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FLEX
Sentinel-3
FLEX-E: ESA’s FLEX End-to-End Mission Performance Simulator. Architecture design,
current status and preliminary results
5th International Workshop on Remote Sensing of Vegetation Fluorescence (22-24 April 2014)
J. Vicent*(1), J.R. Acarreta(2), L. Alonso(1), R. Franco(3), M. Manzano(4),J.P. Rivera(1), N. Sabater(1), C. Tenjo(1), J. Verrelst(1) & J. Moreno(1)
(1) Laboratory for Earth Observation (Univ. of Valencia, Spain)(2) Deimos Space S.L.U. (Madrid, Spain) (3) European Space Agency, ESTEC (Noordwijk, Netherlands)(4) GMV Aerospace & Defence (Madrid, Spain)
End-to-End Mission Performance SimulatorsFLEX
Sentinel-3
Introduction
FLEX-E architecture design
FLEX-E activities and current status
Preliminary results
Summary
Introduction
o The FLEX mission is candidate for 8th Earth Explorer Opportunity missiono It will be the first mission designed to measure sun-induced vegetation chlorophyll
fluorescence emission at global scale
o FLEX operates a single high-spectral resolution (0.3-3nm) spectrometer (FLORIS)covering the range 500-800nm at 300m spatial resolution
o Fluorescence à Photosynthesiso Improved Global Cycle models (GPP)o Vegetation health statuso Non-invasive marker
o FLEX will fly in tandem with Copernicus’ satelliteSentinel-3. Synergy between the differentinstruments for:o Atmospheric characterization and correctiono Vegetation biophysical parameterso Surface temperature
Reliable retrieval of fluorescence emission +Characterization of overall photosynthetic activity
Introduction
An E2ES is a set of algorithms reproducingthe expected mission planning in order to:o Assess mission performanceo Consolidate technical requirements and system
implementationso Analyse suitability of implemented Level-1 and
Level-2 image processing algorithms
A modular architecture design allows:o Evolution in future phases (completeness)o Parallel development by third parties
according to their know-howo Improvement of implemented algorithms
(complexity)
Due to the mission complexity, ESA is promoting the development of a Phase A/B1End-to-End Mission Performance Simulator (E2ES) for the FLEX mission.
End-to-End Mission Performance Simulators
Reference modular Architecture (RA), investigated in ESA’s ARCHEO-E2E project,following a top-down design.
2. Instrument Type: architecture of HL modules in lower level Building-Blocks (BB)o BB mostly generic across different instrumentso Evolution in completeness/complexity è Complexity of HL modules architecture
(larger # of BB)
3. Evolution of E2ES implemented state-of-the-art algorithms:o Implementation (architecture) of BBo Use of external datao Use of additional mission parameters
1. Mission Type: determines high-level(HL) architecture and data flowo Pre-set combinations of modules and
interfaces between themo Coherence between different E2ES
End-to-End Mission Performance Simulators6 High-Level modules are generic to most passive optical missions:
o Simulates platform orbit and attitudeo Generates instrument observation geometry based on instrument type
o Simulates signal acquisition by instrument in the spectral/spatial domainso Adds instrument noise based on instrument configuration
o Distributes bio/geophysical and atmospheric parameters over the targetbeing observed
o Propagates the signal to be acquired by the instrument
o Simulates radiometric and spectral calibration of raw datao Recovers pixel uniformity and corrects from systematic errorso Generates Level-1 products
o Pre-processes the L1 data (e.g. re-calibration, geolocation with DEM)o Retrieves geophysical parameters objective of the mission
o Visualizes images and plots resultso Calculates error metrics and statistics by comparing pairs of reference-
retrieved data
FLEX-E architecture design
Architecture design based on the RAconcept in ARCHEO-E2E:
Mission type:o Multi-platform in tandem configurationè FLEX orbit constrained by S3 orbit
o Multi-instrument:FLORIS (FLEX) and OLCI/SLSTR (S3)
o Synergy between L1b products
Instrument types:o Passive optical. VNIR to TIR spectral
rangeo Multi-/hyper-spectral resolutiono Spatial resolution: [0.3; 1] km
