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FOR CLASS XIIof
Senior Secondary Certificate Examinations of CBSE and Other State Boards of School Education, also for Medical and Engineering Entrance Examinations
(AIPMT, IIT, AIEEE, MLNR, SEAT, CAPE, EAMCET)
VOLUME – I
Dr. S.K. JAIN M.Sc., Ph.D.
Recipient of Distinguished Author Award 2011(Federation of Educational Publishers in India)
Formerly, Reader, Department of ChemistryHindu College, University of Delhi
Delhi-110007
Dr. SHAILESH K. JAIN M.Sc. (IIT Kanpur), Ph.D. (U.K.)
Academic CounsellorInnovative Group of Colleges
Knowledge Park–II, Greater Noida
Strictly According to the Latest Syllabus Prescribed by the Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi
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S. CHAND SCHOOL BOOKS(An imprint of S. Chand Publishing)A Division of S. Chand & Co. Pvt. Ltd.7361, Ram Nagar, Qutab Road, New Delhi-110055Phone: 23672080-81-82, 9899107446, 9911310888; Fax: 91-11-23677446www.schandpublishing.com; e-mail : [email protected]
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© 1986, Dr. S.K. Jain, Dr. Shailesh K. Jain
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any material form (including photo copying or storing it in any medium in form of graphics, electronic or mechanical means and whether or not transient or incidental to some other use of this publication) without written permission of the copyright owner. Any breach of this will entail legal action and prosecution without further notice.
Jurisdiction : All disputes with respect to this publication shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts, tribunals and forums of New Delhi, India only.First Edition 1986, Subsequent Editions and Reprints 1991, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000 (Twice), 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 2013, 2014Reprint 2015
ISBN : 978-81-219-1623-3 Code : 1004C 228
PRINTED IN INDIA
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and Published by S.Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd., 7361 Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055.
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With a sense of gratitude, we wish to thank all the students and teachers of Chemistry for accepting our books, Conceptual Chemistry (XI and XII) as among the ‘most user-friendly’ books in Chemistry.
We also thankfully acknowledge the valuable suggestions received by us from time to time from a large number of students and teachers. This is just to let you know that we value and appreciate your contribution in making our efforts more meaningful.
Recent changes in policy for Admission to IIT’s Regional and State Level Engineering Colleges/Institutes, to give weightage to the marks secured at +2 level provided us with an opportunity to update the text to make Conceptual Chemistry (XI and XII) a more effective study material.
We feel happy in presenting to you a thoroughly REVISED AND UPDATED SILVER JUBILEE EDITION of Conceptual Chemistry (for Class XII in Two Volumes). While retaining all the earlier user-friendly features of the book, we have added several new features to this edition of the book. These new additions have been made primarily to help students to improve their performance in the Competitive Examinations as well as in their Final Board Examinations.
Salient Features of the New Edition Coloured presentation with better readability A large number of Solved Questions and Numerical Problems Based on CBSE Examinations
(up to 2012) Conceptual Questions – The Brain Strain Conceptual Corner for Competitive Examinations – AIEEE and IIT Questions
Including Objective Questions for Competitive Examinations – Answers with explanations All symbols and notations as per latest IUPAC guidelines Nomenclature of organic compounds based on the IUPAC Recommendations (1993) A separate section on the Value-Based Questions has been added. Let Us Say it Again – The Chapter Round Up – Pointwise for quick revision
We hope the book in its present format will be received by you all with more enthusiasm than before.
Dr. S.K. [email protected]
Dr. Shailesh K. [email protected]
Preface to the Eighth Edition
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The preface writing is customary on the part of the author. The preface to a book, to me, is what the face is to the mind of a person; a true reflection of one’s personality and philosophy. The basic philosophy adhered to while preparing the text material for this book is that chemistry makes sense and there are relationships, trends, and similari-ties in chemical behaviour. The subject matter, howsoever complex, is programmed in such a way that the reader is taken step by step, clearly and methodically through the entire course of this text, so that gaining of the knowledge becomes an experience to be enjoyed.
