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This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 673976
Floating Power Plant A/S “POSEIDON” project
Report: Classification – Device Classification in Key Markets Work package: WP3 Subtask: D.3.1 Date: 28 February 2017 Revision: 1 External Public Lead: Jørund Moseid
2 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 673976
Contents1 Background .................................................................................................................. 3
1.1 Purpose ................................................................................................................. 31.2 Task Description ..................................................................................................... 31.3 References ............................................................................................................. 3
2 General ........................................................................................................................ 32.1 Governing Parameters ............................................................................................. 32.2 Types of classification .............................................................................................. 4
2.2.1 Classification ................................................................................................... 42.2.2 Certification ..................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Main Markets Wave and Wind Energy ......................................................................... 52.4 Use of Classification & Certification Approach - Market Screening ................................... 62.5 Availability of Certification Standards for Hybrid Wave and Wind Devices ........................ 7
3 Future Approach ............................................................................................................ 8
3 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 673976
1 Background
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this deliverable is to sum up the process of classification/certification of a combined wave and wind device in key markets and also provide guidelines to address the complex decision process for evaluating the requirements from regulatory bodies and project stakeholders. Reference is made to “Certification and Documentation for Certification Process” \2\ which talks about the practical application of a certification process on a hybrid Wave and Wind Device.
1.2 Task Description
D3.1: Report on device classification in key markets
A report will be written detailing the progress made regarding classification of Floating Power Plant’s device. It will include the positive and negative points of each classification type for application to the device, based on the information learned from the experts contacted as part of this project. Details will be given of the direction most suitable for Floating Power Plant, giving clear reasons.
1.3 References
\1\ “Classification Requirements for floating wind and wave energy devices across ten countries”, Lloyds Register, LR Technical Note no: 549875-003 Rev: 01, Date: 30 November 2015
\2\ “Certification and Documentation for Certification Process”, Floating Power Plant AS, EU SME Project, Deliverable D3.2, 28 February 2017
2 General
The marine industry, offshore oil & gas and the offshore wind industry have several things in com-mon by the nature of operating in the oceans. However, there are many differences between the various segments individually, within each industry, tankers vs. cargo ships, oil & gas production vs. accommodation units, and the applicable codes and standards required from flag states, insurers, banks, key clients, local regulatory bodies and national as well as international standards organisa-tions. This all creates a huge amount of information which can be very hard to discern.
2.1 Governing Parameters
In developing the classification regime for the hybrid device, one has to look into the following gov-erning parameters:
• where to operate (country, area) • what to operate and purpose, manned or unmanned unit • risks associated to safety to environment, health and safety to personnel and consequences
of loss in an economic scale. The various regulatory bodies and stakeholders have different coverage and interest in the project and a couple of examples are outlined below: Entity Area of Interest IMO Safety of life at sea Insurers Loss of property/hull & machinery/pollution and indemnification Project/Clients Energy productivity, safety Country National legislation Other key identifiers:
• Requirements for manning • Requirements for inspection
4 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 673976
• Risk/cost analysis • Site restrictions • Metocean data
2.2 Types of classification
There are in principle two paths into classification of an offshore design to date, referring to:
A. Classification by a recognised classification society using class rules and class notations B. Certification process towards a set of defined design standards, either recognised or defined
by stakeholders
2.2.1 Classification
The Classification regime is developed by the marine industry and is operated by key entities Lloyds Register (LR), Det Norske Veritas GL (DNV GL), American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (Class NK) or Bureau Veritas (BV) which are the top five recognised entities. The con-cept of classification using class notations, is to apply a set of rules for the unit in question to com-municate to the rest of the world which type of service, design standards and operating regime it is designed and intended for. The main driver for selecting a classification approach is when there is a requirement to register under a flag state. Applying a flag state is applicable where you navigate your unit, platform, ship or other floating device - from port to port, or operate on different locations with a variation of local rules. Flag states have then adopted the various standards for each area into their rule sets and by acceptance of flag states, the local or national governing body will allow you to operate within the countries based on acceptance of the flag state. The Classification regime is built up by certificates and maintenance of these by regular inspections, and the results of the inspections, where requirements are specifically defined, would be followed by issuance of a renewal of the Class certificate or requirements for follow up and repairs (Conditions of Class). The regime for Class certificates are specified by each Class Society and agreed between the Class Society in the international Association of Class Societies (IACS). Wind and wave devices are location bound, hence flag state approach is normally not necessary, but may be used if a particular rule sets is in place (i.e. Japan). Flag states use Classification standards as a basis for their standards for design and operation, and apply specific rules on top of the Classifi-cation rule set to obtain the standardisation levels required for the world-wide service and to comply with international as well as national laws and regulations.