Simulation of Sentinel-3 geometry, instruments and L1:o Simplified but representative simulation of S3 platform, instruments and processingo Not biased or constrained by ESA’s simulatoro Focus efforts on simulation of FLEX/FLORIS
FLEX-E architecture design
Architecture design based on the RAconcept in ARCHEO-E2E:
Mission type:o Multi-platform in tandem configurationè FLEX orbit constrained by S3 orbit
o Multi-instrument:FLORIS (FLEX) and OLCI/SLSTR (S3)
o Synergy between L1b products
Instrument types:o Passive optical. VNIR to TIR spectral
rangeo Multi-/hyper-spectral resolutiono Spatial resolution: [0.3; 1] km
Simulation of Sentinel-3 geometry, instruments and L1:o Simplified but representative simulation of S3 platform, instruments and processingo Not biased or constrained by ESA’s simulatoro Focus efforts on simulation of FLEX/FLORIS
FLEX-E architecture design
Architecture design based on the RAconcept in ARCHEO-E2E:
Mission type:o Multi-platform in tandem configurationè FLEX orbit constrained by S3 orbit
o Multi-instrument:FLORIS (FLEX) and OLCI/SLSTR (S3)
o Synergy between L1b products
Instrument types:o Passive optical. VNIR to TIR spectral
rangeo Multi-/hyper-spectral resolutiono Spatial resolution: [0.3; 1] km
Simulation of Sentinel-3 geometry, instruments and L1:o Simplified but representative simulation of S3 platform, instruments and processingo Not biased or constrained by ESA’s simulatoro Focus efforts on simulation of FLEX/FLORIS
FLEX-E architecture design
Architecture design based on the RAconcept in ARCHEO-E2E:
Mission type:o Multi-platform in tandem configurationè FLEX orbit constrained by S3 orbit
o Multi-instrument:FLORIS (FLEX) and OLCI/SLSTR (S3)
o Synergy between L1b products
Instrument types:o Passive optical. VNIR to TIR spectral
rangeo Multi-/hyper-spectral resolutiono Spatial resolution: [0.3; 1] km
Simulation of Sentinel-3 geometry, instruments and L1:o Simplified but representative simulation of S3 platform, instruments and processingo Not biased or constrained by ESA’s simulatoro Focus efforts on simulation of FLEX/FLORIS
FLEX-E architecture design
Architecture design based on the RAconcept in ARCHEO-E2E:
Mission type:o Multi-platform in tandem configurationè FLEX orbit constrained by S3 orbit
o Multi-instrument:FLORIS (FLEX) and OLCI/SLSTR (S3)
o Synergy between L1b products
Instrument types:o Passive optical. VNIR to TIR spectral
rangeo Multi-/hyper-spectral resolutiono Spatial resolution: [0.3; 1] km
Simulation of Sentinel-3 geometry, instruments and L1:o Simplified but representative simulation of S3 platform, instruments and processingo Not biased or constrained by ESA’s simulatoro Focus efforts on simulation of FLEX/FLORIS
FLEXSentinel-3
FLEX-E architecture design
DAY
Geometry modules:o 2 platforms (FLEX and S3)è 2 geometry moduleso FLEX orbit constrained by Sentinel-3 orbit (already
fixed) and time delay between the platformso Delay between SLSTR nadir and oblique views
Scene Generator Module:o Instruments swaths overlappingà common target location
o Similar spectral range and spatial resolutionà same radiative transfer model
Common SGM for the 3 instruments:o Same algorithmso Same configuration and external datao 4 observation geometries (4 scenes)
Scene Definition
FLORISForward Model
Geometry-Scene
interaction
S3 Forward Model
Geophysical parameters map
Scene geometry and topography
FLEX Geometry
Sentinel-3 Geometry
FLORIS hires scene
OLCI+SLSTR hires scene
FLEX-E architecture design
FLORIS Instrument Module:o Divided in Low/High Resolution spectrometerso Spatial/spectral convolution of high-resolution
input scene by PSF and ISRFo Systematic and random instrument noises:
o Spectral stabilityo Detector performanceo Temporal, intra-/inter-band co-registrationo Spectral/spatial radiometric errors
Sentinel-3 Instrument and Level-1 modules:o Simulation of OLCI and SLSTR (nadir & oblique). Overlapping FLORIS swatho Spatial/spectral convolution of high-resolution input scene by PSF and ISRFo Instrument noises + L1 correction = non-perfect L1 calibration system errors
FLORIS Level-1 Processing module:o Calibrationo Radiometric correctiono Geolocation