I fully recognize that each teacher finds some method and order of presenting the material best adapted to the type of students, aim of the course, equipment available and his/her own individuality, and therefore, no single book will be able to cater the needs of all the students and teachers in a universal way. However, any attempt to optimise the text matter so as to provide a good foundation for those who have an enquiring mind, like to do things of their own, and expect to make science their life objective, would prove to be nearly universal. This is all what I have attempted to do in this book. Hope you would certainly let me know how much did I succeed in achieving my objective.
Before closing, I wish to place on record my most sincere thanks to Ms Renu Ahuja for her help during the preparation of this book. I am personally thankful to everybody at the Publisher’s end for their cooperation throughout.
25th December, 1985Dr. S.K. Jain
Preface to the First Edition
Disclaimer : While the authors of this book have made every effort to avoid any mistake or omission and have used their skill, expertise and knowledge to the best of their capacity to provide accurate and updated information. The authors and S. Chand do not give any representation or warranty with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication and are selling this publication on the condition and understanding that they shall not be made liable in any manner whatsoever. S. Chand and the authors expressly disclaim all and any liability/responsibility to any person, whether a purchaser or reader of this publication or not, in respect of anything and everything forming part of the contents of this publication. S. Chand shall not be responsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of the use of the information contained in this publication.Further, the appearance of the personal name, location, place and incidence, if any; in the illustrations used herein is purely coincidental and work of imagination. Thus the same should in no manner be termed as defamatory to any individual.
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CHEMISTRY (CODE – 043)QUESTION PAPER DESIGN, CLASS–XII (2015)
QUESTION–WISE BREAK UP
S. No. Typology of Questions Very Short Answer (VSA)
(1 mark)
ShortAnswer–I
(SA–I) (2 marks)
ShortAnswer–II
(SA–II) (3 marks)
Value based
questions(4 marks)
LongAnswer
(LA) (5 marks)
Total Marks
% Weightage
1. Remembering (knowledge based simple recall questions to know specific facts, terms, concepts, principles or theories; Identify, define or recite information)
2 1 1 – – 7 10%
2. Understanding – (Comprehension – to be familiar with meaning and to understand conceptually, interpret, compare, contrast, explain, paraphrase information)
– 2 4 – 1 21 30%
3. Application – (Use abstract information in concrete situation to apply knowledge to new situations, use given content to interpret a situation, provide an example or solve a problem)
– 2 4 – 1 21 30%
4. High Order Thinking Skills –(Analysis & Synthesis – Classify, compare, contrast or differentiate between different pieces of information, organize and / or integrate unique pieces of information from a variety of sources)
2 – 1 – 1 10 14%
5. Evaluation and Multi-disciplinary – (Appraise, judge, and / or justify the value or worth of a decision or outcome or to predict outcomes based on values)
1 – 2 1 – 11 16%
Total 5×1 =5 5×2 = 10 12×3 = 36 1×4 = 4 3×5 = 15 70 (26) 100%
Typology of Question(s) Mark(s) per Question Total no. of Questions Total Marks
VSA 1 5 05
SA–I 2 5 10
SA–II 3 12 36
VBQ 4 1 04
LA 5 3 15
Total 26 70
1. Internal Choice: There is no overall choice in the Paper. However, there is an internal choice in one question of 2 marks weightage, one question of 3 marks weightage and all the three questions of 5 marks weightage.
2. The above template is only a sample: Suitable internal variations may be made for generating similar templates keeping the overall weightage to different form of questions and typology of questions same.
