, 50, 107, 185; uniform system, 46, 86, 107, 185; see also Deforestation, Trade; 'Forest Resources and Management' and 'Deforestation' sections in chapters 12-29
Lomaiviti group Isles, 240, M244 Lombok Island, 36 Lomphat Reserve, M I 12, 114, 115 Louisiade Archipelago, 174,
M/7617 Lowland evergreen forest, II; see
also maps and text in chapter 12-29 for individual countries
Lua people, 228 Luagan Lalak Forest Reserve, 100 Luf (Hermit) Island, 180 Lun Bawang tribe, 202 Lunungamvihira Park, 221 Lupar River, 201, M20415 Lutong, Mount, 201, M204/S Luzon Island, 51, 192, 193, 194,
195, M/9617
Ma Da wood, 238 Macau, 116 Mackay, 86, M88189 MacRitchie Reservoir, 213 Madang Province, 175, 178, 179 Madhupur National Park and
Tract, 92, 94, 95, M96 Madhya Pradesh, 131 Madura, 36, 142, M 14819 Madura Oya National Park, M2/7,
220, 221 Mae Hong Son Province, 30-1 Mae Sa-Kog Ma Reserve, 62 Mahakam River, lSI Mahanadi River, 126 Maharashtra, 127, 136 Mahaweli Development Scheme,
56, 61 Mahidol University, 227,230 Mai Po reserve, 118, 122 Main Range, Malaysia, 187 Makhon Si Thammarat Province,
228 Makira Island, 245, 248 Malabar, 16 Malacca Strait, M/4415, 147 Malaipantaram people, 25 Malaita Island, M244, 245, 246 Malakula, 249 Malayan Nature Society, 61, 188,
190,213 Malayan Uniform System, 46, 185 Malaysia, 13, 14, 16, 17, 23, 61,
62, 63, 64, 65, 70, 71, 75, 77, 79, 80; see also Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak
Malesia, region, 9, 141; biodiversity, 23, 142, 154, 216, 223, 228; influence on, 85, 86, 103, 108, 134
Maliau Basin, M204!5, 209 Maludam Wildlife Sanctuary,
M20415, 208, 209 Maluka, IS, 39, 143, M/57 Man and Biosphere Programme,
Unesco, 62-3, 94, 122, 180, 220 Managed resource area/IUCN, 61 Management, forestry, 43-50,45,
47, 49; see also 'Forest Resources and Management' sections in chapters 12-29
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary, 62 Mandai, 213 Mangrove forest, II, 60, 63; see
also maps and text in chapters 12-29 for individual countries
Mangyan people, 198 Manila, 195, M/9617 Manipur State, 16, 127, 130, 131,
135, 137 Manus Island, M/76/7, 180 Marine conservation areas, 11, 94,
248; see also Mangrove forest Marine Conservation Plan,
Indonesia, ISS Markham valley, 175 Marova Lagoon, 246 Maruia Society, 243 Marus Province, 178 Masbate, 194, M/9617 Master Plans for Forestry
Development (AsDB), 71,72 Master Plan for Forestry Develop-
ment, Philippines, 198-9 Matang Forest Reserve, 187 Mcllwraith Range, 85, 87, M88!89 Medalam Protected Forest, 209 Medicinal plants, 14, IS, 22, 25, 32,
66, 117, 119, 123, 134, 138, 170, 179, 195, 199,213,219, 234
Meghalaya State, 127, 130, 131, 131, 135, 136, 137
Meghna River, 92, M96 Meinmahla Island, M 10415, 108 Meinmahla Kyun, 108, 109 Mekong Committee, 171 Mekong Delta and River, 61, Ill,
Mill, 113, 114, 166, M/6718, 171,232,233-4,235, M23617
Melanesian people, 25, 26, 245 Mengkao reserve, 119, M/201/ Mengla, Yunnan, 118, 119,
M/2011, 124 Mengyang reserve, 119, M/2011,