o Scene defined in a uniform gridin UTM coordinates
o Non-uniform convolution in focalplane geometry
FLEX-E architecture design
Level-2 Retrieval module:Synergy between FLEX and Sentinel-3 Level-1b data:o Geometric co-registration and radiometric cross-calibrationo Atmospheric state characterized from Sentinel-3 measurementso Additional parameters: biophysical products (Chl, LAI), surface
temperature…
FLEXSentinel-3FLORIS
TOA RadOLCI
TOA RadSLSTR
TOA Rad
Atmospheric Atmospheric State
Cloud Mask
Atmospheric Atmospheric Correction
FLORIS TOC Refl
OLCI / SLSTR
TOC Refl
Dual View
FLORIS TOC Etot
L2 BIOPHYS Params
Fluorescence Fluorescence Retrieval
Biophysical Biophysical Retrieval
L2 FluoMap
L2 Photo-synthesis
registrationCo-
registrationSpectral
CalibrationCross-
calibration
1. Pre-processing
2. Atmospheric correctiono Aerosol optical propertieso Water vapor contento Pressure and temperatureo Cloud screening
3. Retrieval of final products
400 600 800 1000 12000
50
100
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Wavelength [nm]
TOA
Rad
ianc
e [m
W m
-2sr
-1nm
-1]
OLCIFLORIS
FLEX-E architecture design
Performance Evaluation module:Evaluates mission performance comparingreference and retrieved data:o Geometric correctiono Calibration and recovery of pixel uniformityo Fluorescence and surface reflectance retrievalo Atmospheric correctiono Retrieval of biophysical parameters
Algorithms Library
Plotting & Reporting
tools
File Access
Config. files
Models outputs
Plots andReports
Config. data andModels outputs
Processed outputs
Session for generation of PEM inputs
Simulation 1. Configuration set 1
FLORIS module
FLORIS L1 processing module
Simulation 2. Configuration set 2
FLORIS module
FLORIS L1 processing module
Simulation 3. PEM
Performance Evaluation module
The PEM is executed at the end ofa simulation session, comparing theresults from different simulations:o Sensitivity analysiso Different sensor and platform
configurations
FLEX-E activities and current statusProject management, schedule and current status:o Developed by the Spanish consortium: Univ. of Valencia, GMV and Deimos Spaceo Two external industrial contractors developing the GEO, FLORIS and L1 moduleso Currently in integration phase after definition of tech. specifications and design of
architecture/interfaces
FLEX-E version Beta 1 Beta 2 v1.0 v1.1 v2.0 v2.1
FLEX
-E M
odul
e
SGM v1.0 v1.0 v1.0 v1.0 v1.0 v1.0S3G v1.0 v1.0 v1.0 v1.0 v1.0 v1.0GEO #1 v1.0 v1.0 v1.0 v1.0 v1.0 v1.0FLO #1 - Beta v1.0 v1.0 v1.0 v1.0L1F #1 - Beta v1.0 v1.0 v1.0 v1.0S3I Beta v1.0 v1.0 v1.0 v1.0 v1.0L2R Beta v1.0 v1.0 v1.0 v1.0 v1.0PEM Beta Beta v1.0 v1.0 v1.0 v1.0GEO #2 - Beta v1.0 v1.0 v1.0 v1.0FLO #2 - - Beta v1.0 v1.0 v1.0L1F #2 - - - Beta v1.0 v1.0
o Beta2: All modules integrated at least inbeta version
o V1.0: System verified and scientificallyvalidated
o V1.1: After mission performanceassessment
FLEX-E activities and current statusIntegration:o 8 modules developed by 5 teams in different coding languages, following the architecture
design and interfaces definitiono Integration within a common simulation framework (openSF):
Platform for the integration of models and product exploitation tools allowing the interactionwith the user for the definition, configuration and execution of the E2E simulator
o Precedes system verification and scientific validation
o Integration of separate moduleso User definition of simulation chaino Edition of configuration parameterso Control the execution of E2E simulationo Edition and visualization of simulator
outputs
Integration steps:o Modules compiled with input config. files; and
input/output data folderso Integrate modules and define their I/O linking
them according to openSFo Test behavior of integrated module vs. stand-
alone executionModels
openSF platform (HMI)
Database
Tools
Help System
Modelsinterface
Toolsinterface
FLEX-E activities and current statusMission Performance Assessment:o Check that mission/instrument concept meet system requirementso Propagation of instrument noises through the L1 processing chain:
