First Lessons in Sanskrit - Eng + Hindi

8/6/2019 First Lessons in Sanskrit - Eng + Hindi

1/96


2/96


3/96

~; - , ~ R qf: I! R J Q f ~ s 1fo 1pT it ~~ ~;rr~rWU1 ij,snif ~ ~r ' " o r ! " ~ . . . ' . ' \ . ,I, ~l i '~7~

f i f T J T i T N i frlFl t - n t1'~~'{ (lqij il'(1W , &fff: , f i l B f f l ~ ' i tijpif f f W O ~ ! . T f r r t t lRTN P l ~ r ' f T w '!iliFf a{1erim 1 8 1 1 r n f t ~(5 tlf it a r 1 ~ difrJ fHl~ it ~~rr ~ll1fl ij'~it qff\i~ ,~~ . a r . ; ~ ~O J . ~ 6 " 1 7 a r 1 ~ '7~'*1~ i f . 'Ptf~ f l i T ' f i f l f f u r J / t J(f(:~g a n ' J a m " ; n q i i ififlffl f[q;fii~ ij~fI iffl'~ i t ; r r~J6t ' f~ 7 f 'ff'fo ~ o~ l?D iif J r21 ,P l ~ i& lq q l ~ i j - RfNn


4/96

( .~ " \- .. ,',,.-, I\ " , )

' ' : n t : r w ~-mi Zj1'~1 ~lr::J:r' ' r 1 r ' ~ ' S " l 1 f r ; ' D ' r : : r ~ '~ I\, ~ ' T ,' I ' \ fI ~ l " " : [ ~ . -. r\~: ~r . i ~ _ " - 1 r'[~: :C(., l' '1~~u; I . I J 6 f i { ~iT" m ~ : q - m e r ~ q f t i~~~u'J. 1 { ; ' n ~ - " ~ - .0 " ' ~ l l ' ~ " ' ~ " ' ~ ~ " "~- v .'-'-.",. l l 'q,>., " . , - - . .,


5/96

ft~ ~ " ; n " '" . " ; S ~ ' " '' .~l- . - '- .. ,". I. . I:~


6/96

( ;; )~' ~ ~f~tli ' 8 Wt'l1m '''~ 'Q : l l l T ~ fer~ : i f ; f i t a i ; : c ( ' 1 1 " 1 ( 6 ' snl:~""'ill t 'SfJ'l:,J:~ ~r ~ - - - , G t ~ 'm ~ t f~~:Uifa r ; ( ~ f ~ 3 l f r u t' a q , y q : ; , : u tli T &j~ 'Si~r~ :af&g w W f il ~ , t .T i

i C " . . . . . ~ + .; -:::.. '... ::...... . ~, ( : 1 " : 1 'tt t t ,Wt ' ~fll:qI'~i:l[' i " , ' :fiM V l~ i f ' J ~ ' $' q - [ f f : i ~ q ; : srtr~ ~ :~ '{'if'~;a''i1;'~ : r fW T i J 'l iT '~~Q) ~~r ';a "~:~ ~ ~ f l i W ' ' ~ i f ~lIilm' ;;r

'~ ~ ..... ~ ~~ ~ f,:'!,q sr t r lu]- ; r ' ~tliifr ~ i f l~ ! f i Sflftif~' ~'~~~-(f 2 f l ~ ~ I 1 9 : ; : 1 "~ 'i~at;ri~~;rr q]~ '~' ~faq2:,iS q\ 1 ( C f i i { i " fq'q'ij" C f l l if" f~ ''t .e r ~q l :@ r arf';'n~~T ' ~ Jt,r~"~a: : : :J~ : ' : l l " q i { ' B"~ ~ e i : ' [ ' I " ~~Clr'';'~ ~ gT':~''"~'::r ~gc:1!lj~r'Ilt '\.'. ~ ,', " ' 3 1 i f:~ I~ 'JIQ, I ~,I "",,,', 'Q+u\\ : '"'1 f~"~,'.', '\~ ,~, I . . . . ~ ",~,\"l r;~'~,~