124 Mentawai Islands, 16, 17, 27, 141,
M/4415, 154 Meo people, 232 Micro-climate, 18, 117,219 Middle Andaman Island, M/3213,
138 Migrations, tribal people, 25;
associated with settlement schemes, 36, 37, 39-40; see also Settlement schemes
Milne Bay Province, 175 Min Mountains, 119 Mindanao Island, 43, 51, 192, 193,
M/9617, 198 Mindora Island, 192, 193, M/9617,
198 Mining, 59, 167, 174, 175, 186,
187, 195, 208, 218, 243, 248, 270; pressure from, 26, 27, 69
Mizoram State, 127, 130, 131, 135, 137
Mnong Gar people, 32 MoJave forest, 193 Moluccas, 16, 141, 143, 146, 147,
lSI, IS5,M/57, 163 Mom Ray Nature Reserve, 235,
M23617, 238 Mon, M/0415, 108 Mondulkiri Province, Ill Monoculture, 130, 153 Monocyclic System logging, 46,
86, 107, 185 Monsoon forest, 9, 10, II, 52, 80;
biodiversity, 13, 14, 17; shifting agriculture, 31; see also maps and text in chapters 12-29 for individual countries
Montane forest II; see maps and text in chapters 12-29 for individual countries
Moorea Island, 19 Morobe Province, 178 Moscos Islands, I 09 Mrabri people, 25 Muda Dam, 187 Mukurthi Sanctuary, M/2819, 135,
136 Multiple use area/IUCN, 60,61 Mulu, Mount, 201, 202, M20415,
207,209 Muong people, 232 Murats, Brunei, 98 Murud, Mount, 201, M20415, 209 Musi River, M/4415, ISS Myanmar, 9, 10, II, 14, IS, 28,
33, 35, 77, 80, 103-10, M/0415, 106, 127, 134
Naga Hills and state, 127, 130, 131, M/3213, 135, 137
Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, 228
Nakiyadeniya, 220 Nam Bai Cat Tien National Park,
233, M23617, 238 Nam Bo Plain, 232 Nam Lang Valley, M/0415, 109 Nam Pong Reservoir, 66 Nan Province, 33 Nanyang village, 123 Narathiwat Province, 223 National Conservation Strategy for
Malaysia, 209 National Forest Management and
Inventory Project, FAO assistance, 106
National Forest Policy, India, 138 National Forestry Council,
Malaysia, 49 National Heritage Wilderness
Area, 222 National Park!IUCN, 60, 61 National Parks see Protected areas National Trust for Fiji, 243 National Wildlife Action Plan,
India, 135, 138, 139 Native Land Trust Board, Fiji, 243 Natma Taung, 103, M 10415, 109 Naturallandmark/IUCN, 61 Natural monument/IUCN, 61 Nature Monuments Ordinance,
Java, 61 Nature reserve/IUCN, 61 Nature reserves see Protected areas Ndova Island, 246 Nee Soon (Yishun), 213 Negri Sembilan, 187 Negrito people, 25 Negros Island, 43, 192, 194,
M/9617 New-Amarambalan Reserve Basin,
India, 134 New Britain, 174, 175,178, 179,
180 New Caledonia, 9, 86, 240 New Georgia Island, M244, 245,
246, 247 New Guinea, 14, 16, 17, 22, 23,
25, 32, 86, 141, 142; see also Irian Jaya
New Ireland Island, 174, M/7617, 180
New South Wales, 9 New Zealand, 9, 230, 240, 243 Ngau Island, 240, M244
Ngoc Linh Mountains, 234, M236!7
Niah, 207 Nibong people, 22 Nicobar Islands, 9, 126, 127-8,
130, M/3213" 134, 135, 137, 138 Nilgala corridor, 220, 221 Nilgiri Wildlife Sanctuary, 127, 135 Ninigo Island, 180 Niue, Island of, 61 Nizamsagar Reservoir, 134 Non timber products, 9, 14, 25,