Time : 3 Hours Maximum marks : 70
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COURSE STRUCTURE & CBSE SYLLABUS (2015)Class–XII CHEMISTRY (Theory)
One Paper Time : 3 Hours Total Periods : (Theory 160 + Practical 60)
Unit No. Title No. of periods Marks
Unit I Solid State 10
Unit II Solutions 10
Unit III Electrochemistry 12 23
Unit IV Chemical Kinetics 10
Unit V Surface Chemistry 08
Unit VI General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 08
Unit VII p -Block Elements 12 19
Unit VIII d -and f -Block Elements 12
Unit IX Coordination Compounds 12
Unit X Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 10
Unit XI Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 10
Unit XII Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 10
Unit XIII Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen 10 28
Unit XIV Biomolecules 12
Unit XV Polymers 08
Unit XVI Chemistry in Everyday Life 06
Total 160 70
Unit I Solid State (Periods 10)
Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea). Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties. Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators and n and p type semiconductors.
Unit II Solutions (Periods 10)
Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, van’t Hoff factor.
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Unit III Electrochemistry (Periods 12)
Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell -electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs energy change and emf of a cell, fuel cells, corrosion.
Unit IV Chemical Kinetics (Periods 10)
Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions), concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenious equation.
Unit V Surface Chemistry (Periods 08)
Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis, homogenous and heterogenous activity and selectivity; enzyme catalysis colloidal state distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspension; lyophilic , lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsion - types of emulsions.
Unit VI General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements (Periods 08)
Principles and methods of extraction — concentration, oxidation, reduction — electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.
Unit VII p -Block Elements (Periods 12)
Group -15 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; nitrogen preparation properties and uses; compounds of nitrogen, preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (Structure only) ; Phosphorus - allotropic forms, compounds of phosphorus: preparation and properties of phosphine, halides PCl3 , PCl5 and oxoacids (elementary idea only).
Group 16 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties,dioxygen: Preparation, Properties and uses, classification of oxides, Ozone, Sulphur -allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur: Preparation properties and uses of sulphur-dioxide, sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses; Oxoacids of sulphur (Structures only).
Group 17 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens, Preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structures only).
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Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.
Unit VIII d and f Block Elements (Periods 12)
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals - metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4. Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
Actinoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.
Unit IX Coordination Compounds (Periods 12)
Coordination compounds — Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner’s theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative inclusion, extraction of metals and biological system).
Unit X Haloalkanes and Haloarenes (Periods 10)
Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C -X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, optical rotation. Haloarenes: Nature of C -X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.
Unit XI Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers (Periods 10)
Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
Unit XII Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids (Periods 10)
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes: uses.
Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.
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Unit XIII Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen (Periods 10)
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
Cyanides and Isocyanides — will be mentioned at relevant places in text.
Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Unit XIV Biomolecules (Periods 12)
Carbohydrates — Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates.
Proteins — Elementary idea of α - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones — Elementary idea excluding structure.
Vitamins — Classification and functions.
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.
Unit XV Polymers (Periods 08)
Classification — natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization, some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon polyesters, bakelite, rubber. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.
Unit XVI Chemistry in Everyday Life (Periods 06)
Chemicals in medicines : analgesics, tranquilizers antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials,
antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
Chemicals in food : preservations, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.