7/96

AD'VERTIS ,EMENTThe op in ion has been ad op ted by the Gove r nmen t

of t h e 'N " - l : _ V ' ; : P rov in c es that the s t u d y of Sansk r i t byl '_'.-- :") .,1,.:.- I" ~ "'" [I J _ : . ' _ ," . . . :1' ..... - ..... _ ... I._.~~r:. "_~ - ,. -1 1 - ,_ I.. 1 ..... _._.: ... I:. '. " [ - .... 1-_. '/.~ .. ' i" ': .:_ .~ __,: ,0J J . , 'the Eng lish pupi ls in the Gove r nmen t 'Colleges, might

be m ad e to fu rn ish a m ean s o f m en tal d isc ip lin e an a-logou s to that which the s t u d y of the Latin a,nd theGreek furnishes in Europe,

'In these "First Lesson s", the p lan o f whic h wass u g g e s t e d by M r , T . . K , jOArnold's "F i r s t L a t i n B O O l k " ,and which are intended to precede the s t u dy of' an yregular Sanskr i t G rammal" , the e tymolog ica l r u l e s forthe perm u tation o:f le tte rs . in the f o rm atio n [o f ' word swh ich in the r egu lar g ram ma rs the l ea rne r en coun t e r s,at the ou t se t , are r em i t t ed to a, late r d ivi s ion o f thework,:--,atten ti[on , 'be in g [c alled at ou tse t to those s ' y , n ~tac tic al ru le s on ly = -an d to eac h ru le on ly when aspec ial oc c asion for it ar ises=-which are of ' cons t an tappl icat ion in mod i f y i ng the a'plpearan,ce o,f per fec two rd s when they c ome together in , a sen ten ce.Attention is also con f i n ed , in the f i r s t instance, to,those fo rm s, ( such as the S d pe rson singular of theverb) in , which, the mos t c on stan tly rec u r r in g word s ,p re sen t them s elve s in sen ten c es , an d the pup i l is se tat on c e to , wr i te exe r c ise s , ill whic h a n um ber o f 'u se fu l word s a,re r epeated to ~ r : : e , " q [ . U I e n t [ ~ l 'y " . ' as t ' > o : " ' ] r ender_ , . . , - _ . l , I - - . . _ ' , . . . . . . _ : _ . . _ _ . _ , . . _ __ . _ ' ~ _ . [ , " " " - _ - . , . . ' _ _. - : . , ' . _. . . ll.._-: . l. _- . . : , _- ,_ -. [_ -. )_ ": . _ - _ , ; J I , ' . _ ' [ . ' . ~ , , , , : _ , " , , -

'_ '_ l' unl ikely thei r be ing r ead i ly forgot ten aga in . The,


8/96

( ~o )PU D ; - i l whilst makinz prog ress, will here , probably have, .lo-: "" .... .' ~ :'." . " -0 .. ....,.. . ~. .-' -'- ~ , ~ , I ' . . ~ , . ~ : : . . . . . ~ : -the pleasant feeling' that he is making progress-s-andafter mastering this introduction, he will, 110t be so

dil ]"1d b hi h - f . " . ' hea, 1:y repeueo : , : . : y a gram,ma r W,',J.\ lC". starts trom the...J._~.'" st ' . ' 1 ' . ' , nt.. of th ubiect 1 , : 1 , . . . t h e , - . :. .


9/96

, " "- - .t J~ t r 'R_ ' ! o

o \tiD\"lfil i i,"


10/96

( 'o ~ r . ) " , . '1 \\1. , , ' 1 1

. . ' .'nr!r ~~ ' I t : ' ~ a,u ~ ~ ~'~0 I( ~ " ~ 'L 1 '1 '~l ~ ~I' iI' Q i ' o ' ~ ~ : : g J : , s r f l : T . i f . 8 f ' ~ ' r q n : r - r :cpr1:~ '....'q[o ~:~ : U"; ::i f'n f _ ,'{ ' atf~Cf;'(u:r' ;r;r,:~' ~~~'q'- 'I~ ~l:; : f~,~J ltJi . _ -q~ I - . . . .1 "I !i..

qft a t ' e f l " r r""\_ " : - '.~ '. _ , I . . , . ' .'qro ';;"~!1i 'qT: ;z r

arR~q~ ' ' T T ~ , t tq r o ~ ~ : : f a e f r t r ~ c t i r ml~

., " .

