Foundation of the Serbian Foundation of the Serbian Astronomical School and Astronomical School and connection with adjacent connection with adjacent

national schoolnational school

S. MilisavljeviS. Milisavljevićć, B. Samard, B. Samardžžija, ija, D. MarD. Marččetaeta, , S. S. ŠŠeganegan

Department of AstronomyDepartment of AstronomyFaculty of Mathematics Faculty of Mathematics

Belgrade UniversityBelgrade University

First time when First time when the written the written word word Astronomy used in SerbiaAstronomy used in Serbia

A translated document on serbian language about the Earth A translated document on serbian language about the Earth dimension, planets, stars and comets from byzantine dimension, planets, stars and comets from byzantine philosopher philosopher Mihail PselMihail Psel ((1018-1075);

One document about theoretical and practice discipline from One document about theoretical and practice discipline from Despot Stefan LazarevicDespot Stefan Lazarevic (1389 - 1427);(1389 - 1427);

‘‘Горички зборникГорички зборник’, ‘’, ‘ХришћанскаХришћанска топографијатопографија‘‘, , ‘‘Откровење Откровење БаруховоБарухово’’ are some of scripts with more Astronomy than are some of scripts with more Astronomy than Astrology contestsAstrology contests;;

Poet Poet Ljudevit PaskvalicLjudevit Paskvalic learn Astronomy, Meteorology and learn Astronomy, Meteorology and Astrology between 1510. and 1520. in Kotor school; Astrology between 1510. and 1520. in Kotor school;

First schools in Serbia with some First schools in Serbia with some learning about Astronomy learning about Astronomy

Serbian-Latin school est. 1730. Novi Sad;Serbian-Latin school est. 1730. Novi Sad;

Latin school est. 1749. Sremski Karlovci, one book conservedLatin school est. 1749. Sremski Karlovci, one book conserved ‘ ‘KKраткоје руководство в познаније земновиднаго кругараткоје руководство в познаније земновиднаго круга’; ’; Serbian orthodox big gymnasium est. 1791. Sremski Karlovci, Serbian orthodox big gymnasium est. 1791. Sremski Karlovci,

had lectures about Astronomy from 1796.; had lectures about Astronomy from 1796.;

Many books with different titles describe usuallyMany books with different titles describe usually the the same same astronomy problems in that time: abstraction of cosmos, about astronomy problems in that time: abstraction of cosmos, about star’s light, about sun and moon, about time, hour, day, week, star’s light, about sun and moon, about time, hour, day, week, month, year, earth rotating, eclipse, celestial bodies, comets, month, year, earth rotating, eclipse, celestial bodies, comets, equatorial, horizontal and ecliptically systems, perturbations and equatorial, horizontal and ecliptically systems, perturbations and meteorites; meteorites;

Development from XVIII century Development from XVIII century until first world waruntil first world war

Rudjer BoskovicRudjer Boskovic (1711-1787), Dubrovnik. Among his works in (1711-1787), Dubrovnik. Among his works in MathematicMathematicss and Geodesy, he had five Astronomy books and Geodesy, he had five Astronomy books about light aberration, telescopes, hight of troposphere, Sun about light aberration, telescopes, hight of troposphere, Sun rotation, comets motion and different stars. He established rotation, comets motion and different stars. He established AstronomyAstronomy practice and he first suggested about practice and he first suggested about existence of existence of measurement instuments errorsmeasurement instuments errors;;

First ‘Astronomy’ vocation was 1741 Muvekit (religion officer) First ‘Astronomy’ vocation was 1741 Muvekit (religion officer) had had duty and care about precise time for adoration in duty and care about precise time for adoration in Belgrade mosqueBelgrade mosque;;

First calendar printed First calendar printed in in 1765 untill 1765 untill the the end of XVIII century end of XVIII century arround 20arround 20 more more. In the middle of XIX century just in one year . In the middle of XIX century just in one year printed 20printed 20;;

Vuk MarinkovicVuk Marinkovic (1807-1859) proffessor of Physics on Licej in Kragujevac, printed book ‘Начела физикеНачела физике’ (1851) with some Astronomycal content;

KostaKosta AlAlkovickovic (1834-1909) proffessor of Physics and Mechanics in Big school;

His student Milan NedeljkovicMilan Nedeljkovic (1857-1950), later graduated Astronomy and Meteorlogy faculty in France with education in Astronomy practice at Paris observatory;

1886 he became a professor of Astronomy and Meteorology on Astronomy department on Big school;

