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Food Safety in Latin America
Gerald Gutscher
Latin America
Population:
580m (8,4%)
Arable Land:
567m ha (37%)
Freshwater Supply:
18.392 km3 (33%)
(soft)
Commodity
Giants
Food Supply Chain
1 loaf of bread MADE IN THE U.S.A.
• Wheat gluten from France, Poland, Russia, the Netherlands, or Australia
• Honey from China, Vietnam, Brazil, Uruguay, India, Canada, Mexico, or Argentina
• Calcium propionate from the Netherlands
• Guar gum from India
• Flour enrichments from China
• Beta-carotene from Switzerland
• Vitamin D3 from China
Source: R. Brackett ; Managing Food Safety Practices (2009)
Food Supply Chain
• 200,000 food processing companies
• 900,000 restaurants (12m employees)
• 100m head of cattle
• Avg. distance farm-fork of 1lb of meat: 1,600km
• Agricultural Supply Chain -> U$ 1 trillion p.a.
Source: P. Cheek (2006)
SIMPLIFIED FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN
OF A DEVELOPED COUNTRY
PLA
NT
OR
IG
IN
PR
OD
UC
E
CO
NS
UM
ER
OTH
ER
CR
OP
S
ANIMAL PROTEIN
Storage & Trading
Feed & Flour Mills
FO
OD
IN
DU
STR
YP
rocessin
g &
Packag
ing
Dis
trib
uti
on
& R
eta
il
Restaurants
Aquaculture
Fuente: Consumer Attitudes to Food Standards_UKReport_2007_extract
Consumer Perception and Public Health Concern in Germany
Source: Roehr et al (2005)
Fuente: Griffith, C.J.; Food Safety: where from and where to?; British Food Journal , Vol. 108 No. 1; 2006; pp. 6-15
Food Safety in History
Food Safety Contaminants
MycotoxinsMicro-
biologicalAllergens (claim!)
Agrochemicals (Pest+Drugs)
GMO
Risk Chronic Toxicity Acute Toxicity Acute ToxicityToxic &product attribute
(organic)unknown
Main Cause Climate/Environ. Environment Manufacturing Production Cultivation
Predictability Low Low High High High
Frequency ofoccurrence
Medium High Low* Low High
In Supply ChainMainly primary
productionAll over the supply
chainFood Manufacturing Primary production
Primary production
Motive to ControlEconomic
(Feed/Brand), Legislation
Economic (Brand, Recall), Legislation
To comply with a claim on the label
Legislation or to comply with a claim (product
attribute)
to comply with a claim on the
label, legislation
Preventive Action hardly possiblepartially
possible/unaccepted (irradiation)
yes - thru effective ingredient management
yes - no application of AC in question
yes
Traceable/Liability no partially yes yes yes
Legislation partly yes unclear and partly partly partly
HUMAN INDUCED RISKSENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED RISKS
Latin AmericanFood Safety Survey
June 2010
online
n=209
14 countries
Argentina,
17
Brazil, 70
Chile, 24
Colombia,
17Costa Rica, 3
Ecuador, 4
Guatemala, 4
Mexico, 45
Nicaragua, 2
Panama, 1
Paraguay, 9Peru, 4
Uruguay, 8 USA, 1
Respondents by Country
62 48 56 36 7
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
1
42
27
2120
16
14
139
88
8
7
6621 1
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Food Complex Feed Complex Research and Public
Organisations
Services Distribution
Respondents by Industry
Certification & Auditing
Brewery & Malting
Dried Fruits, Nuts & Spicery
Commodity Trader/Export
Biotech & Food Safety
Re-Seller/Distributor
Petfood
Flour Milling
Consultancy
Dairy
Research
Animal Husbandry
Government
Feed
University
Service Lab
Food
Respondents‘ Profiles
79%
63%
36%
27%21% 19% 17%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Mycotoxins Microbiology Pesticides Drug Residues Allergens GMO Melamine
Contaminants and Residues Tested% of all respondents n=209, multiple answers possible
80%
51%
36%
23%17%
13% 13%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Mycotoxins Microbiology GMO Pesticides Drug Residues Melamine Allergens
Contaminants and Residues Tested BRAZIL % of respondents, n=70, multiple answers possible
82%
76%
53%
40%
29%
19% 19%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Microbiology Mycotoxins Pesticides Allergens Drug Residues GMO Melamine
Contaminants and Residues Tested FOOD COMPLEX % of respondents, n=62, multiple answers possible
Status Quo of Food Safety Testing
16
RASFF Border Rejections
Mycotoxins165
Allergens43
Drug Residues56
Pesticides75
GMO39
Melamine36
Microbiology132
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Mic
ro
bio
log
y
Mycotoxins
48%
45%
13%
8%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
ELISA Chromatography LFD Fluorometry
Technology Employed (n=209)
55%
39%
18%
8%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Technology in the Food Complex (n=62)
48%
21%
8% 8%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Technology in Feed Complex (n=48)
Diagnostic Technology Employed
(chemical contaminants)
19
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Mycotoxins Pesticides Veterinary Drug
Residues
GMO Allergens Marine and
Freshwater Biotoxins
Contaminants and residues to play a major role in the future of food safety.
All (n=209)
Food Complex (n=62)
Feed Complex (n=48)
Research Staff (n=44)
QC & Lab Staff (n=105)
Outlook in Food Safety
(chemical contaminants)
20
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Mycotoxins Pesticides Veterinary Drug
Residues
GMO Allergens
Status-Quo vs. Outlook (n=209)
Status-Quo
Outlook
21
Status-Quo vs. Outlook
(chemical contaminants)
Romer Labs Check Sample Survey
Interlaboratory Study
• Round CSS-26307-RLI-2
• Aflatoxins in Maize
• Oct/Nov 2010
Latin America
• 109 participants
• 10 countries
17
43
54
12
17
2 4
5
27
Argentina
Brasil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Guatemala
Mexico
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Final Considerations
• Compliance with Export Food Safety Standards helps Food Safety in the exporting country.
• Ambivalent Realities– Large Food Export Countries (e.g. Brazil, Argentina,
Chile, Paraguay)
– Countries depended on imports (e.g. cradle of maize depends on US corn)
Balancing Food Security
and Food Safety.
“A World Bank study has calculated that the European Union regulation on aflatoxins costs
Africa $670 million each year in exports of cereals, dried fruit, and nuts. And what does it
achieve? It may possibly save a life of one citizen of the European Union in every two years […]
Surely a more reasonable balance can be found.”
KOFI ANNAN
Final Considerations