~')lf qif' ' i f . T f!f~tf ~Uf~-I ' f T J t i F f ' ' ' ' ' ' i 3 . q i5.~-tt~,~ '~ ~~,S tl~ '~'~.,. " :Ii 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 ,t, ._......,-"-.:'.~!:I t r t ' ~ fi:t~q w ' 9 :UI' ucaq :rrm:f ,e..;~ ~m' . I - _ ~,I.'''I, - , I I ! . . IIq~tq ,\~1"'-"-'1~1

i I!

a r u w r r r r ' e r r 1 1 l r n . ~ f l I ':::r~ ;Itnt' ~ f i i r i a - ' =r~. " " , ~ ~ . " ' r . , ~",_;''1 "'tf!;~~~ILI. ,.;' . . .

"~~v.

i ll ,

' .' < iI i . .

. 1 1 1 ' . I

!II lfJ

~~' . . , ';:)~,

.'. Ii! ~it~'! l'~'i~~~ , " ,tJ' 'ift'~ 'Y'

:!{.;;'~,~'

!(::;\j.' . . . . . ' "


11/96

q : - ' - I ~0 - ' ~ - '~ ' . ' p ' : ; ' - ' ' t r ' i I T - ~ ' - , ' t 1 ~ '' , . _ _ ;' , " ' , ' ( , ,' " , : ,' , . . " - : , - , : - ' : ~ : ' , ' I" , : ' , , : ' : , ' - " , ' _ :I ! r: ~ ' , ' , "I,i g . : I ~ ~ ~ " ' : : . - ~~;rrl~ ","~ ' _ ,I \1"'1~!L \l

. . . - .

...i ~,t'~'~

( ; 'I .,,~, '~t,q)m'~0

q r o ~ 0 : '~~1Jf " < l f l f. ' . . . ' . ' . ' l:bA:~W

\ 9 ~'t~" "Q l 6 ' ~ ~ : i f~ ' f J ' l~~ ~~-!iiijCJ(:;r

~ifiJ~;r:tQ-oRq~ no* ' , r : G l f M ) T ~ = : ~;::r'1: I q , - " ,~(1'1,1 e ; ! l ' " \ , t ' .

q r o ~ . ~ . : ?ql~ ~ f . M " r i i . . .~~ ij;~ ~ u c r f f i r , ~mtft ; - s q u ~

! : f r o ~ ~ : a J l l f i j i f i ' i r a : 1 m q ; y 9 ' 0 ~o, q i 1 i ; V f

iii i \9~\ 3 ,[ \ ! ' ~ ,

\ 9 -~-'". . . . . :_ . ,~'I , D . j I I ! ! i '-~ ~


12/96

C O ~ N " T ~ I E " N " " " T ' " S " I. ~,' I' : Ie : ' P I ' I " ; .. _ . ~ . _ _ . . [ J . . . ~ _ _ _ _1[~ t WI : d ~ : ' . '1 i' .. : :t ~ ~ : ., '1": ,_D ,.& O~ UC:~'IOD

The D evan agar i Alphabet' v : , ' o ~ ' \ : A l e = ' l i ~ s

~ '_ . , ,~ry_~.~:_,'

Iii i .'

. '" , 'ii i

N i ' dial d ' F i t ' '1 F 'I r' " th V - ' Iled ia ana '. l:I :]"a..:~ ] o " r ' m ~ : ; l s ~0 'he : O ' w : , : l e ' s_ .:I_._ "" :'.-= -_~r'~" .~:_. [," ' _ . _ ,' :. ':_. ' .. '.:_. "'~_ 1 '_ ._ ' . ':" ___ ._ .. I ._ ."_" ".1,,,I C ' : O I - niu.net 0 ' ; ' 0 : m S = J O , ' i n ( ' 1n t s I,"._.,_j.::I" I,. -.-. "..- .'... .....:_._ I, ,I ._. Ill 'Lessen 1 : NO'U'DS an d the i r 'Form s ...'.