Cleansing agents : soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
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VOLUME–I
1 THE SOLID STATE 1.1–1.80
2 SOLUTIONS 2.1–2.114
3 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 3.1–3.150
4 CHEMICAL KINETICS 4.1–4.131
5 SURFACE CHEMISTRY 5.1–5.86
6 GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS 6.1–6.61
7 THE p-BLOCK ELEMENTS 7.1–7.211
8 THE d- AND f- BLOCK ELEMENTS 8.1–8.98
9 COORDINATION COMPOUNDS 9.1–9.120
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS (See in Volume II)
INDEX i – iv
Brief Contents
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VOLUME–II
10 HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES 10.1–10.132
11 ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS 11.1–11.137
12 ALDEHYDES, KETONES, AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS 12.1–12.178
13 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN 13.1.–13.141
(Amines, Cyanides, lsocyanides and Diazo Compounds)
14 BIOMOLECULES 14.1.–14.114
15 POLYMERS 15.1–15.61
16 CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE 16.1–16.51
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS 1–8
APPENDICES
I. IUPAC Recommendation 1993 A-I.1 – A-I.2
II. Some Typical Conversions in Organic Chemistry A-II.1 – A-II.42
III. Some Named Organic Reactions A-III.1 – A-III.22
IV. Distinction Between Some Pairs of Organic Compounds A-IV.1 – A-IV.14
V. Some Problems Based on Organic Reactions A-V.1 – A-V.5
VI. Identifying Unknown Organic Compounds/Reagents A-VI.1 – A-VI.13
INDEX i – iv
Brief Contents
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1 THE SOLID STATE 1.1 — 1.80 Characteristics of solids 1.1; Classification of solids
1.2; Classification of crystalline solids 1.7; Molecular solids 1.8; Ionic solids 1.8; Metallic solids 1.9; Covalent (or network) solids 1.9; Crystal lattice 1.11; Unit cell 1.13; Seven crystal systems 1.14; Types of unit cells – primitive and centered unit cells 1.15; Types of unit cells in cubic lattices 1.16; Number of atoms of an element in a cubic unit cell 1.17; Packing of the constituent particles in crystals 1.19; Packing efficiency in crystals 1.22; Coordination number in crystals 1.24; Nature of voids in close-packed structures 1.25; Close packing and structures of simple ionic compounds 1.28; Structure of ferrites 1.31; Effect of temperature and pressure on crystal structure 1.31; Unit cell dimensions and density of the material 1.32; Imperfections in solids 1.34; Types of point defects 1.35; Electrical properties 1.39; Magnetic Properties 1.42; Long answer type questions for revision 1.45; Objective type questions for revision 1.47; Textbook questions 1.50; Conceptual corner for competitive examinations 1.57; Let us say it again–The chapter round up 1.79.
VOLUME–I
Detail Contents
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2 SOLUTIONS 2.1 — 2.114 Types of solutions 2.1; Solute and solvent — a
classification 2.2; Composition of solutions — expressing concentration of solutions 2.2; Solubility 2.15; Solubility of a gas in a liquid : Henry’s law 2.16; Vapour pressure of liquids 2.20; Vapour pressure of solutions: the raoult’s law 2.21; Ideal and non-ideal solutions 2.24; Non-ideal constant boiling solutions: azeotropic mixtures 2.27; Relative lowering of vapour pressure 2.33; Elevation of boiling point 2.35; Depression of freezing point 2.39; Osmotic pressure 2.43; Isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solutions 2.48; Reverse osmosis and water purification 2.48; Molecular association 2.51; Molecular dissociation 2.53; Abnormal molar masses and the van’t-hoff’s factor 2.54; Long answer type questions for revision 2.57; Objective type questions for revision 2.58; Textbook questions 2.62; Conceptual questions the brain strain 2.76; Conceptual corner for competitive examinations 2.77; Let us say it again–The chapter round up 2.112.
3 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 3.1 — 3.150 Electrochemical cells 3.1; Galvanic cells 3.4; Salt
bridge and its function 3.5; Electrode reaction and the concept of half-cell 3.6; Representation of a galvanic cell 3.7; Some typical electrodes (or half-cells) 3.8; Electrode potentials 3.9; Electrochemical series 3.12; Nernst equation for electrode potential 3.17; Cell emf and the sign convention 3.18; Cell reaction 3.19; Writing of a galvanic cell 3.20; Nernst equation for cell emf 3.22; Nernst equation and the equilibrium constant 3.23; Gibbs’ free energy change and cell emf 3.31; Free energy change and equilibrium constant 3.32; Electrolytic conductance 3.36; Equivalent conductivity 3.39; Molar conductivity
Conceptual Chemistry Volume 1 ForClass XII
Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9788121916233Author : S K Jain AndShailesh K Jain
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