o Geometric correctiono Spectral/radiometric calibration and correction of instrumental artefactso Instrumental errors, either all together or by groups
o Performance of L2 retrieval algorithms:o Fluorescence retrieval and decoupling of background surface reflectanceo Atmospheric correctiono Retrieval of biophysical param., spectral reflectance changes and surface temperatureo Image pre-processing: spectral re-calibration, radiometric cross-calibration and co-
registration between sensors
Performance Evaluation Module
(PEM)
Real Geometry
SGM outputs
L1 outputs
L2 outputs
o Comparison of reference vs. retrieved data using the PEMo Band-per-band and full-spectrum error metrics, applied
pixel-wise and statistical measurements over the whole imageo Proposed set of scenarios with different configuration (scene,
instrument…) to study mission performance
FLEX-E activities and current status
Level-2 products Comments• Total fluorescence emission
(spectrally integrated value)
• Peak values (F680 and F740)• PSI-PSII contributions
Integrated values at canopy level are the ones required by models.
for instantaneous observations.300 m original spatial resolution.
• Non-photochemical energydissipation
Includes as sub-products carotenoids/chlorophyll ratio and violaxanthin/zeaxanthin ratio, responsible for regulated energy dissipation. Accounts for thefraction of light absorbed by non-photochemical pigments (anthocyanin).
• Fluorescence quantum efficiencyRatio between energy emitted as fluorescence versus energy absorbed by chlorophyll-a. Accounts for actual chlorophyll specific absorption.
• Photosynthesis rateActual electron current after charge separation at PSII, also accounts forinstantaneous surface temperature effects.
• Vegetation stress Defined as “actual photosynthesis / potential photosynthesis”• Vegetation productivity (GPP) Defined at Level-2, but recommended usage as Level-3 product
o Performance assessment of L2 products with instrument noises On/Offo Analysis of L2 pre-processing and atmospheric correctiono Study of instrument noises on L1 data and its propagation to L2 products
( ) -2 -1 -10.2 mWm sr nmsFε ≤
Preliminary results
Distribution of parameters over the scene according to global maps and generationof high resolution top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance
Offline simulation of FLEX orbitfrom Sentinel-3 current orbit file
Class map Chlorophyll Water vapor
Output data from Geometry module(FLEX and S3) intersects scene location
-0.46 -0.44 -0.42 -0.445.12
45.13
45.14
45.15
45.16
45.17
Longitude [deg]
Latit
ude
[deg
]
FLORISOLCISLSTR (nadir)SLSTR (oblique)
Scene location
Preliminary results
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 11000
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Wavelength [nm]
TOA
Rad
ianc
e [m
W m
-2sr
-1nm
-1]
TOA Radiance (OLCI)
500 550 600 650 700 750 8000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Wavelength [nm]
TOA
Rad
ianc
e [m
Wm
-2sr
-1nm
-1]
TOA Radiance (FLORIS)
Scene generator outputs data with a spectraland spatial scale factor ×3-10 with respect to instrument resolution
Simulation of reflectance, fluorescence and TOA radiance according to inputbiophysical and atmospheric parameters
Fluorescence and Reflectance
Summaryo The FLEX Earth Explorer 8th candidate missions will be the first mission to measure sun-
induced fluorescence emission from space at global scale
o Due to the mission complexity, ESA is developing an E2ES based on a ReferenceArchitecture adapted to the FLEX/Sentinel-3 tandem mission
o The different modules developed in FLEX E2ES have been introduced, showing the mainfeatures implemented and their architecture design according to the mission andinstrument types
o FLEX E2ES high-level architecture and interfaces between modules have already beendefined
o The project is currently on the integration phase and the first modules are beingassembled together within a common simulator framework
o Upcoming steps: verification, validation and mission performance assessment
o First results point out towards the successful implementation of the proposed ReferenceArchitecture and design methodology
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