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Forestry & Society Forests of the U.S. HORT/RGSC 302 J.G. Mexal. Importance of forests. National forests serve as watersheds providing water for 60 million people Roadkills total 1 million/day 2000 invasive species in US infesting 3.5 million ac and costing $120 billion Recreation: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.
HORT/RGSC 302
J.G. Mexal
Importance of forests
• National forests serve as watersheds providing water for 60 million people
• Roadkills total 1 million/day
• 2000 invasive species in US infesting 3.5 million ac and costing $120 billion
• Recreation: – 36 million off-roaders– 71 million birders spending $32 billion
Forestry Facts
• Pre-consumer recycled paper– trimmings and scraps before sales
• Post-consumer recycled paper – recovered after use (newspapers, cardboard, etc)
• Mechanical Pulping: up to 95% efficiency – used in newsprint
• Chemical Pulping: dissolves lignin,bleached, stronger, lower yield
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.--Outline
• Forest Ownership
• Forest Laws
• Forest Types
• Forest Harvesting
Forestry & Society
U.S. Land Use and Population / Pop.Act.Int’l 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
PopulationForestlandCropland
Year
Millions (ha)
Deforestation/Reforestation
Forest Land Cover in New Hampshire/Kingsley 1976
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
Years
Hectares (KK)
1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Forestry & Society
Growing Forests/ Mass. 1920-1985/ U.Mass. CES 1993
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1920 1962 1985
Seedling/SaplingPoletimberSawtimber
Forestry & Society
Growing Forests/ Mass. 1971-1985/ U.Mass. CES 1993
Changes in developed area from 1982-1997
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
kk ac
Who owns the Nation’s forests?Value = million acres
4 million landowners
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.--Ownership
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
<10 <50 <100 <500 <1000 <5000 >5000
NESEWe
Landholdings (ac)
Landowners (1000)
Butler & Leatherberry JFor 102:4:2004
Forestry & Society
A brief history of time
• USDA formed in 1862 to improve food production
• CSRS formed in 1887 by Hatch Act
• USFS formed in 1905 (moved from Dept of Interior to Dept of Agriculture)
• CES formed in 1914 by Smith-Lever Act
• SCS (NRCS) formed in 1935
• ARS formed in 1953
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.--Public Lands
• US Forest Service (1905)– 192 million acres in 43 states (25% of public lands)
– 156 national forests in 43 states
– 85% in 13 western states
• Bureau of Land Management (1812)– 341 million acres (~1/8 of US total land base)
– Administers mineral leases on 732 million acres of federal land
• National Park Service (1872)– 79.5 million acres (49 states, except Delaware)(11%)
• Bureau of Indian Affairs – 55 million acres (7%)
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.-- US Forest Service
1905 Mission• “to protect the
reserves against fire, to assist the people in their use, and to see that they are properly used.”
2005 Mission• “to manage national
forests for multiple uses and benefits and for the sustained yield of renewable resources such as water, forage, wildlife, wood and recreation.”
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.-- US Forest Service1905
• Chief Gifford Pinchot
• 83 forest reserves + no grasslands
• 63 million acres
• $400,000 annual budget
• 270 employees
2005• Chief Dale Bosworth• 155 forests + 20
grasslands• 192 million acres
– (8% of US)
• $4.1 billion annual budget
• 37,648 employees• Only 2% of wood
production comes from federal lands
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.--Laws
• Forest Reserves Act (1891): set aside public lands in DoI• Organic Act (1897): manage public lands for water & timber • Transfer Act (1905):
– transferred public lands from Dept. of Interior to USDA– formed USFS
• 1908 Law allocated 25% of from FS timber revenues to counties (Payment in Lieu of Taxes [PILT])
• 1937 Law allocated 50% of BLM timber revenues to counties
• Weeks Act (1911)– work w/ states in fire protection– purchase headwaters--established eastern Nat’l For.
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.--Laws
• Clarke-McNary Act (1924): – assist states with silviculture (fire, reforestation, mgt)
– liberalized land acquisition programs
• McSweeney-McNary Act (1928)– authorized comprehensive research programs in
forestry & range management
• Knutson-Vandenberg Act (1930)– created special fund for reforestation
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.--Laws
• L (1924) & U (1939) Regulations– Allowed primitive areas (L) and wilderness, wild, &
recreational areas to be designated.
• Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act (1960)• Forest & Rangeland Renewable Resources
Planning Act (RPA) (1974)• National Forest Management Act (NFMA) (1976)
– incorporate other uses of forest in planning
Major Forest Types
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.--East
• Southeastern Pine-Hardwood Forest– 13 southern states– Precipitation: 100-125 cm/yr (40-50”)– Mean annual Temperature: 10oC- 24oC (50-75oF)– Soils: deep (>150 cm), old, & weathered– Major species: Pinus taeda (loblolly)
Pinus echinata (shortleaf) Pinus palustris (longleaf)
Pinus elliotii (slash) P. virginiana (Virginia)
Liquidambar (sweetgum) Quercus sp. (oaks)
Forestry in Mississippi/1999 data18 million acres = 62% of state
• $14 billion = total industry output– Paper = 3.8 billion
– Furniture = 4.1 billion
– Timber harvesting = 1.14 billion
– Lumber & wood products = 5.9 billion
• 141,848 jobs = total industry – Paper = 30,688
– Furniture = 50,079
– Timber harvesting = 10,796
– Lumber & wood products = 55,618
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.--Southeast
www.nationalatlas.gov
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.-- East
• Central Hardwood Forest– 8 central states– Precipitation: 75-114 cm/yr (35-45”)– Mean annual Temperature: 8oC- 13oC (46-55oF)– Soils: deep (100-130 cm)– Major species:
Pinus rigida(pitch) Quercus sp. (oaks)
Liriodendron tulipifera (yellow poplar)Juniperus virginiana (eastern red cedar)
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.-- East
• Appalachian Hardwood-Conifer Forest– Elevation range: 200-2050 m– Precipitation: 90-140 cm/yr (35-55”)– Mean annual Temperature: 10oC- 15oC (50-60oF)– Major species:
Pinus strobus (white) Pinus virginiana (Virginia)
Quercus sp. (oaks) Abies fraseri (Fraser fir)
Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock)
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.-- East
• Northern Hardwood-Conifer Forest– New England & Great Lakes region– Precipitation: 50-75 cm/yr (20-30”)– Mean annual Temperature: 0oC- 5oC (32-40oF)– Soils: shallow with water table near surface– Major species: Acer saccharum (sugar maple)
Pinus strobus (white) Pinus resinosa (red)
Quercus sp. (oaks) Abies balsamea (balsam)
Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock)
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.-- West
• Northern Coastal Conifer Forest– AK, WA, OR, B.C.– Precipitation: 150-300 cm/yr (60-118”)[f(elev.)]– Mean annual Temperature: 5oC- 12oC (41-54oF)– Soils:glacial deposits– Elevation: 0-3000 m– Major species: Pseudotsuga menzeisii (Douglas-fir)
– Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock)
– Picea stichensis (Sitka spruce) Alnus rubra (alder)
Forestry in Oregon/1998 data16 million acres (25% of state) = #1 in lumber & plywood
• $14 billion = total industry output– Paper = $1.2 billion
– Timber harvesting = $4.2 billion
– Lumber & wood products = $3.0 billion
• 74,817 jobs = total industry – Secondary products =
23,259
– Forestry & Timber harvesting = 20,220
– Primary products = 31,338
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.-- West/ Coombes 1992
Pseudotsuga menziesiiDouglas-fir
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.-- West
• Southern Coastal Conifer Forest– CA, OR– Precipitation: 40-200 cm/yr (16-80”)[f(elev.)]– Mean annual Temperature: 5oC- 12oC (41-54oF)– Elevation: 0-2800 m– Major species: Sequoia sempervirens (redwood)
Abies grandis (grand) Pinus jeffreyi (Jeffrey)
Pinus lambertiana (sugar) Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port Orford cedar)
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.-- West/ Audubon 1/01
Sugar pine - Pinus lambertiana
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.-- WestSequoia sempervirensCalifornia redwood Sequoiadendron giganteum
Giant sequoia
Species vs Elevation in Sierra Nevadas/ Forest Hydrology, Chang 2006
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.-- West/Science 204:1380-1386:1979
Species Age Diameter (cm)
Height(m)
B.A.(m2/ha)
Biomass(t/ha)
StemVolume(m3/ha)
Coast redwood 1250 250 >75 338 3,500 10,817
Douglas-fir >750 200 >70 127 1,600 3,600
Noble fir >400 125 >45 147 1,562 4,106
Western hemlock >400 100 >50 98 871 1,987
Ponderosa pine >600 100 >30 -- -- --
Western redcedar >1000 200 >60
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.--Questions
• What are some major species of eastern forests? Describe them.
• What are some major species of western forests? Describe them..What are some major species of southwestern forests? Describe them. Compare the productivity of temperate forests with tropical and boreal forests.
• Describe the ownership pattern of forestland in the US. What were the major laws that determined US forest land policy? What did they do for US forest policy?
Forestry & Society
Forests of the U.S.--Questions
• Describe the SE pine-hardwood forest; location, diversity, species, climate, soils.
• Describe the NE hardwood-conifer forest; location, diversity, species, climate, soils.
• Describe the western coastal conifer forest; location, diversity, species, climate, soils.
• Describe the Rocky Mountain conifer forest; location, diversity, species, climate, soils.