2.2.2 Certification
The overall certification regime is used often as a type of recognition that a component, system or combination of systems are meeting a certain set of design requirements defined by the stakehold-ers being project developers by their investors, financers, insurers or clients, being national and in-ternational regulatory bodies or local interest organisations. The certification bodies, often denoted as Certifying Entity (CE), operates on behalf of many stakeholders and often also certifies several components produced by competing vendors in the market place. To be able to cover a range of technologies they develop individual standards generic for each service or type of component and system and often apply guidelines to aid in navigate to which international standards may apply for various projects, areas and applications. Certification Standards are also developed for entire sys-tems, such as Certification Standards for Floating Offshore Wind. The availability of standards for a combined unit is discussed in 2.3. A certification regime requires the Project Developer to define the standards on behalf of the various stakeholders or regulatory bodies, and these standards must be screened and listed based on a sys-tematic breakdown for practical application in the design phase. The Certification Regime operates similarly to the Classification approach, however main differences are that Certification regime is a tailor-made approach for each project, where all design documents, maintenance strategies, inspection procedures are agreed between the Certification Entity and the Project Developer/Operator according to design goals agreed for each applicable discipline and func-tion, where Classification approach uses a standard approach based on the Class Notation and the rule set that follows. Deviations from Class Notations are rare and requirements and alterations dur-ing the design process are not common. Therefore, a Classification approach general for a number of
5 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 673976
configurations of wave and wind devices, sites, locations is not preferred, due to the nature of the Class Notation regime.
2.3 Main Markets Wave and Wind Energy
The main markets for wind and wave energy follows the wind and wave resources as shown in
Figure 1. As waves are generated from wind, the locations valid for hybrid devices can be identified.
Figure 1: Wave and wind resources worldwide
6 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 673976
2.4 Use of Classification & Certification Approach - Market Screening
By identifying the various countries that have the wave and wind resource as presented in Figure 2 and by screening the availability of design standards and local/national legislation this will give a good starting point for further evaluation of the certification regime applicable for a hybrid device in key markets.
Figure 2: Potential markets for hybrid devices
Each country has separate requirements for how to approach a wave and wind power device, but as hybrid offshore wave and wind power is a fairly immature market, most of the countries leans on the international framework of standards for the certification process. A market screening study on the key markets from a study performed by Lloyds Register /1/ presented the following 10 key countries including the standards for classification/certifications:
• UK • Ireland • France • Spain • Portugal • USA • Chile • Japan • China • Australia
The outcome of the screening study is: 1) define main markets 2) which countries have classification standards and which leans on certification process. The results are presented in Figure 3.
7 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 673976
Figure 3: Analysis of requirements for classification approach in key markets
The only location where Classification is required is Japan, where NK Class is mandatory. The ma-turity of the NK Class Rule set is not evaluated in depth, however a development scheme for adapta-tion of Class Rules would be necessary to suit the floating wind standard to the wave production and floating structure for temporary manning.
2.5 Availability of Certification Standards for Hybrid Wave and Wind Devices
The study performed in /1/ reflects two things:
a. Requirement for use of classification regime for offshore wave and wind devices b. Availability of certification standards for offshore wave and wind devices
Regarding the latter (b) – Availability, there are several national standards under development or issued to guide on how to deal with the local, national and international requirements for a deploy-ment of a hybrid device. Ref \1\ speaks to which standards are out there on a national level (i.e. UK/Scotland:EMEC Standards). On a general international level, the Certification Entities have their own unified standards which are unique depending on which Certifying Entity you talk to, however the level of maturity of these standards are to date not at a level where they can be applied directly to a combined unit. Offshore wind standards have however been developed in conjunction with de-ployment of fixed offshore wind and floating offshore wind (i.e. Hywind in Scottish Waters) and are at a much higher maturity level than the individual wave Device standards. By applying a combina-tion of the two technologies, one being more mature than the other there is an inherent risk of am-biguities and insufficient coverage of the standards and their application. Relevant overall wave and wind standards FPP has applied for the system design:
• IEC 62600 Wave, Tidal and Other Water Current Converters • IEC 61400 Wind Turbines
Reference is also made to DNV GL Codes and LR Codes for Floating Offshore Codes applicable to the hull, mooring and general design of the unit.