CN : J [ o ~ ; ' n a t....~ V ,'e c a s e_ '.'","..1~~._ ', 1.:.,1 .. :_1 , ".: - .. _. ~. .- t ' 3 ' V " " ' b p . ' . . . . . t I ' T ' Ij~.eSSO'D': :: er . r re sen t r ense ,tI"illLesson 4 ' : S and hi :.V isarga _.,~Lesson 5 :' S an d hi : V isarga ( con tin u ed )Lesson 6 , : V erb : F u tu re Ten seLesson 7 : Accu sative case , . ~.Lesson 8 :'V erb : Ir regu lar F orm s ~.. f

Negative ( par tic le )e r ' . ~ ~ . . . . . ~I' n '(' .. ~ . 1 1 l~)",in te ro eatr ve . par tic le )' '. I, .-- .~ '_ .

LeS;SOD!J ::Nom in ative Plu ralLesson ' 1 0 : Accusative Plu ra l

"!liJl;

ilHi! iI

,I'" ..

111 .

3 f'."" :J _ t .r5

911

1 '61 8 ]19 'c ], _ . : . J2 2')0.,.;;

0 ' 5 'I '. . . . ,'.


13/96

Lesson 11 : Instrumental Case I~.Le's.soD, 1'2 ; Indefinite Past Participle ' ) 8 : .~ ... ,LeSSOD 13 :::Verb : ,2u,dpreteriteLesson 14 ::Coniunctive Participle ",.~~~ ILesson 15, : Indeelima ble Words

3 '0oo, , , , ,

Lesson '1:6: Dative and Ablative casesLesson 17 : Genitive and Locative cases

34s sl "8 7Lesson. 18 ::Adjectives . . ",~ ,I; II iI! 3941[eSSOD, 19 : Karnadharaya compound

Le....e ; o ,D " '(lD': ,. T a t p U ' i r u s h a comapoun d. ~'i~' ..... . 4 . _ ' . . . ' . '. . , ; ' , " ~ . , ~ 'e ,'. :,' " ~ ." '~: , '~c: .:' ,' .. :... 'c . :..' . ... ...' Le s ,SOD 2 1 , : P ron ou n s ... ,.,,~ 1 - 6 Lesson 2 ,2 :::C han ges in mas ..nom, sing, 6:' and 'qq ' : 4-9~ I ' ~ ~. ' . " . . . . . . ' 2 : ' ' 3 : . 4 p...." I ' ' [ " . . . . . V ' . . ' . . ~ . .>.JleSSOD .'~.'" .. ,: ,a.:'Slve' OICe: 5 ' , r y, -

5 2 ,LeS'SOD 24 ::'Verbs of the 2 [ ' n d conjugation ..~,I; 5,3L e ' S ' 5 ' , 0 n'~'2 " ' 5 ' . ' U " . ' s :e . .ful v e r ' b s , 0 : f th i ~ ' J " n , ~ :d c o . . . .'IlJ 7 ' u g . : ra.tion ' , ' ~ . " [I t ; . ,---. ," "" ':_," ' ,< .11. 'I ' .. I:.: : .. I ~ ,_ I ;.,. V. -:::... , [


14/96

( ' ; " : ~ ~ : G ~ : ) ' : "'.: "," :'L L ': . ". ~ ,~ : ' . ' JL e s s ' :O D ' ,~ 2 ' , ' 6 ; ' : " V a r i o U ,: S ' f o r m s(. o f the v e r b s i l l u s t r a t e d , 6 ' , 0 1 '1 1, " , : " " " : - ' . " ' " , ' " . , ' , ' , , : , ' ' . " " ' , , : " " i ' : I t : ~ , " _ " " , , , . " , " ' : ' .,J,'.', '".,'.:",-' :,',.',iJl . c ' c .' _ -, , : . ",":LI,'o;"jI',,', ' . : , 1 , " : "Lesson ' 2 ; ' 7 ' " D w a n d w a c..m p o u n d ' 6 1,D:",.:: .. :.' ",._> ',_,,' "",I."t',I , ". '__.,",' ., .... __ . , I I i ' . ' . " . ' , , , : : : ,i ,._

'B : : ' ; , a " ' : 'hi u r v l r i h _ - ~ ' _ - , , ; ] ~ c "0 " n n " : p ' ' : : ' : O ~ ' U 'm d'. [ 6 ' . . " . . . " 3 , , , . ' . . , ,,"".'.',:':,: ,,'~~:" I, """"":~" .. ,_.:,[,,,I: .".' "oi'~ ," ,