Campaign for Cosmography in Campaign for Cosmography in Serbia in last decades in XIX centurySerbia in last decades in XIX century Main contrubutin are given from:Main contrubutin are given from:

Milan AndonovicMilan Andonovic (1849-1926) Geodesy prof. (1849-1926) Geodesy prof. atat Big school on Belgrade UniversityBig school on Belgrade University;;

Milan NedeljkovicMilan Nedeljkovic (1857-1950) Astronomy and (1857-1950) Astronomy and Meteorlology prof. and establisher the first Meteorlology prof. and establisher the first observatory in Belgradeobservatory in Belgrade;;

Jovan DragaševićJovan Dragašević (1836-1915) Geography and (1836-1915) Geography and Cosmography prof. Cosmography prof. oon the Military Academyn the Military Academy;;

Djordje StanojevicDjordje Stanojevic (1858-1921) prof. of Physics (1858-1921) prof. of Physics in Big schoolin Big school;;

First Astronomy book First Astronomy book in Serbia, 1888.in Serbia, 1888.

First AstronomFirst Astronomicalical and and MeteorMeteoroologlogicalical observatory observatory

Temporary 1887-1891Temporary 1887-1891 Permanent 1891-1924Permanent 1891-1924

Established Established inin July July 1st 1st 1887 in private house 1887 in private house ofof Ernest Gajzler Ernest Gajzler and remeved at Mayand remeved at May 1st 1st 1891 in building on West Vracar in 1891 in building on West Vracar in Belgrade. Director was Belgrade. Director was Milan NedeljkovicMilan Nedeljkovic;;

HistorHistory of Astronomical department y of Astronomical department onon Mathematical faculty in Belgrade Mathematical faculty in Belgrade

Development schemaDevelopment schema

1905 est. Belgrade University, 1905 est. Belgrade University, Astronomy department hold Astronomy department hold M. M. NedeljkovicNedeljkovic;;

1909 1909 Milutin MilankovicMilutin Milankovic invited invited to be professor of Celestial to be professor of Celestial MechanicsMechanics;;

During First World War During First World War University and Observatory had University and Observatory had a lot of damage and finally 1923 a lot of damage and finally 1923 M.N. got arround 30 M.N. got arround 30 astronomastronomicalical instruments from instruments from Germany Germany asas war war complementaritycomplementarity;;

First First Astronomy Astronomy DiplomaDiploma

First First Astronomy Astronomy Diploma July 2nd Diploma July 2nd 1936 1936 Slobodanka DimitrijevicSlobodanka Dimitrijevic

1924 1924 - - ObservatoryObservatory is is devided devided on on 22 institutions: Meteorolog institutions: Meteorologicalical and Astronomand Astronomicalical observatory observatory;;

19261926 - - prof. prof. Vojislav MiskovicVojislav Miskovic became a director of became a director of OObservatory. It was begining of bservatory. It was begining of development of Astronomydevelopment of Astronomy;;

1927 1927 – it was – it was accomplished accomplished new organization of teaching new organization of teaching on Belgrade University where on Belgrade University where Astronomy was represented in Astronomy was represented in four study groups: Theoretical four study groups: Theoretical and Practical Mathematics, and Practical Mathematics, Astronomy and PhysicsAstronomy and Physics;;

New AstronomNew Astronomicalical Observatory in Observatory in BelgradeBelgrade

Personal advocacy of prof. Personal advocacy of prof. V. MiskovicV. Miskovic result results withs with build up build up of of the the new new OObservatory between 1930 and 1932 on Big Vracar bservatory between 1930 and 1932 on Big Vracar (Belgrade commune gave 45000 m(Belgrade commune gave 45000 m22 territory on 253 m a.s.l.) territory on 253 m a.s.l.);;

Untill Untill SSecond world war AOB published: 6 books of ‘econd world war AOB published: 6 books of ‘AnnuaireAnnuaire’, ’, 5 booklets of5 booklets of ‘‘BulletinBulletin’’ and ‘and ‘MémoiresMémoires’, 8 books of ‘Nautical ’, 8 books of ‘Nautical almanac’ and 11 books of ‘Godišnjak našeg neba’almanac’ and 11 books of ‘Godišnjak našeg neba’;;

Main bilding and meridian Main bilding and meridian pavilionpavilion

General view from aeroplaneGeneral view from aeroplane

Big achievement Big achievement ofof Milutin Milutin MilankovicMilankovic

Prof. Prof. M. MilankovicM. Milankovic with with contribution of prof. A. Bilimovic contribution of prof. A. Bilimovic and prof. V. Zardecki succesfuly and prof. V. Zardecki succesfuly set upset up,, on modern astronomy on modern astronomy basebase,, secular change secular changess of of the the EEarth climate theoryarth climate theory;;