47-9, 76, 79 Non Governmental organisations,
102, IJO, 138, 139, 181, 190, 191, 198, 199, 221, 230; pressure from, 57, 60, 80; TFAP, 68, 69, 70, 72-3, 74, 75, 181; see also Public awareness
Noro area, 247 North Andaman Island, M /3213,
138 North Kachin, IJO Northern Highlands, Thailand,
222, 227 Northern Province, Papua New
Guinea, 178, 180 Nu people, 25 Nung people, 232 Nusa Tenggara see Lesser Sunda
Islands Nyut, Mount, 39
Obi Island, 158 Oil deposits, pressure on forests,
50, 98, 99, 100, 209 Oil palm plantations, 13, 14, 22,
40, 41, 42, ISO, 153, 174, 179, 186, 187' 189, 206
Oleo-resin, 47 Orang asli, 187 Orang sanctuary, 135 Orang ula groups, 202 Orchid Island, 118, M /201 I, 122,
123, 124 Orissa State, 127, 130, 131
Pa Phiu Non-Hunting Area, 223 Pablakhali Sanctuary, 94, 95, M96 Packchan Nature Reserve,
M/0415, 109, 110 Pagon Priok, Mount, 98, M /OJ Pahang River and State, 47, 61,
183, M/84, 187, 188, 190 Pahang Tenggara, development
scheme, 48 Pakchan Reserve,M/04//5, 108 Pakistan, 9, 16, 75 Palawan Island, 54, 58, 59, 65,
192, M/9617 Palu Valley, 153, M /56 Panay Island, 192, M /9617 Paper and pulp industry, lJ, 80,
93, 100, 107, IJ6 Papua New Guinea, 14, IS, 16, 17,
26,32,43,45,49, 63,64, 76, 77, 78, 80, 174-82, M 17617
Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, M/2819, 135, 136
Pasir Ris, 212 Pasoh Forest Reserve, 188-9 'Patanas', 221 Peak Wilderness Sanctuary, MZ/7,
220,220 Peat swamp forest, 11;
biodiversity, 47; see also maps and text chapters 14, 19, 22,23
Pedawan Limestone areas, 209 Pedu Dam, 187 Peeler logs, 43, 113,218 Pegu Yomas, M/0415, 106, 107,
108, 109, 110 Penan people, 25, 28, 98, 99, 202,
206,209 Peninsular Malaysia, IS, 18, 22 25,
51, 52, 56, 57, 61, 64, 77, 78, 183-91, /84, 185
Peradayan Forest Reserve, 100 Peradeniya botanic garden, 219 Peradeniya University, 221 Perak, 47, 187, 188, 189 Periodic Selection Systems, 46 Periyar National Park and River,
66, M/2819, 133, 134, 136 Permanent Forest Estate (PFE),
183, 185-6, 185, 190, 201, 202-3,206,207,208,209
Pesticides, 13, 32, 40, 41, 43, 60 Petchabun Range, 222 Phattalung Province, 223 Philippines, 10, 13, IS, 16, 17, 23,
25, 26, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, so, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 77, 78, 80, 192-200 193, 194, M/9617
PhnomPenh,MJ/2, IJ3
GENERAL INDEX
Phnom Prich Reserve, MJ/2, IJ4, 115
Phou Bia, 166, M /6819 Phu Kradeung National Park, 223,
M224!5, 229 Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary,
223, MZZ415, 229 Pine forest, 126, 142, 171, 193,222 Plain of Reeds area, 114 Plantations, 10, 13, 38, 69, 73, 92,
93, 99, 107, 108, IJ3, 116, IJ7, IJ8, 133, 135, 147, 151, 172, 178, 186, 199, 203, 218, 222, 226-7,239,242,243,245,246
Plywood, 43, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 80, 93, 141, lSI, 218
Poison-girdling, forest, 185 Poisoning (liberation thinning),
forest, 47, 203 Pol Pot regime, Cambodia, IJ3-14 Polycyclic System, logging, 45, 46,
