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Food Security and Global Environmental Change -theme for project work 2016
Gunilla Almered Olsson
Human Ecology, Global studies, GU
Core theme: Food Security and Global
Environmental Change Concepts : GEC ; Land use change; Globalization; Urbanisation; Food
security; Food sovereignty; Food systems; Food consumption pattern
1. SDG: Food, Nutrition & Sustainable agriculture
2. Food security FS & Factors affecting FS
3. Development of agriculture
4. Human nutritional needs and food consumption pattern
5. Food sovereignty – def; Food consumption in the ’North’ driving
hunger in the ’South’
6. Is there enough food for 9 billions?
7. Food systems
8. Food consumption pattern – culturally reflected – today de-linked
from local environmental conditions and human nutritional needs
9. Future prospects – what is needed for global Food security?
10. Literature
Sustainable Development Goals
Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all
Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all
Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts* *Acknowledging that the UNFCCC is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change .
Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development
Definition of Food Security
FAO 2008
Food security and Human development
• FS and human development hand in hand
• 1 billion in hunger + 1 billion undernourished
• 29 millions died from hunger 2014
• 694 millions obese persons 2014
• 574 ton food waste 2014
What is affecting Food Security?
Supply side pressures
Global Environmental Change
Urbanisation
Globalisation
Demand side pressures
Urbanisation
Population increase
Poverty
Constraints on access
Inequality
Consumption pattern in the North
Time dimensions of human food acquisition systems
100.000 BP Homo sapiens – collector and hunter
12.000 BP agriculture Middle East
10.000 BP domesticated sheep, goats Middle East; Deglaciation in N Europe
6.000 BP agriculture – moving arables, Scandinavia
1.500 BP agriculture - permanent arables
60 BP agriculture – independent of local ecosystems
25? BP agriculture - globalised production
Olsson 2002
100.000 10.000
Human nutritional needs
• Basal needs for growth, development & regeneration of human body and mind
• 2100 kcal daily
• Food habits – consumption pattern – CULTURE?!
Swedish meat
consumption in 2010:
85 kg per capita and
year
Swedish Agricultural
Board 2010
Influence of production method on resource use…
Godfray et al. 2013. in
Science
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
• Essential nutrients for biomass growth,
agricultural fertilizers
• Deficit of N, P – no growth -> death of
organisms
• Excess of N, P -> Pollution of ecosystems ->
Decrease and disruption of ecosystem
services and climate stability.
• N as gas (78%) in the atmosphere –
inaccsessible for most organisms.
Synthetically produced today – chemical
fertilizer
• P in bedrock and sediments in lakes, sea
Unprecedented change in structure and function of ecosystems
More land was converted to cropland in the 30 years after 1950 than in the 150 years between 1700 and 1850
Changes to ecosystems have provided substantial benefits
– Food production has more than doubled since 1960
– Food production per capita has grown
– Food price has fallen – until 2003
MA 2005
Increasing agricultural yields…
Rising food prizes...
• Competing demands on agricultural land: peaking resources… biofuels, agro regimes…
• Degraded land
• Climate warming
• Changing food patterns
Steffen et al.
2011
Can we feed 9 billion people on this planet?
• Production capacity
• Distribution and Environmental justice
• Power and equality
• Globalization
• ’Consumption pattern in the North is driving hunger in the South’
Effects of industrial agriculture – rising yields…
• Climate – local and regional – driving global climate change • The global nutrient cycles: Nitrogen and Phosphorus • Water availability - different scales: arable and landscape
scales • Degradation of Soil fertility – less organic content, degraded
capacity to store and circulate nutrients • Biological diversity – different scales: arable and landscape
scales; Protection and resilience to pests and deceases • Crops – the genetical material: resistence to diseases,
genetic variation gives resilience to environmental change; seed banks; agro-industrial complex…..
• Animal raising and meat production…?
Effects of globalized food market See Kneafsey et al. 2013
• Transports between contintens of food products; feed, fertilizers, energy…
• Effects in the North, in Europe, on resilient food production?
• Effects in Europe on vulnerability ?
• Effects in the South on resilient food production? Vulnerability?
Global land use for consumption…
Seitzinger et al. 2012
Effects on resources of food production methods
Sustainable and resilient food production today and tomorrow?
Chappell & La Valle 2011; Björklund et al. 2012; McKenzie & Williams 2015
• Vulnerability of food production increased by Climate change – GEC. This demands less vulnerability in other factors & more resilient food systems
• Independent of environment and biodiversity?
• Food to 9 billions – by yield increases from technological factors?
• Other factors more influential: access; culture, ecology, knowledge, participation …
Björklund et al. 2012
Food sovereignty
Food sovereignty is defined as the right of peoples and sovereign states to democratically
determine their own agricultural and food policies
IAASTD. 2008: International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development , an intergovernmental panel; United Nations and World Bank
Food system approach?
• Help in identifying the range of involved issues and actors
• Provides a framework to address multiple vulnerabilities
• Assist in determing main limiting factors for food security
Food systems and their drivers
Ericksen 2008
Key Critical Issues for Sustainable Food production
Literature Chappell, M.J. & La Valle, L.A. 2011. Food security and biodiversity: can we have both?
Agriculture and Human Values 28:3-26.
Björklund, J et al. 2012. Ecosystem-based agriculture combining production and conservation—a vilable way to feed the world in the long term? Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 36: 824-855.
Ericksen P. 2008. Conceptualizing food systems for global environmental change reserach. Global Environmental Change 18: 234-245.
Ericksen, P. et al. 2009. Food security and global environmental change: emerging
challenges. Environmental Science & Policy 12: 373-377.
Godfray, H.C. et al 2010. Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327: 812-818.
IAASTD .2008. International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development , an intergovernmental panel; United Nations and World Bank
IPCC 2013. IPCC 5th Assessment Report 2013. http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/
Kahlouto et al. 2014. Taking planetary nutrient boundaries seriously: Can we feed the people?
Global Food Security 3: 6–21.
Kneafsey, M. et al. 2013. Consumers and food security: uncertain or empowered? Journal of Rural Studies 29: 101-112.
McKenzie, F.C. & Williams, J. 2015. Sustaiable food production: constraints, challenges and choices by 2050. Food Security 7:221-233.
Misselhorn, A. et al 2012. A vision for attaining food security. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4:7-17
Olsson, E.G.A. 2002. Forests and Grasslands as Cradles for Agriculture. In: The Role of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Human Nutrition. Ed. V.R. Squires. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS. UNESCO. PARIS
Schmidhuber, J. & Tubiello, F.N. 2007. Global food security under climate change. PNAS 104: 19703-19708.
Seitzinger, S. P. et al. 2012. Planetary Stewardship in an Urbanizing World: Beyond City Limits. AMBIO 41:787–794
Steffen, W. et al. 2011. The Anthropocene: From global change to planetary stewardship. AMBIO 40:739-761.