FISIOLOGI NUTRISI KUDA

Mk. Nutrisi Non Ruminansi

Heli Tistiana, SPt., MP.081 2332 2232

2. Organ Pelengkap

a. Gigi

b. Lidah

c. Kelenjar Air Liur

d. Hati

e. Pankreas

Sistem pencernaan Kuda

1. Saluran Pencernaan

a. Mulut

b. farings

c. Esophagus

d. Lambung

e. Usus Kecil

f. Usus Besar

• Saat pakan awal• Sekresi Saliva dari

kelenjar parotisMengeluarkan air liur hanya selama makan, ~ 10 gal / hari

Mulut

Kelenjar Saliva1. Kelenjar parotis2. Kelenjar mandibularis/submaksilaris3. Kelenjar lingualis

Tugas 1 : Apa Fungsi dari Kelenjar

Saliva dan peranan masing-masing kelenjar air liur

diatas pada ternak kuda

Anatomy of Digestive Tract

Digestive Tract

Pharings dan EsophagusFarings berperan untuk menyambung rongga mulut dan esophagus

Panjang esophagus sekitar 125-150 cm

Lambung

Ukuran kecil, sering, makanan, memulai pencernaan, seperti non-ruminansia10% dari saluranTerbatas pencernaanTukak Lambung

Small Intestine

Small Intestine - 30% of tract

Digestion of Starch 65-75% Protein, AA’s 60-70% Fat 90% Ca absorption 95-99% Phosphorous 20-25%

Fast rate of passage No gall bladder

Large Intestine

Large Colon Absorbs H20 VFA’s AA Phosphorus, 50% NaCl

Small Colon Absorption of H20 Fecal ball formation

Comparisons of digestion

Human Ruminant Equine

Stomach 30% 70% 9-10%

Sm. Intestine

33% 19% 30%

Cecum 7% 3% 16%

Lg. Intestine

30% 7% 45%

Perbandingan Kapasitas Saluran Pencernaan (liter)

Kuda Sapi Babi

Rumen-Retikulum-Omasum

- 200 -

Lambung 17,6 15,4 7,7

Usus Kecil 66 68,4 9,9

Sekum 82,5 9,9 1,1

Kolon dan Rektum 15,5 28,6 8,8

Jumlah 181,5 342,1 27,5

Kapasitas Saluran Pencernaan

8%

30%

15%

38%

9%

capacity

StomachSmall Intes-tineCecumlarge ColonSmall Colon

herbivora monogastrik - perut sederhana, makan tanaman• hindgut fermentor - pencernaan serat pada LI• Pencernaan dan penyerapan bahan pakan nonfibrous(Protein, lemak, gula, pati, air, vitamin, mineral) diperut dan SI - FOREGUT• Pencernaan dan fermentasi bahan pakan berserat(Selulosa dan hemiselulosa) dalam sekum dan usus besar olehbakteri dan penyerapan VFA, air, amonia, mineral,vitamin – hindgut

Foregut : 38%

HindGut : 62%

Pencernaan Nutrisi Kuda

Air

Penting untuk semua fungsi tubuhSuhu Feed pencernaanJumlah asupan airTingkat latihanKualitas pakan dalam ransumProporsi diet hijauanMinimal 1 gallon/100 lbs BW / hari

GI Tract Health

Forage Concentrate – Grain Supplements

Volatile Fatty AcidsGlucose

Fatty Acids

Fat

Glycogen

Digestible Carbohydrate

Fermentable Fiber

Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine

Fat

Digestion of Feed

Kategori Pencernaan Kuda

Maintenence - dasar persyaratan kehidupanPertumbuhan - termuda memiliki persyaratan tertinggiKehamilan - tiga bulan terakhirLaktasi - tiga bulan pertamaPekerjaan - tergantung pada aktivitasringan, sedang, intens Tugas 2 :

Bagaimana pencernaan kuda pada masing-masing

kategori/periode ini

Maintenance

Size: body weight Environment Individual digestive &

metabolic efficiency Dry matter intake:

1.5% of the BW Most - energy

requirements are met with forage alone

GERIATRIC HORSES

Fiber digestion decreases

Ability to manufacture or absorb certain vitamins decrease

B vitaminsVitamin C

Decreased kidney functionCalcium stones may build up

Decreased liver functionJaundice, weight loss, lethargy, loss of appetite, intolerance for fat and protein in diet

THE GERIATRIC HORSE

Confinement? No! Turnout with a friend.

Weight loss reasons: Poor dentition

Reduction in digestion - parasites, microbial constituents, B Vits

Selection of Feed Highly palatable Easy to chew & swallow Clean & dust free Highly digestible pellets or

extruded feeds Contain enough high

quality fiber to aid digestion. High quality hay – no alfalfa.