C h a n g e i n a d e n t a l . c o n s o n a n t . . . 6 3 ~ ' "_'-,"_. .L e s s o n 2 8 : I n f l e c t i o n a l t e rm i n a t i o n ofa Noun .. 6 5L esso n 2 9 : C o n j u g a t i o n a l t e rm i n a t i o n s o f a V e r b -

P r e s e n t T e n s eL e s s e n 3 ' 0 : I n f i n i t i v e

' 7 , " 0 " ' , , r: I I_J

L , , . '. , . . . . ' , ' _ - 3 " " : 1 ;. P r e s e n t P a r t i c i n l e A c t i v es s 0 , : 8 : .,1 I. , ; i ; . I, r , e ,e n t . ' a . , l C - l P " I I e " , c n v e_. [_... ' ... --- ,_ - _ '-- '-- . .__ [__ .... - . '. -~ ,.. I~ - __ __ "I n d e f i n i - . f i t " e c " P a s , ' , t : ' " P a r t i c i p l e A ' ~ 't i v e ' : :__ .. _ . _ l .... .. : ~ .. ,[_1_".1 , ".~ ' .. :"_ '__"-I [. ' '. .. ' ,. I".~" . .. ,: '._.! .. ' ;"'-""1 .:. ~ .,._" :' L__ .~ l ,~ . '~ L _ - J , . " It

" 5 - - _ - ''1

' 7 " ' ' ' ' 6 ' ' ' '. '. : ' ,; . . 1. :

F u t u r e P a r t i c i p l e s . . . . . . 7 6Lesson 3 2 : V e r b s c o m p o u n d e d w i t h P r e p o s i t i o n 77

T h e m o s t u s e f u l o f t h e tw e n ty - o n e P r e p o s i t i o n s 7 8L e sso n 3 3 : 3 r d . p e r s . s i n g . o f t h e im p e r a t i v e i., 80


15/96

I N T R O D U C T I ' O N~:r:r"'I '=1'(,1

The vowels , in the f ollowin g 'p ag es , must be p1"O~nou n eed as fo llows : viz ., a as in R o m a n ; a as in [ a t h e r ;.. II' .. i i i . '" l ' " " ' " h ' ' I I! d . .1 as In , i t ; I ' t as m P0': tC8,7 u as tn PUJ ' , '~) it as In ruae; e a s m

t h e r e : , a i as, ~I'~ a i s l e : 0 " , a " s ' in S ' O j ~ a ' 1 I ' a ' s , ' til"W:' in ,~'n~;!lJ~ 'T - ~ 1 n ' ~ ' ~ con", ~ r : " " I t i ! ' " ~ ' ~ ~ . . . I i . " ~ [ ~~,'I!J ." .. "" , '_ ', '" ' ~ ,"" , , v'., j", IW~.. , ' c ' \ . . P ~ " _ . . . .sonants are, in genera l , p ron ou n c ed as i n , Engl i sh . B u tth and p " , : h m " U ' ' S :t be " sou nd ed as in th e: w vord s a - H4 " h : : -1, ' 1 ' " antdI ( . . , ,C ' ',"" ' , c ". " , ' ~ ' ' . " " ' , c" c . ' , _ " :" , " ' . I , . " , c ' . " ,l:. '.' '.. ,_ "c", __ ,I(';~ C ;' , i i / . " ' : " . . ' " , " , '% t p ,h i l l , not as in , this a n , d , , p h i l o l { J , g ; y ~ ,, . VOWELS '!R:

~at a , elf 8. ~ i, ~ t. ~ U, a \ u . ,. (, ~ . r, {2 I,'!a,~~ " l , _ " ( e , 1 t a i, a n o , i T T ' a u , ~ ('_n u s v d r . a ) , , ' n t ~ ( . , v i s a r o a ) ' h.~ ~,,- 0.. ,.....,~I. ! i l l !