1935. prof. 1935. prof. M. MilankovicM. Milankovic published his book ‘Celestial published his book ‘Celestial Mechanics’ and main results of his Mechanics’ and main results of his work in big tome ‘work in big tome ‘Kanon der Kanon der Erdbestrahlung und seine Erdbestrahlung und seine Anwendung auf das Anwendung auf das EiszeitenproblemEiszeitenproblem’’;; FrontFront page of page of ‘’‘’KanonKanon’’’’

ofof M. MilankovicM. Milankovic

Croatian astronomers works in Croatian astronomers works in AOB AOB publication ‘publication ‘Godišnjak našeg nebaGodišnjak našeg neba’’

Prof. DrProf. Dr Oton KuceraOton Kucera (1857-1931), Zagreb University - article in (1857-1931), Zagreb University - article in 1930, ‘Endeavour about Astronomy among Croatians’;1930, ‘Endeavour about Astronomy among Croatians’;

Dr Stjepan SkrebDr Stjepan Skreb (1879-1952), Zagreb University - article in (1879-1952), Zagreb University - article in 1936, ‘Moon ashen light’;1936, ‘Moon ashen light’;

Dr Josip GoldbergDr Josip Goldberg (1885-1960), Zagreb University - two articles (1885-1960), Zagreb University - two articles in 1936, ‘Atmospheric waves from Siberian meteor 30.06.1908.’ in 1936, ‘Atmospheric waves from Siberian meteor 30.06.1908.’ and ‘About one way to demonstrate Earth rotating influence for and ‘About one way to demonstrate Earth rotating influence for drooping’;drooping’;

Dr Stjepan MohorovicicDr Stjepan Mohorovicic (1890-1980), Zagreb University - two (1890-1980), Zagreb University - two articles in 1937, ‘Observation of meteoric appearance’ and ‘About articles in 1937, ‘Observation of meteoric appearance’ and ‘About Sun and Earth path size determination by measuring of apparent Sun and Earth path size determination by measuring of apparent size of Sun diameter’. In 1938 he had article ‘Appendix of size of Sun diameter’. In 1938 he had article ‘Appendix of Ptolomej Celestial Mechanics and building the world geocentric Ptolomej Celestial Mechanics and building the world geocentric mechanism. In 1939 again, ‘Observation of meteoric mechanism. In 1939 again, ‘Observation of meteoric appearance’. In 1940 ‘New canon in Sun system’;appearance’. In 1940 ‘New canon in Sun system’;

Collaboration in ‘Nautical Almanac’Collaboration in ‘Nautical Almanac’

Because of Yugoslav Royal Navy Because of Yugoslav Royal Navy demand, Hydrographical Institute of demand, Hydrographical Institute of Yugoslav Military Navy in Split Yugoslav Military Navy in Split (Croatia) published ,Nautical (Croatia) published ,Nautical Almanac’. From 1934 to 1938 Almanac’. From 1934 to 1938 battleship lieutenant battleship lieutenant Petar MardesicPetar Mardesic (together with (together with V. MiskovicV. Miskovic) was ) was an an editor;editor;

First Croatian Astronomy book ‘NaFirst Croatian Astronomy book ‘Našše e Nebo’ of Nebo’ of Oton Kucera Oton Kucera waswas published published in 1888, as the first serbian astronomy in 1888, as the first serbian astronomy book of book of Milan AndonovicMilan Andonovic ‘Kosmografija’ ‘Kosmografija’

FrontFront page of page of first first Croatian Astronomy Croatian Astronomy

book 1888.book 1888.

ConclusionsConclusions

The biggest progress in Astronomy were in developed The biggest progress in Astronomy were in developed countries, as a consequence of Earth measurements, and in countries, as a consequence of Earth measurements, and in some seaside countries because of nautical orientation and some seaside countries because of nautical orientation and navigation; navigation;

Although, Astronomy had been present in Serbian history in Although, Astronomy had been present in Serbian history in different aspects, the foundation of the Serbian Astronomical different aspects, the foundation of the Serbian Astronomical School was resulted from development of European Astronomy;School was resulted from development of European Astronomy;

Main development of Practice Astronomy and observations in Main development of Practice Astronomy and observations in Serbia started after first world war when the most AstronomSerbia started after first world war when the most Astronomicalical instruments from instruments from Germany war complementarityGermany war complementarity had been had been installed and started to use;installed and started to use;