49, so, 107, 185 Polynesia, 9, 240 Pontianak, West Kalimantan, 16 Population, 13, 25, 26, 28, 72, 76,
79; agricultural settlement schemes, 36, 37, 41, 42; protected areas, 60, 65; shifting cultivation, 31, 33, 34; see also statistics at the beginning of chapters 12-29 for individual countnes
Port Moresby, 174, M/7617, 179 Prear Vihear (Koulen) Reserve,
MJ/2, IJ4, 115 Predator introduction, 240 Production forestry, 56, 78,79-80 Productive capacity, forestry, 43 Project on Study, Survey and
Conservation of Endangered Species of Flora, 134
Protected areas, 10, IJ, 12, 17, 60-6,62,63, 64, 78-9, 80; forest management, 44; settlement schemes, 38-9, 39, 40, 41; government policy, 56, 57, 58, 59; TFAP, 69, 69, 72, 73, 74, 81; tribal people, 28; see also maps and text in chapters 12-29 for individual countries
Protected landscape/IUCN, 61 Protection of the Natural
Resources and Environment of the South Pacific Region, Convention of, 63, 63
Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Convention of, 62, 63
Public awareness, 9, 57,60-1, 76, 79, 81, 86, 94,134, 141, 183, 187, 190, 194,213, 221; TFAP, 73
Pueh, Mount, 209 Pulau Berambang, 100 Pulau Siarau, 100, 101 Pulong Tau National Park,
M204!5, 209 Pulp and paper industry, lJ, 80,
93, 100, 107, 116 Pulog, Mount, 192 Purari River, M /7617, 178
Qing Lan Gang reserve, 118 Quaid road, 86 Queen Elizabeth National Park, 247 Queensland, 9, 23, 62, 85-6, 87,
M8819, 90
Ragay Gulf, 195, M /9617 Rainforest Conservation Society of
Queensland, 87 Rajang River, 201, MZ0415, 208 Rajkandi, 94 Rambi Island, 242, M244 Rampahar-Sitaphar Wildlife
Sanctuary, 94 Ramsar Convention, 63, 63, 94, 180 RamuRiver, 174, l?S,M/76/7, 178 Ravilevu Nature Reserve, 243 Re-introduction of species, 138,213 Recreation, protected areas, 59,
61, 66, 100, 109, 122, 135, 185, 188, 198,208,213, 214, 215, 230
Red Data Books, 134 Red River, 41, 63, 232,233, 234,
M23617 Reduction of Shifting Cultivation
and Protection of the Environment Programme, 172
Reef Islands, 247 Reefs, Western Pacific islands,
240, 243 Reforestation, 93, 122, 158, 171,
172, 186, 198, 226, 232, 234, 238, 248; ITTO, 55
255
GENERAL INDEX
Regional Physical Planning Programme for Transmigration (RePPProT), 37-8, 57, 143, 150
Relogging, Malaysia, 186 Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary,
94 Renewable resources, protected
areas, 66 Rennell Island, M244, 245,247,
248 Research, 91, 94, 122, 138, 185,
220, 221; botanic gardens, 22; protected areas, 59, 61, 62, 65, 66, 69; TFAP, 69
Reservoir building, damage, 134, 186, 187, 212
Resettlement, 26, 27, 36-42, 37, 39, 4I, 57, ll3-14, 172, 187, 228,238
Resin, production, 25, 109, ll3 Resource reserve!IUCN, 61 Riau, 39,40 Rice, 13, 25, 41, 57, 92, 107, 108,
111, 134, 158, 166, 167, 170, 171, 172, 193,222,223, 228, 232; shifting cultivation, 30, 31, 32, 33, 33, 34, 35
Rimba llmu Botanic Garden, 22 Ringgold Island, 240 Riparian forest, 127 Roads, damage from, 57, 68, 69,
86, 141, 167, 185, 192, 203, 226, 246; forest management, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52