8 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 673976
3 Future Approach
Based on the variety of applications, designs and combination of wind and wave devices – and that the requirement for classification and flag is not needed, based on fact that wave and wind devices are location bound and not permanently manned, the requirements for Classification standards is not a relevant path forward. However, a standardisation of the Certification process, where unified standards for hybrid devices are put in place can ease the development in terms of certification processes and can make the de-sign evolution more streamlined. This will also ease the predictability in project cost assertation and due diligence for investment purposes.
Working together
for a safer world
Technical Note no: 549875-003 Rev: 01
Date: 30th November 2015
Technical Note Classification Requirements for floating wind and wave energy devices across ten countries
Technical Report for: Floating Power Plant
External
Technical note no: 549875-003 Rev: 01 Page i
Date: 30th November 2015 ©Lloyd’s Register 2015
Summary
Technology Report QS2
Classification Requirements for floating wind and wave energy devices across ten countries
Security classification of this report: Distribute only after client's acceptance
Technical note no:
549875-003
Revision:
01
Technical note date:
20 October 2015
Prepared by:
Nimia Willems
__________________________
& James Nichols
__________________________
& Rebecca Sykes
__________________________
Entity name and address:
Lloyd's Register EMEA
71 Fenchurch Street
London
Client name and address:
Floating Power Plant A/S
Birketvej 13
4941 Bandholm, Denmark
Our contact:
James Nichols
T: +44 20 7423 2482
Client contact:
Sarah Thomas
T: +45 2090 9833
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©Lloyd’s Register 2015.
Technical note no: 549875-003 Rev: 01 Page ii
Date: 30th November 2015 ©Lloyd’s Register 2015
Table of contents
Introduction and summary ............................................................................................................... 1 1
Requirements by country ................................................................................................................. 1 2
UK ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2.1
Ireland ................................................................................................................................... 2 2.2
France ................................................................................................................................... 2 2.3
Spain ..................................................................................................................................... 2 2.4
Portugal ................................................................................................................................ 2 2.5
USA ....................................................................................................................................... 3 2.6
Chile ..................................................................................................................................... 3 2.7
Japan .................................................................................................................................... 4 2.8
China .................................................................................................................................... 4 2.9
Australia ................................................................................................................................ 5 2.10
Index of sources .................................................................................................................... 6 2.11
Technical note no: 549875-003 Rev: 01 Page 1
Date: 30th November 2015 ©Lloyd’s Register 2015
Introduction and summary 1
As the floating wind turbine market is still early in development and covers two typically independently regulated industries of floating structures and electricity generation, many countries do not have formalised requirements to date. The requirements are summarised in Table 1 below.
Is classification needed for FPP's¹ hybrid device
If Yes, then according to what rules
Is third party verification/certification required
UK No Yes
Ireland No Yes
France No Not confirmed
Spain No Yes
Portugal No Not confirmed
USA No Yes, certified verification agent required
Chile No Yes
Japan Yes ClassNK Guidelines for Offshore Floating Wind Turbine Structures in combination with ClassNK Rule Part P.
Survey and certification required for compliance with Ship Safety Law.
Third independent body for verification required for small size wind turbine (under 20kW).
China No Yes
Australia No Yes
Table 1 – Classification summary table
¹FPP (Floating Power Plant)
Requirements by country 2
The following sections outline the requirements for classification by country along with the relevant industry bodies and regulators.
UK 2.1
There are no legal requirements for classification of floating platforms for renewable energy devices in UK waters.
Technical Note 549875-001"Technology Qualification of a Combined Floating Wind and Wave Energy Converter – Rules, Standards and Legislation Applicable to Offshore Wind and Wave Energy" details the applicable legislation in UK waters with which a floating installation and installation vessels would have to comply with.