Chopped hay, hay cubes or pellets

Soaked feeds or mashes

Feeding The Athlete

Levels of Performance/Work

Light - western and English pleasure, trail riding, equitation, hacking

Moderate - dressage, ranch work, roping, cutting, barrel racing, jumping

Intense - race training, polo, cutting,

Muscle GlycogenBlood Glucose

Anaerobic Glycolysis

OxidativeMetabolism

Pyruvate Lactate

ATP

Free-Fatty Acids

CreatinePhosphate

Myokinaseand CPKReactions

CO2and Water

Lipolysis

Oxygen

SOURCES OF ENERGY FOR THE PERFORMANCE HORSE

HORSE DIET BASICS

1. Water intake2. Maximize forage intake3. Minimize concentrate consumption4. Balance the ration in the following order(a)energy (b) protein (c) minerals (d) vitamins5. Monitor body weight & body condition score6. Change feedstuffs gradually (7‐14 days)7. Calcium to phosphorus should be between 3:1 to 1:18. Supplement minerals & vitamins9. Feed each horse as an individual

Energy Sources

Hydrolysable CHO Sugars & starches Create ↓ intestinal pH & risk

of colic Fermentable CHO

Beet pulp or soy hulls ↓ glycogen usage

Fat 3X the energy concentration of

CHO Creates higher energy feed

Protein (minimal usage)

Required Energy

Activity Examples DE (Mcal/d)

Maintenance Pasture 16

Light work Pleasure riding 20

Moderate work Reining, jumping 24

Intense work Racing, endurance 32

FAT SUPPLEMENTATION

Why Use It For Performance Horses? Energy from fat is 90% utilizable Fat ↓ heat of fermentation Fat glycogen storage prior to race Fat ↓ buildup of lactic acid during

intense exercise Fat ↓ fatigue

Sources of Fat

Natural horse diets contain < 3-4% fat “High Fat” sweet feeds contain 6-10% fat

Fat Supplements Vegetable Oil (most common 99% fat) Rice Bran (very palatable 20% fat) Animal tallow (not palatable)

Fat Guidelines

No gall bladder Max ~20% in total diet 1100 lb horse can digest

17.5 oz of fat (Just over 2 cups)

If adding fat to existing diet, need to rebalance other nutrients (i.e. vitamin E (200 IU/cup of

added oil) Add 6-10 weeks before

performance.

General Guidelines For Feeding Working Horses

Hay requirement Feed at least 50% of total ration as forage (pasture

&/or hay) Preferably high quality grass hay or alfalfa/grass mix

Exercising horses do not need high levels of protein More important – quality of protein

Horses should be fed to meet their immediate needs I.e. cut grain on rest days

If stalled, overfeeding can stocking up or colic

The Growing Horse

Goals Maximize genetic

potential for growth

Sound musculoskeletal system

• Nutrient balance is important• Requires higher quality feeds• Growth rate & age determines requirements• Growing till reach 30 months

Percent of Mature Body Weight vs... Months of Age

6 12 18 24 30 360

102030405060708090

100

Light Horse Draft

Months of Age

%

6 12 18 247880828486889092949698

Percent of Mature Height vs.. Months of Age

Months of Age

Weanlings

Minimize stress Minimize post-weanling

slump. 1.5-2.5 lbs grain/100 lbs

body wt 0.75-1.0 lb hay/100 lb body

wt Ca > P Monitor feed & water intake

As foals get older, the ration should be increased by adding more good quality hay, leaving the grain mix relatively constant.

Feeding Yearlings

Sales/show Forage

High quality .75-1.0 lb/100 lb

body wt. Concentrate

Formulated for growth

1.0-2.0 lb/100 lb body wt.

Turnout– Forage

High to moderate quality

2-2.5 lbs./100 lbs. body wt.

– Forage balancer

Monitoring The Growth Process

Daily Intakes Body Weight

Average daily gain Signs of Skeletal

Abnormalities Physitis Joint effusion Lameness

0-3 months 4+ months

Months 0-8 Months 9-11

Lactation

Gestation

Nutrition of The Broodmare

Gestation: Nutritional Concerns

Provision of nutrients for: Fetal growth &

development

Other products of conception

Foal10%

Other5%

85%

• Last 3 month of gestation: 60 % foals’ weight• Mare needs to gain 0.3 – 0.8 lb/d

Average daily milk production in mares

15 30 45 60 90 120 15021

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

Time (days)

Dai

ly M

ilk

Pro

duct

ion

(lbs

)

Feed Consumption (% BW)

Mare status Forage Concentrate Total

Early pregnancy 1.5-2.0 0-0.5 1.5-2.0

Late pregnancy 1.0-1.5 0.5-1.0 1.5-2.0

Early lactation 1.0-2.0 1.0-2.0 2.0-3.0

Late lactation 1.0-2.0 0.5-1.5 2.0-2.5

• Adding concentrate to late pregnancy mares accounts for limited energy & acclimates microbes

• Allow 1 wk to 10 d for mares to adjust to intake changes• Heavy milkers may require as much as 1.75-2.0% of BW in concentrate

feed/day

Nutrition of the Breeding Stallion Primary Concern

Maintenance of Body Condition

Non-breeding– Forage + vitamin/mineral

supplement Breeding

– 0.5% concentrate– 1.75-2% hay