Rotation, shifting cultivation, 33 Rotuma Island, 240 Roundwood,52,54,55 Roviana Lagoon, 246 Royal Botanic Garden,
Perandeniya, 22 Royal Forest and Bird Protection
Society, 243 Rubber plantations, 13, 14, 40, 41,
42, 93, 113, 116, ll7, 118, 174, 179, 186, 187, 213, 216, 222, 228,234
Ruhuna National Park, M2I7, 220,221
Rutland Island, 138 Sabah, IS, 16, 18, 41, 43, 44,45,
48,49,51,52,54,56,64,66, 77, 78, 80, 100, 101, 122, 185, 201-10, M204/S
Sabah Foundation, 209 Sagaing, 107, 108 Sahabat project, 41 Sahendaruman, Mount, 155 Sahul continental shelf, 16, 17,
141, 155 Sakaerat Environmental Research
Station, 66 Sal forests, 92, 93, 94, 127, 135 Salak Mangroves National Park,
M20415, 208,209 Salween River and State, 103,
MI0415, 108 Samoas, 240 Samunsam Wildlife Sanctuary,
M20415, 208,208,209 San Cristobal Island, M244, 245 San tai wong, 48 Sangihe Island, 17, 155, MI56 Santa Cruz, M244, 245, 247 Santa Isabel Island, M244, 245,
247 Sarawak, IS, 16, 25, 26, 27-8, 45,
49, 50, 52, 62, 64, 99, 101, 185, 201-10, M204/S; see also Brunei
Sarawak Conservation Strategy, 209
Sarawak Mangroves Forest Reserve, 207
Savanna: grassland, 22, 166, 170, 185; woodland, Ill, 113, 142, 143, 147, 178, 219, 222, 241, 243,245
Sawlogs, 55, 113, 133 'Scheduled Tribes', India, 126 Scientific Reserve/IUCN, 61 Sclerophyll forest, 85, 86 Scrub, ll, 128, 241 Seasonal forests see Monsoon forest Secondary forest products, 9, 14,
15, 25, 47-9 Sediment load, rivers,
deforestation, 47, 48, 234 Seed dispersal, assisting, 213 Seed reservoir, shifting cultivation,
33 Seedlings, primary forest, 44 Selangor State, 22, 47, 187, 189 Select committee on flora and
fauna, 209 Selection Management System,
logging, 45, 46, 49, 50, 107, 185
256
Selirong Forest Reserve, 100 Semi-deciduous monsoon forest,
123, 193 Semi-evergreen rain forest, II,
103, ll1, ll3, 126, 127, 166, 167, 183, 175,216,222,223, 230
Sepik Province and River, 174, 175, M/7617, 178, 179
Sepilok Research Centre, 19 Seram, 147, 151,MI57 Settlement schemes, 10, 34,
36-42, 4I; Transmigration, Indonesia, 36-40,37, 39, 141, 143, 150
Shan Plateau and State, 103, MI0415, 106, 108
Shan tribe, 108 Shelter, use of forest, 117 Shifted cultivators, 33 Shifting agriculture, 30-5, 33, 48,
52, 76, 79, 80; agricultural settlement schemes, 36; biodiversity, 10, 13, 14, 16, 31-3; TFAP, 68, 72; tribal people, 25, 26, 28, 30, 44 see also text in chapters 12-29 for individual countries
Shifting Cultivation Project, Lao/Swedish Forestry Programme, 171-2
Shola forest, 127 Shrubland, 166, 171, 175,222,228 Siberut Island, 30, 65, M I4415;
Nature Reserve, 28, 63, 65 Silam Mountain, Sabah, 201 Silent Valley Hydroproject, India,
60-1, MI2819, 134 Siltation, due to deforestation, 48,
114, ll8, 119, 134, 153, 185, 187, 192, 195,209
Silviculture, 9; see also Logging Singapore, 12, 19, 51, 63, 64, 77,
211-15, 2I2, 2IS Singapore Botanic Garden, 22, 2ll 'Singsing' ceremony, 175 Sinharaja Reserve, 62, 216, M217,