Certain sites have implemented requirements for third parties to verify the design of offshore wind and wave energy converters. These include:
x Scotland Licensing Authority has made it a requirement included in the licencing agreement for the Hywind Scotland project that a third party verification or certification of
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the basis of design for all wind turbine generators (WTGs) mooring systems, spars and WTGs platform structures takes place
x The EMEC Nursery site in Scotland requires a Third Party Verification Report as part of the consenting process
Ireland 2.2
There are no legal requirements for classification of floating platforms for renewable energy devices in Ireland. There are no specific health and safety requirements related to wind farms or wind farm development in Ireland, nor is there a wind farm safety certification process. However, at all times during development, (e.g. ground works, construction, installation or commissioning process), the site is subject to the provisions of the Safety Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005, which requires designers to ensure that the project is capable of being constructed safely, can be operated and maintained safely, and complies with all relevant health and safety legislation. Other reference documents are the Best Practice Guidelines published by (IWEA) 2012 the Irish Wind Energy Association and the Best Practice Guidelines for Wind Energy Development1994, from formerly British Wind Energy Association (now Renewable UK).
France 2.3
There is no current specific regulation for floating offshore wind and wave energy projects. At present these are treated on a case-by-case basis as R&D projects. It is expected that regulation will be developed as the technology enters the industrialisation phase, estimated to be mid-2020s. However, there is no reason to believe that Classification would be a legislative requirement at this stage. Near-term floating offshore renewable energy projects will be issued against a tender which has been issued by ADEME (Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Énergie) which will close in March 2017. This tender puts several requirements on the generating power, Technology Readiness Level, environmental assessment plan but does not specify design requirements or specific standards.
Spain 2.4
There is currently no classification requirement for offshore floating wind turbines. The development of offshore floating wind turbine follows article 115 (Decree 1955/2000) and Marine Land title Law 22/1988. The Administrative process for authorizations and permits is established by Decree 1028/2007.
The offshore floating wind turbine that are intended to be located in the territorial sea, will have a minimum capacity of over 50 MW, and will be governed by the provisions of Law 22/1988, regulating the development and execution of Coastal Areas approved by Decree 1471/1989.
Portugal 2.5
At present, there aren’t requirements for classification or third party verification. Portugal is looking to its European neighbours to learn from their new technologies that may enable application into new projects. Portugal is currently working on a licensing process for offshore wind turbine, which consists of installation of three wind turbines of 5 MW, but admits that there will be progressive expansion up to 40 units. The technology will be of fixed platform with foundations fixed to the seabed.
The regulatory entity for any project in the sea (outside the pilot zone) is DGRM (Directorate for maritime resource) as a one-stop shop entity responsible for the consenting process, except for energy projects; in this case it is the General Directorate for Energy and geology (DGEG). It means, if a project requires a license for installation and testing without grid connection, the licensing body is DGRM; if the project is grid connected it is DGEG.
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The requirements to get an authorization for the installation of a project in the sea are set up in this decree-law DL n.º 38/2015, 12 March.
USA 2.6
There are no legal requirements for classification of floating platforms. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE) is the regulatory Body for renewable energy activities in the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). The regulatory framework for Construction and Operations Plan for OCS is regulated by 30 CFR Part 285.
BOEMRE does not use prescriptive regulations for the Design Standards & Environmental Loading for Offshore wind energy Installations. Some of the U.S. standards used are API, ASTM, ASCE, ASME, ACI, AWS, UL, etc. BOEMRE will also consider international and European standards if there are gaps in the U.S. standards when applied to offshore wind installations.
Recommendations for Environmental loading are provided by BOEMRE. It should be noted that there are specific requirements for the work of the Certified Verification Agency (CVA). These include:
x The CVA must certify in the Facility Design Report to MMS that the facility is designed to withstand the environmental and functional load conditions appropriate for the intended service life at the proposed location.
x The CVA must conduct an independent assessment of all proposed load determinations as well as assessing other aspects of the design. Ensures facilities are designed, fabricated, and installed in accordance with accepted engineering practices and the above reports;
x Ensures repairs and modifications are performed per accepted engineering practice; and
x Provides BOEMRE with immediate reports of all incidents affecting design, fabrication and installation.
x The return period to be considered in the design of the floating platform and mooring system is 100 years rather than 50 years
Chile 2.7
There is currently no requirement for classification. Prototype testing of the systems requires certification /verification.
