Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-1. Kinesiology & Body Mechanics Kinesiology - study of motion or human movement Biomechanics - application of

Foundations of Structural Kinesiology

1-1

Kinesiology & Body Mechanics

Kinesiology - study of motion or human movement

Biomechanics - application of mechanical physics to human motion.

Both skeletal & muscular structures are involved

Bones are different sizes & shapes particularly at the joints, which allow or limit movement.

Why Kinesiology?Should have an adequate knowledge &

understanding of all large muscle groups to teach others how to strengthen, improve, & maintain these parts of human body

Should not only know how & what to do in relation to conditioning & training but also know why specific exercises are done in conditioning & training of athletes

Manual of Structural KinesiologyFoundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-3

OsteologyAdult skeleton

206 bonesAxial skeleton

80 bones

Appendicular126 bones

occasional variations


Skeletal Functions1. Protection of vital organs such as the heart,

lungs, brain, etc.

2. Support to maintain posture

3. Movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers

4. Mineral storage such as calcium & phosphorus

5. Hemopoiesis – in vertebral bodies, femurs, humerus, ribs, & sternum process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow

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Types of bonesLong bones - humerus, fibula

Short bones - carpals, tarsals

Flat bones - skull, scapula

Irregular bones - pelvis, ethmoid, ear ossicles

Sesamoid bones - patella


Typical Bony FeaturesDiaphysis – long cylindrical shaft

Cortex - hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis

Periosteum - dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis

Endosteum - fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex

Medullary (marrow) cavity – between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow

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Typical Bony FeaturesEpiphysis – ends of long bones

formed from cancelleous (spongy or trabecular) bone

Epiphyseal plate - (growth plate) thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis & epiphyses

Articular (hyaline) cartilage – covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect & reduce friction

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Bone MarkingsProcesses (elevations & projections)

Processes to which ligaments, muscles or tendons attachCrestEpicondyleLineProcessSpine (spinous process)SutureTrochanterTubercleTuberosity

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Bone Markings Cavities (depressions) - including opening

& groovesFacetForamenFossaFoveaMeatusSinusSulcus (groove)

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Figure 8.1a

Figure 8.1a

Figure 8.1b

Figure 8.1b

Body regionsAppendicular

Upper limbsLower limbs

AxialCephalic (Head)

Cranium & Face

Cervical (Neck)Trunk

Thoracic (Thorax), Dorsal (Back), Abdominal (Abdomen), & Pelvic (Pelvis)

Anatomical directional terminology

Dorsal relating to the back; being or located near, on, or toward the

back, posterior part,

Ventral relating to the belly or abdomen, on or toward the front, anterior

part of

Prone the body lying face downward; stomach lying

Supine lying on the back; face upward position of the body

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Anatomical directional terminology

Palmar relating to the palm or volar aspect of the hand

Volar relating to palm of the hand or sole of the foot

Plantar relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot

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Alignment variation terminology

KyphosisIncreased curving of the spine

outward or backward in the sagittal plane

LordosisIncreased curving of the spine

inward or forward in the sagittal plane

ScoliosisLateral curving of the spine

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Alignment variation terminology

RecurvatumBending backward, as in knee

hyperextension

ValgusOutward angulation of the distal

segment of a bone or joint, as in knock-knees

VarusInward angulation of the distal

segment of a bone or joint, as in bowlegs

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Cardinal planes of motion3 basic or traditional

in relation to the body, not in relation to the earth

Anteroposterior or Sagittal Plane

Lateral or Frontal Plane

Transverse or Horizontal Plane


Cardinal planes of motionSagittal or Anteroposterior Plane (AP)

divides body into equal, bilateral segments

It bisects body into 2 equal symmetrical halves or a right & left half

Ex. Sit-up


Cardinal planes of motionFrontal, Lateral or

Coronal Planedivides the body into

(front) anterior & (back) posterior halves

Ex. Jumping Jacks


Cardinal planes of motionTransverse, Axial or

Horizontal Planedivides body into (top)

superior & (bottom) inferior halves when the individual is in anatomic position

Ex. Spinal rotation to left or right


Diagonal Planes of MotionHigh Diagonal

Low Diagonal


Diagonal Planes of MotionHigh Diagonal

Upper limbs at shoulder jointsOverhand skillsEX. Baseball Pitch


Diagonal Planes of MotionLow Diagonal

Upper limbs at shoulder jointsUnderhand skillsEX. Discus Thrower

Low Diagonal

Lower limbs at the hip jointsEX. Kickers & Punters


Axes of rotationFor movement to occur in a plane, it must

turn or rotate about an axis.The axes are named in relation to their

orientation

Frontal, coronal, lateral or mediolateral axisHas same orientation as frontal plane of

motion & runs from side to side at a right angle to sagittal plane of motion

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Axes of rotationDiagonal or oblique axis

also known as the oblique axis runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane

Axes of rotationVertical, long or

longitudinal axisRuns straight down through top of head

& is at a right angle to transverse plane of motion

Runs superior/ inferiorCommonly includes internal

rotation, external rotation movements


Axes of rotationSagittal or

anteroposterior axisHas same orientation as sagittal

plane of motion & runs from front to back at a right angle to frontal plane of motion

Runs anterior / posteriorCommonly includes abduction,

adduction movements


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Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-1. Kinesiology & Body Mechanics Kinesiology - study of motion or human movement Biomechanics - application of