218, 219, 219, 220 'Sinkers', 46 Sipitang, 100 Sittang valley, MI0415, 107, 108 SKELPHI, 75 'Skidding' 46, 48 Slash and burn see Shifting
agriculture Slope, land, forest management,
44-5 Social pressure, on forests, 126,
243 Social problems, settlement, 40-1 Softwood, 52 Sogo shosha, 51 Soil, 40, 48, 93, 108, 116, 118,
119, 131, 138, 150, 151, 153, 154, 158, 171, 185, 186, 187, 209, 192, 194-5, 218, 234, 248; forest formation, 9, ll; erosion and conservation, 56, 57, 66, 78; deforestation, effect of, 18, 68; plantations, 43; settlement schemes, 36, 37, 42; shifting agriculture, 30, 33
Solomon Islands, 23, 26, 43, 52, 63, 7I, 75, 77, 174,MI76/7, 178, 240, 242, 244, M244, 245-8
South Andaman island, M/3213, 138
South Asia Cooperative Environmental Programme, 94
South-East Upland, 222, 228 South Pacific Commission, 63 South Pacific Regional
Environment Programme (SPREP), 63, 180
Southern Area Master Plan, Laos, 171
Southern Peninsula, Thailand, 222, 227, 228.
Sovi Basin, 243 Species Survival Commission,
IUCN (SSC), 16, 17 Spirit Cave, 30-1 Sri Lanka, 9, 13, 14, IS 16, 17, 22,
40, 56, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 75, 77, 80, 216-21, M217
Sri Pada Peak, 220 StMartin's Island, 94 State Forest, Laos, 171 Straits of Malacca, 187 Strategy Conference on Tropical
Forestry, Bellegio, 1987,69, 74 Strickland River, 174, MI7617 Stung Treng Province, lll, Mll2 Subalpine forest, 11, 103, 171, 175
Subtropical rain forests, 9, 17 Sula, Guadalcanal, 247 Sulawesi, 15, 16, 33, 34, 36, 37,
39, 43, 61, 141, 142, 143, 146, 147, 153, 154, 162, 163, MI56
Sumatra, 13, 14, IS, 16, 17, 22, 36, 37,39-40,56, 127, 141, 142, 143, MI4415, 146, 147, 151, 153, 154, 158, 159, 207
Sumitomo, 51 Sunda continental shelf, 141, 142,
154, 201; biodiversity, 16, 17, 155, 227
Sundarbans conservation area, 16, 2~6~66,~,9~M,9~9~ M96, 130, 134, 150
Sungai Buloh, 212 Sungai Liang Reserve, 100 Sungei Ingei, 100, M IOI Sungei Klang, 48 Sungei Langat, 48 Sungei Paitt, 48 Sungei Selangor, 48 Sungei Telom, 48 Suta, Guadalcanal, 247 Swamp forest see Freshwater
swamp forest, Peat swamp forest Swedish: Forestry Programme;
171-2; International Development Agency, 172,239
Swidden agriculture see Shifting agriculture
Sylhet Forest Division and District, 92, M
Tabin Wildlife Reserve, 41, M20415, 206, 208, 208
Tahan, Mount, 183,MI84, 188 Taikkyi, 108 Tam Dao forest, 234 Taman Negara Park, 60, MI84,
186, 187,188, 189, 190 Tamil Nadu Hills, 127, 134, 135 Tangail Forest Division, 92 Tanjung Puting National Park, 63 Tarutao National Park, M22415,
227,229 Tasek Bera forest, 188, 189 Tasek Cini forest, 189 Tasek Merimbun Forest Reserve,
100, 101 Taungya system, 107, 108, 228 Taveuni Island, 240, 242, M244 Tawai Mountain, 201 Tawau Hills, 41, 201, 208 Tay people, 232 Tayabas Bay, 195, MI9617 Tea plantations, 13, 14, 22, 92,
174, 216, 220 Tekam Forest Reserve, 189 Teknaf Game Reserve, 94, 95,
M96 Temasik, 2ll Temawai River, 101 Tembeling Dam, 187 Temburong District and River, 98,