There is a lack of technical experience around permitting wave and tidal device deployments in Chile which has the potential to delay projects and be a barrier to the development of tailored marine energy regulations. There is no offshore wind industry in Chile therefore it can be said that regulations and guidance available and wave energy industry are applicable for offshore wind.
The following agencies are involved in the renewable sector:
· CORFO: Investment, innovation and industry development promotion · CER(Centre for renewable energy) · CONICYT (National Commission of scientific and technological research) · Ministry of Defence (Subsecretariat of the Marine-Navy): Permits all production and/or
research projects on the coast or in national waters. x DIRECTMAR(directorate for maritime territory and mercantile marine): Maritime
operations enforcement x SHOA(oceanographic and hydrographic service): Maritime conditions monitoring x National Commission for coastal utilization
· Ministry of Energy: Energy policies, market conditions for new technologies. · Ministry of the Environment: Environmental policies and EIA management · Ministry of National Public Good: Administration of state-owned territory and its
sustainability. · Ministry of Public Works: INH (National Hydraulic Institute)
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A good database for renewal legislation, regulatory framework and documentation required for maritime concessions is available in Spanish. (http://www.leychile.cl/Consulta/subagrupadores?agr=1046&sub=&tipCat=1)
Japan 2.8
Japan offshore floating wind turbine sector works under two main schemes. One scheme is for securing the safety of offshore structures (including offshore floating structure for wind turbine electric generation) and the other one promoting the natural renewable energy.
The first scheme is based on “Ship Safety Law” and requires that the survey and certification of offshore floating wind turbines is carried out by the “Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT)” or the authorised Recognized Organization (RO) even if such floating structure does not engaged in international voyage or carries any passengers on board.
The second scheme is based on “Electricity Business Act” and regulatory & incentive measures are defined by the “Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)” and its subsidiary body “Agency for Natural Resource and Energy”.
1. Legislation for the safety of offshore floating structure (including offshore floating wind turbines) registered as Japan flag. The technical standards for main offshore floating structure (floating body, tower) are defined by MLIT. Only the wind turbine unit (including electric generators, wind blade, nacelle) are required to be in compliance with technical standards of Electricity Business Act. The survey and certification on Ship Safety Law is required to be carried out by MLIT or RO on behalf of MLIT. Currently only ClassNK is authorised by MLIT.
2. Promoting measures to introduce natural renewable energy
METI has established the incentive scheme for natural energy development by introducing the FIT (feed-in tariffs) system, which requires electric business company to buy natural energy electricity (wind, solar-power etc.) at the METI-defined price from suppliers of natural energy electricity when they comply with METI-standards. These electricity suppliers should be approved by METI after their wind turbine units are verified by “third independent body” accredited by JAB (Japan Accreditation Board). ClassNK was accredited by JAB in 2013 as “third independent body” for verification of small size wind turbine (under 20kW). The standards of wind turbine units are mostly derived from IEC standards.
It is recognised that the above mentioned legislations affect offshore floating wind turbines located in EEZ around Japan, and the floating wind turbines are required to be surveyed by Japan Government or the authorised /accredited RO.
China 2.9
The National Offshore Authority will conduct technical audits for offshore wind farm projects, and there is no clear requirement for independent third party review, neither requirement for classification to be used.
The Renewable Energy Law of 28 February 2005, formulate the implementation of the Interim Measures for the Administration of Offshore Wind Power Development and Construction. The articles indicate the requirements and procedures to be followed for the offshore wind power project from preparation, approval, construction and management of the operation.
The planning is to be consistent with the national renewable energy development plan.
The two key national bodies involved in the consenting process are the National Energy Administration (NEA) and the State Oceanic Administration (SOA). The legislation for installing offshore wind projects is known as "The detailed rules for the implementation of the Interim Measures for the Administration of Offshore Wind Power Development and Construction", 海上风电开发建设管理暂行办法实施细则, produced by SOA.
