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Forestry & Society
Tropical Forests:Outline
• Definition
• Diversity
• Environmental Factors
• Forest Gaps
• Carbon Budgeting
• Nutrient Cycling
• Deforestation
Forestry & Society
Tropical Forests-World Distribution
Sharma 1992
Tropical Dry
Tropical Deciduous
Tropical Rain
Temperate Evergreen
Temperate Mixed
Boreal
Temperate Evergreen
Forestry & Society
Tropical Forests: Definition– Location: 23o27’ North (Tropic of Cancer)
23o27’ South (Tropic of Capricorn)– 40% of land surface = tropics
– Precipitation: • Rain Forest: usually exceeds 2,000 mm/yr (79 in/yr)• Dry Forest: 800-1,500 mm/yr (31-60 in/yr)
– Temperature: mean annual T = 27oC (81oF)• relatively narrow diurnal range = 6-12 oC (11-22 oF)
– Soils: highly weathered, nutrient-poor– Photoperiod: 11-13 hr
Forestry & Society
Species Diversity- butterflies/ Longman & Jenik 1987
0 30 60 90 0 30 60 90 0 30 60 90 120 150
Americas Africa/Europe Asia/Russia
706050403020101020304050
Species (no.)
Sou
thN
orth
Forestry & Society
Species Diversity- Tree Species
• Canada >55oN Picea (4 species) • Canada >50oN Pinus (9 species)• USA 25-50oN Pinus (37 species)• Mexico 15-30oN Pinus (80 species)• Brazil 10oS 100’s species /ha• Tierra del Fuego 55oS Nothofagus (3
species)
Forestry & Society
Tropical Forests-Important SpeciesLongman & Jenik 1987
• Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla)• Teak (Tectona grandis)• Spanish cedar (Cedrela odorata)• Gmelina (Gmelina arborea)• Cacao (Theobroma cacao)• Casuarina (Casuarina equisetefolia)• Ceiba (Ceiba pentandra)• Balsa (Ochroma sp.)• Rubber tree (Hevea brasilensis)• Rosewood (Dalbergia sp)
Forestry & Society
Tropical Forests of Honduras, CA
Swietenia humiliscaoba
Enterolobium cyclocarpumguanacaste
Pinus oocarpaocote
Huertea cubensiscedrillo
Juglans olanchanusnogal
Symphonia globuliferabarillo
Cordia alliodoralaurel
Pterocarpus indicusrosewood-rosita
Magnolia yoroconteredondo-canelon
44 mm
Forestry & Society
Tropical Forests-Canopy Layering/ Longman & Jenik 1987
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
<1 2 5 12 20 30
Trees/haPalms/haBA (m2/ha)
15
10
5
0
Basal AreaStems (no/ha)
Tree Height (m)
Amazon forest
Forestry & Society
Tropical Forests-Height = F(altitude)/ Longman & Jenik 1987
0
10
20
30
40
50
150 800 1500 1800
Altitude (m)
Height (m)
W. Malaysia
Forestry & Society
Tropical Forests- Forest Gaps/ Longman & Jenik 1987
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
PrimarySecondaryAll
Time after Gap Formation (years)
Trees (no/m2)
Ghana Species
Forestry & Society
Tropical Forests- Forest Gaps-Light/ Longman & Jenik 1987
Center of Gap
Edge of Gap
Inside Forest
Cecropia obtusifoliaMexico
Forestry & Society
Tropical Forests-Canopy Layers-Ps/ Longman & Jenik 1987
Photosynthesis(mgCO2/dm2/h)
Forestry & Society
Forest Productivity Comparison
Forest Biomass (t/ha)
Net Primary Productivity (t/ha)
Tropical 450 20 Temperate-broadleaf
338
Temperate-conifer
240 10
Boreal 225 5 Woodland 100 6 Ag land 35 7
Tropical Forest Biomass/ Dezzo & Chacon ForEcolMgt 2004
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Tall forest Medium forest Low forest Savanna
<2.5
<5
palms
Leaves>5
Branches>5
Stem>5
5
15
10
Biomass (kg/ha)