100, 101, MJOI Temenggor Dam, 187 Temperate rain forests, 9, 55, 80,
85, 127 Tempurong Cave, 189 Tenasserim, 103, 108, 109 Tenasserim Hills, 222, 228 Terengganu State and River, 47,
183, 187, 188 Tet Festival, 238 TFAP see Tropical Forestry Action
Plan Thai Plywood Company, 226 Thailand, 9, 14, IS, 16, 17, 25, 26,
28, 30-1, 32, 33, 44, 49, 50, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 71, 77, 78, 80, 81, 107, ll3, ll4, 171, 222-31, M22415
Thale Noi, 223 Thaleban National Park, 65, 229 Third South Pacific National Parks
and Reserves Conference, 180 Third World National Parks
Congress, 65 Thorn forests, 10, ll, 103, 123,
126, 216, 218, 218 Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife
Sanctuary, Thailand, 28, 61, M22415, 228,229
Tidal forest, 92; see also Mangrove forest
Timor, IS, 142 Tomaniivi Nature Reserve, 243,
M244 Tonga, 240 Tonie Sap, Ill, 112,MJJ2, 113 Toran! River, 142 Torgama River, 151 Torres Strait, 23
Torricelli Mountains, 174 Totupola Kanda, 221 Townsville, 85, 86, M8819, 90 Tozer, Mount, 87,8819 Trade, 16, 51-5,53, 139 Transfer pricing, 52, 54 Transmigration see Settlement
schemes Tree crops, 117, 143; see also Fruit
trees, Medicinal plants, Oil palm, Rubber
Tribal people, 25-9,31,56, 57,59 Tripura State, 127, 130, 131, 135,
137 Trobriand Archipelago, 174 Tropical Forest Resources
Assessment Project, FAO/UNEP, 106
Tropical Forestry Action Plan (TFAP), 10, 65, 68-75, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 81, M, 166, 172, 179, 181, 191, 232, 238, 243
Tropical moist forests, 10, 11, 65 Tropical monsoon forest see
Monsoon forest Tropical rain forests see Beach
forest, Coastal swamp forest, Fresh water swamp forest, Heath forest, Limestone bedrock forest, Mangrove forest, Peat swamp forest, Ultrabasic bedrock forest
Trusan River, 201, M204/S Trus Madi, Mount, 201, 202,
M20415, 209 Tsembaga Mareng people, 32 Turama River,MI76/7, 178 Tutong District and River, 98,
MIOI
Uda Walawe National Park, 221 Ultrabasic bedrock, forest, ll,
143, 178, 245; Malaysia, 185, 201, 202, 206
Ulu Mendaram Conservation Area, 99, 100, 100, M IOI
Ulu Temburong!Batu Apoi Forest Reserve, 100, 101, MIOI
UNDP see United Nations Development Programme
UNEP see United Nations Environment Programme
Unesco, 72, M; Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB), 62-3, M, 122, 180, 220; see also Biosphere reserves
UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organisation), 72
Uniform System, logging, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50
United Nations Development Programme, 70, 72, 106, 109, 110, 171, 172,216,221
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 54
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, 72, 94; Man and Biosphere Programme, 62-3, M
United Nations Environment Programme, 94, 139; Global Convention on Conservation of Biological Diversity, 63; TFAP, 70, 72; Tropical Forestry Resources Assessment, 10, 141, 143, 193
United States, markets, 51, 52, 54, 55