C O " : N " s " o , - , , N ' ' ~ ' A " N T S ".~,-" - ....,J ." . , , 1 , :;qlG u , , ' t e t u ' 1 I " jj ,] ' " ;rn1:;!:f Z " f " ' a ", :_,.,ra,s ~;I,IVQ'r.I ',~ fi../,Palatals '='ifijfOitJ ~'ttl" .L '\t11< .. "11 'Cerebra l s a r l ftl (!' ta ,D en tals '~ ~ W I ta,Labials e n ~ qp a "Semi-vowels e t ; a ~ : ' E " P . f

qya" ~ ra

, , ~ ,~ , h a"_ , .. ' ., .. , ,. . . z " / zo ina..~ II

;y g a "~\ 5 f J r . l- - _.\1, . ""~ ~a,

tt 'da,h

if .a "

' E l ' g I l a . ,: q j , j . l z a ,if 4 h a "qdha.if bha,

if i t a . ,=r ~ana.'m "'taI ~ . . . . ~ ,; y ' na .'f 'ma,.,


16/96

[ ~ ]Sibilants and Aspirate

, ,t,~ sa", q sa (1 sa , 6 : ita ..'The above forms of the ootoels are used only at the'b ,. ill ~ 1 1 b I T ' , h 1 '11 'Ii _ '1.. ..,:,e,gln,nrD,g , 0 : 1 " a syr ab.e'~, the vowel 'S{ ' a is mnerent 'In

every consonant, and : 8 sounded after every one whichhas not the mark of a pause tllUS-( viz." .._,)subscribed,nor another vowel, in a contracted shape, attached to,"t' T ''h e s e other v O ' W ' els wht e n not at the bea i nn i n z of"1 .nese ou~,:,~",.::.'':',"",: '",: ,~~~'['::"'cl,~_~ :'


17/96

[ .~. ]~,~ ~'Pt ~ a f R o ?n 'ar t '~ !liiiTt ~ q r m 't -- ''i, { ' 1'i/qhen two or more consonants meet without the in-

tervention o f a vowel, ehey coalesce and become oneconjunct character, These compounds are: formed bywriting the subsequent cornoaant under the first" byl " ' l ' Pn,din 0" tI n - ; -m,,'i! in ~,c a r t i cular .. a " "_ ' ,0 ' r h Y - w , : ri tin g..~ thle~n" " , ' , Ii " , . . o , i . " " U , I ~ . ' . . . . . _ ' " c,. ! ' :""~ e....IrJo.a. .. ~j' '.- '-J ._.,_, ".' , . _ r l .ill their usual order, omitting the perpendicular strokeof eac h J le" u t , e ; - - ' - except the lastv" : ......' ~ , r . . . . . , . , . . : . . . . . . " " . . . .,_\.,.,J!"...... i t A , . ~ .

\ W i I ' ~ < : f T ' Si f4P!6 'olI:~' f ~ r - ~ f t ' ~ &l['\ '~;;. '"~ ~t ~','l(t' ~ m ~r~' ' f +1~$ ,q~ ~-~ ~~'~~& f ' r e S-I'ff { ~~q ~~

' ~ q ' - ~ T ' : q.,~ ~,~, i);rt::'.....:~ ' = : I " ~ ~ ~ ~T ~ o:J 1~= r ~ ,~~~~, . ~ . ~ ~ ,~ < n " ' n f l l , ~ ~ . _ _ , . . ~ . tf!l~I'''~ "-':10 -1~'I1l ~u :f ,Q:t,."",l!~ ,'(,~ fffifr'(i t,'rr ~ 'I:{c n~~ ftrtiff;q;~ ' s r i ! { E t r atf;a;:r RI,,;:f i 6 'a l f ~ R := O ~ ~ o~~t i t ; f r 3 f T f i s R T a~ ~ w ~ fi~ ~e;~~ 'aqt 6rtrT~ifiq 'it ' f ' ~ { C f ' ~ ~&f i iT~ ~'aT tl .The letter , f , when it immediately precedes a COl1-sonant, is \vriuen above it, in the form of a , crescent,thus-,tt rga ; when it. immediately fo l lows one, it iswri tten a:s a s lan t i ng l i ne , beneath it, thus .. kra, If g r a . ,

~ sr ' 7 ' " a.Ji r " ; " ' 1 : . . . t a r tP'~ ~ ~~ ,~, ~r ~~.,~ ~"' .,. , '~~'Il '_~t11 vr'wt'