Forestry & Society
Forest Comparisons/Forestry Hndbk 1984
Forest Biomass (t/ha)
Nitrogen (kg/ha)
Phosphorus (kg/ha)
Potassium (kg/ha)
Calcium (kg/ha)
Magnesium (kg/ha)
Tropical 378 7260 241 2157 4005 437
Temperate broadleaf
338
1085
73
463
1142
115
Temperate Conifer
291
664
47
263
717
Northern hardwoods
111
278
22
368
Boreal 129 447 50 291 488 108
Biomass & Nutrient Content of Standing Mature Forest
C Sequestration via Reforestation/ Restor. Ecol. 2000
y = -0.81x - 56.3
R2 = 0.27
y = 43.74Ln(x) - 21.88
R2 = 0.69
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
AbovegroundSoil C
Biomass (Mg/ha)
Forest Age (yrs)
Forestry & Society
Tropical Forests- Temperate Forests/ Longman & Jenik 1987
Litter7%
Wood40%
Soil50%
Leaves3%
Litter1%
Leaves2%
Soil17%
Wood80%
Temperate Coniferous ForestTropical Rain Forest
Organic Matter
Forestry & Society
Tropical Forests-Temperate Forests/ Longman & Jenik 1987
Forest Location Biomass (t/ha)
Respiration (t/ha/yr)
Maintenance (t/t/yr)
wood leaves wood leaves wood leaves
Temperate (Fagus)
Denmark 129 2.7 4.5 4.6 0.035 1.7
Tropical (dipterocarp)
Malaysia 414 7.6 18.8 29.1 0.045 3.8
Carbon Fixation vs Respiration
Forestry & Society
Tropical Forests- Nutrients Cycling/ Longman & Jenik 1987
Boxes = kg/ha
Arrows = kg/ha/yr
N = 6.5 K = 7.3P = 0.5 Ca = 3.6Mg = 1.3
Dry Wgt = 310,000 kgN = 683 K = 668P = 37 Ca 1,270Mg = 187
Dry Wgt = 7,550 kgN = 91 K = 28P = 5.1 Ca = 95Mg = 19
N = 30P = 2.5K = 71Ca - 19Mg = 11
Litter layerDry Wgt = 6,460 kgN = 91 K = 11.5P = 4.8 Ca = 96Mg = 14.5
SoilO M = 515,000 kgN = 19,200 K = 403P = 2,560 Ca = 3,750Mg = 682
RootsDry Wgt = 40,000 kgN = 137 K = 186P = 6.4 Ca =33Mg = 61
Forestry & SocietyForests of the World/ Litter & nutrient residence time (yrs)/Kozlowski & Pallardy 1999
Forest OM N P K Ca Mg
Tropical 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 --
Temperate deciduous 4 6 6 1 3 3
Temperate coniferous 17 18 15 2 6 13
Boreal deciduous 26 27 15 10 14 14
Boreal coniferous 350 230 324 94 150 455
Forestry & Society
Tropical Forests- Nutrients (kg/ha)/ Longman & Jenik 1987
Component Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Soil 1,830 (29%)
125 (90%)
820 (56%)
2,520 (49%)
345 (48%)
Trees 4,580 12 650 2,580 370
Forestry & Society
Tropical Forests- Nutrients (kg/ha)/ Longman & Jenik 1987
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Calcium Dry Weight
Leaves Stems
Roots Litter
Soil (0-40 cm)
Kg/ha
Nutrient
t/ha
Venezuela
Forestry & Society
Tropical Forest- -Review Questions
• What is a tropical forest? Where does it occur? What is the climate?
• What are some of the major species in a tropical forest?• How does species diversity vary with latitude? Give
examples. Why does this occur?• What is the ecological significance of a ‘forest gap’?• Describe how environmental factors such as rainfall,
elevation, light and temperature affect tree growth and establishment.
Forestry & Society
Tropical Forest- -Review Questions
• Describe ‘canopy layering’ in a tropical forest, including the differences in tree number and size with increasing height in the canopy.
• Compare and contrast the carbon budgets of a tropical, temperate, and boreal forest. Don’t memorize numbers, just give concepts and relative differences.