United States Agency for International Development, llO, 172
United States National Parks Service, llO
Unprocessed timber, 51, 52 UNSO (United Nations
Sundano-Sahelian Office), 72 Upper Kwae Yai, 61 Usan Apau National Park,
M204!5, 209 Uttar Pradesh, India, 135
Vanua Levu Island, 240, 241, 242, M244
Vanutau, 26, 63, 63, 240, 249
Veal Renh bay, 1ll, Mll2 Veneer, 52, 53, 55, 80 Victoria Mountain, M I7 617, 179 Vientiane, 166 Vietnam, 9, 13, 14, 16, 17, 28, 32,
63, 64, 65, 71, 77, 78, lll, 113, ll4, 232-9, 233, 233, 235, M23617, 238
Vinh Phu pulp and paper mill, 239
Virgin jungle reserves, Malaysia, 56, 188, 189, I89, 208
Visayas, 28 Viti Levu Group Isles, 240, 241,
242,M244 Volcanoes, 13, 141, 201, 206;
volcanic soils, 175, 193
WALHI, 75 Wallace's Line, Indonesia, 43,
141, 142, 154, 155 Water quality, effect of
deforestation, 48, ll8, ll9, 192 Watershed protection and
degradation, 40, 56, 57, 61, 62, 65, 66, 78, 79, 114, 128, 138, 155, 171, 185, 187, 190, 195, 199, 203, 209, 214, 218, 222, 226, 227, 235
Webb, Mountain, 87 West Bengal, 66 West Kalimantan, 16 Western Ghats, India, 9, 25, 126,
127, M 12819, 129, 130, 133, 134, 135, 136
Western Highland, Papua New Guinea, 178, 180
Western Pacific Islands, 240-50, 242, M244; see also Fiji, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
Western Province, Papua New Guinea, 175, 178
Western Samoa, 240 Wet Tropics of Queensland, 62 Wetlands, II, 171, 174, 180,209,
230; Convention on Wetlands of International Imponance, 63; see also Fresh water swamp forest, Mangrove forest, Peat swamp forest
WFP, 72,75 Wildlands Policy, World Bank, 41 Wildlife Conservation
International, 230 Wildlife Institute of India, 135,
138 Wildlife Management Areas,
Papua New Guinea, 174, 180 Wildlife sanctuaries see Protected
areas Wildlife sanctuary/IUCN, 61 Wilhelm, Mountain, 174, MI7617,
179, 180 Wolong reserve, 122 Wood chips, 150, 154, 179, 201,
207 Woodland (open forest), 10, II,
85, ll3, 128, 129, 175 World Bank, 40, 41, 61, 80, 95,
ll6, 172, 28, 75, 221; TFAP, 68, 70,72
World Commission on Environment and Development UN, 65,68
World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 12
World Conservation Strategy, 65, 68, 72, 139
World Forestry Congress, 69 World Heritage sites, 12, 62, 63,
85, 86, 87, 87, 91, M, 174, 180, 181, 209, 243, 248
World Resources Institute, 68, 69, 70, 73, 73
World Wide Fund for Nature, 16, 41, 50, 60, 70, 75, 94, 95, 110, 114, 122, 139, 191, 209, 220, 230,235
Wuzhishan Natural Protected Area, MI2011, 122
Xe Khampho area, 171 Xe Piane area, M I68/9, 171, 172 Xin Ying Gang Reserve, 118 Xishuangbanna, 118, 119, 122,
123, 124
Yala East National Park,MZ/7, 220,221
Yamuna River, 126 Yao tribe, 222 'Yarding', 45, 46 Yasawas group Isles, 240, M244 Yok Don Reserve, 235, M23617,
238 Yomas, 103 Yunnan, 116, 117, US, MI201I,
122, 123, 124; biodiversity, 118, 119, 228; tribal people, 25, 28
'Yunnan White Medicine', 123 Yushan National Park, M I ZO/ I,
122
Zambales mountains, 193 Zoos, 13, 16, 19, 2I