18/96

'iU kkya, s, , < I sr, 'C.~ ghn a , _ f l , k a .J i f f t g : a1 .hA ! I I I I ~.. cca , .~ ccn a , ~ . J ) ' Q J ~ J 'ua*, :Sll J )'a , ~ , J r , a ,Ii i . c a " DG ( z t a j ~ tta, iJ tn a s ' ! i ;q ' try,Q J ~ E f tv a J~ ' d d a , = I ddha , i(db ha, ;:~ dbl l ) ;a , :'1 , d y a , S { dra. .' J ; q d h;);a , r~~ n , r y : a . , ;qf ntra ?('.pta, ~' bl lYa, Jl l e a ,S f .if'll) !: ~ ) '~ : ' a . , ~ s ta , .~ s tra , . ~ P . f s tha , ~ . v ' a ,' P i hna, i i i hma , i T .hya, iihra ..

- 1. ' :-Lesson ,.. 'q(O' ~1~ 1 . \ . . Sansl crit 110- m , as it stands in the dictionary,

is s a id to b e l"''!i~ th "'~" ~ ,~ , d e f i " ' o " J."-'3In.__:1 . ,,: _ ,,'_. ,.-:-", ' I ! f . : r . ' .~J !. \ ..... d J-!i!' . ~ . ~ r _ " , 1-'1f/r1rf!, ..~~ tjf ~~' l(I{;t[ r : - : , . ~ ~'q ~ :([if{~t.Uit l {mr 't \i~

'tt~lMt{f'{ifi~r S i R : : r ~ ~'q it f E " ~ 6 " '~ ~ ' \12 1 \ 1 ' o ' " u I 1 C " 1n t I , . )r - o . r"1.U . . . .m . . " . fo n .y~ ~ ' l I I n 1] I ~ ' l i ! ' ' ! " ' ! I I ' , 1 ; ; ' 1 1 ' . . . . " 'V ~ O '" \ 'V ' , . 1 '. ' ~ , . . l " . J . ) ~ . ' . ; ; ; . J . . . . . 1, .... ,1 ; ,1 0 ; , . 0 " ' . . . . [ , ~ . \ , . ; 1 ".iL',.1I.J J:, ........ ,.,,~ ~:";"., .~1.'\.,,~ ' , ~ . r . . . - \I 1"" . , : , . , . - :~ tor m a COnSOJla!l~'!s r r f a q f ~ ~ q s 1 a r q ~ : ~ r ~ 'e ' _ r ~;q:Tq ; y ~ ij'l' if ~ ; e r ~: r

:~J' t 'iff tR lU r{ .~ 'I3. The vowels with. which most nouns end are

at a~e n 4~~ i, t i,l!UJand ~ r ! l '_...Q:._._" ~:.. .~ ~ ::., ~onq.f~ 'e"T oI,;1 -. 'l;:er ' + I 011-1 C{lq1 ' : f . F l E t t ~ : -~ar," f ', ( : ,'~ ' " W fJtrr !Q: 1 4.. Nouns are Mascu l i ne . F em in in e .. N eu ter. Nameiii .. _ .. " " ' 1 _ _ tfioY."" ....",,, I~ , ;Jl'b _ 0;, " ., I i ; . ; ; !

of males are 'mascu l i ne" and those of females feminine;but many 'words are : masculine or feminime, which arenames neither :ofmales nor of females, Fo: r example

~ .............. , -_:- .... __ . --- _",!? .' ~_,__ n ,~r_ _T ! I o . : : - - ~ - _ - _ . .. .. . .. '11"""1 010 "I . ., .~ Comm oalv pronounced Q't,"{J: o r - ev en "d,~a_ -. ~. ,,' .. ~ .. - - . -.. ,OJ" . - _":..".~-.' ' i I 'T+U~;q'd~(g.'" Z 8 : i i 1 . I ~ f i A T " ~ :gilil


19/96

[ ]

5- ' B ' ' : ' ' , " " ' . , . . j , . : I i : ~ - _ . ' , . l' -. ..,. "."'""T , , . - - . . ," ~ ,. . ' h.- "'. Ii- ,. , ; 0 1 : . l . '""Id"'' . . , I i y ,a,;",.i~~ln,g,.IO,) or otner v: '~CCe,anglllgil1e, cruc , I eform [o f the noun seven d if f e r en t forms, with differentsenses a-I:~~' obt ained These altered ~ _ " ' O : : ' , I _ " m " _ : , ~ I C 1 ' . , _ .,, a re'.:called'......:.., "",iJI',, . ' c i l l , . " " " '" ' , ' . ' , - ,~-lJ., '-: ,.' _ r,.I,!!""'~. " " ,' .- ..,..