For offshore wind farms in general, there is a requirement that the State Design Institute carries out the design work for the support structures of wind turbines. There may be additional requirements
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for local content of the turbine which must be certified according to Chinese Standard GB/Z25458-2010.
Australia 2.10
There is no requirement for classification of offshore floating wind turbines. Also, currently there is no accreditation system in Australia (with the exception of Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO requirements)). A nationally consistent framework is being developed.
At present, there is no Australian standard for the design of large wind turbines (rotor swept area above 200 m²). In the absence of these, IEC Standards are accepted as the default for the design of wind turbines. Some examples of standards used are:
x IEC WT 01:2001 System for Conformity Testing and Certification of Wind Turbines Rules and procedures
x IEC 61400-1:2005 Wind turbines Part 1: Design requirements x IEC 61400-12-1:2005 Wind turbines Part 12-1: Power performance measurements of
electricity-producing wind turbines Type Certification is required in Australia to demonstrate assessment and has to be performed by appropriately accredited company. Type Certification provides an independent design review and evidence that the design and structural integrity of a wind turbine has been undertaken to a recognised international standard (such as IEC standards). The process for Type Certification is outlined in IEC WT 01:2001. The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) states that a nationally consistent regulatory framework for Offshore Renewable Energy Installations is being developed and that AMSA will provide advice on the potential impacts on the safety of navigation associated with construction and operation. It should be noted that the corresponding regulation for offshore oil and gas installations requires that they are classed by either DNV GL, ABS or Lloyd's Register.
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Index of sources 2.11
1. (EU) https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy
2. The Irish Wind Energy Association http://www.iwea.com/windfarmconstruction
3. (UK) Health and Safety Executive http://www.hse.gov.uk/
4. (UK) Department of Energy & Climate Change
5. (UK) RenewableUK www.RenewableUK.com
6. (France) Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie https://appelsaprojets.ademe.fr/aap/AAP_EMR2015-97
7. (France) France Energie Eolienne http://fee.asso.fr/connaitre-fee/
8. (Spain) https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2007-14657
9. (Portugal) Order No. 32277/2008 http://www.dgpm.mam.gov.pt/Documents/POEM_Despacho_32277_2008.pdf
10. (Portugal) Sea Energy 2020 project http://www.seanergy2020.eu/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Seanergy_ppt_PTSP_ESTANQUEIRO.pdf
11. (USA) Code of Federal Regulations 30 CFR 285—Renewable Energy Alternative Uses of Existing Facilities on the Continental Shelf http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title30-vol2/pdf/CFR-2011-title30-vol2-part285.pdf
12. (USA) BOEM Guidelines for Information Requirements for a Renewable Energy Construction and Operations Plan (COP) http://www.boem.gov/uploadedFiles/BOEM/Renewable_Energy_Program/Regulatory_Information/COP_Guidelines_122210.pdf
13. (USA) Workshop on the role of the Certification Verification Agency http://www.bsee.gov/Technology-and-Research/Technology-Assessment-Programs/Reports/600-699/633AF/
14. (Chile) Marine energy roadmap covering regulatory framework https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/recommendations-for-chiles-marine-energy-strategy
15. (Chile) List of all documents required for maritime concessions:http://www.defensa.cl/ssffaa/asuntos-maritimos/otorgamiento-de-concesion-maritima-mayor/
16. (Chile) http://www.concesionesmaritimas.cl/
17. (Japan) Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) http://www.meti.go.jp/english/policy/energy_environment/renewable/index.html
18. (Japan) Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) https://www.mlit.go.jp/common/001063088.pdf
19. (China) Renewable Energy Law. - 28 February 2005 These Detailed Rules are formulated for the implementation of the Interim Measures for Administration on Offshore Wind Power Development and Construction, with the purpose of promoting the healthy and orderly development of offshore wind power http://faolex.fao.org/cgi-bin/faolex.exe?rec_id=141039&database=faolex&search_type=link&table=result&lang=eng&format_name=@ERALL
20. (Australia) Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) http://arena.gov.au/about-renewable-energy/wind-energy/
21. (Australia) Australian Maritime and Safety Authority (AMSA) https://www.amsa.gov.au/navigation/shipping-management/offshore-activities/