20/96

[ q ]e r (J becomes, in tile: Nominative, S T ' : a , i t . ,~" ; , _ _ _ ~ := r . '" ih.;.:). " -~,, II!II'" ,.,~ t~ It! l l r --r' ..., ~ : . ! I i " al!I iP L - , , ~'N . B~ :-- J \J \ eu t .,e r no Ul1 S ending in, ;;i a make the

Nom in a tive in , 'at , a t n . .srI~-firq ~'lT'fif'flft ..i~ -.ai( ~ sr.tr it ' S f ' i t t i r t- ~ ~ ~ - " ~ ~ , - ' t o : , ~ , - : : - ' " , _ " ~ I;,;rEfiT ' r o b " I'~ at ~~ a t f F r r ' e . , , ~

Exercise J ,~ ;at~q'(Er~8" Wr i t e . down tile Nominative "case of each of

the, following words both in Devanagart & Englishcharacter

t;:. f;r"fij, f f S l o ~ f i f ' t p r W i l t ' ~R'Cfi ~ r ~'II f~: t i r : '_VOCA,B ULARY 1 = { ~ 9: ~ I a q : " q : I f ; ' ' , \ ,ap.g ( ,"'It ) a l oa a horse,~~~r{ f E c ' : q I ~ ) icchn wish.81T~ [ ii9,o*I_-~R ifiT ' 8 ! T " f i i 1 ' } a s a n a , ( n," ') a seat,atC- ,(-e1'~ )-',a ,~ i fire,,1 ,1 1 ) I'> I ',' I~~~i f l l : i 6 ' ( t i i a r r ) , k t i k a a crow'..,+ lI,_ r ( + rlq rr ) tniiliJ garland.w a . : ( , ', ~ , a : : r f k ' ) ~ : . . A : pros p ' , " e ' - ' o -: I ! !' ty ' : ~ _ ' ,i i ltl: " ~ ~c.:I. . rl'1'''' .~:,.-,II" :"" . .1 ... . , . :! 1 1 l t ( f i t . :O ' f t J T ) gu1}G a quality,~I ( f T : r T ) . pitr a father ~E [ ~ o : r [ il9o* J ( ~ ) = (n.) speech.

I I I : 'The Ietter 'nt' indicates th S ,' t- the W ~ ~ - ' , - ' O ' ,r d . : 1 ~ : S N ~ ' :eut, er, _ ' ' _ _ _ 0 . ~ _ - v - - , " . ~ ' . ' .1 1 1 1 ~if30' ;J9_U'6IQl' i r


21/96

[ '~ ]=err ( ( = q - ; : S = : ' I I ' ) candra the, rnoori ..

~ ~ . C " ~.D'~ '):' d : ' 8'''''' a ' ~ . I:"rO:'-' d C - ''~"-1 :' ~.~ U~/, ,,-','v _ - . ~ . ,5, ' '- ' " - ,,'~"~'5fr' ( '{ ar r ) puja worslrip,~'I{ [ "9,0 I(~(g l-ha ( ri.)a laouse,~' ('" ) dh. ...-'~'Ii ':, :9U'~:I, 'ar,m,a rrrerat,eft'UJT ( 'ef lUJT' ) 'v't(2lj,' a. Itrte,!1ft[ ( ~~ ) buddhi understanding.~1S ( 'SJq~UEfj ) guru: precept'or.'5fQf' ( Q ,;f1 ) j'ala ( ri.)warcr ..'I'r':;:I" ( ': ' I ' " E : '~ ' ) - " phai a C : , " U '- - ) " : r . rU l : ~, -~t-~\!:I -~'!':. s=: . ! - .. ' ": .L ~- .,'~ .- 1!1. ,~rct'llT ( ,T e{ 'ay ) rava.,~z.a.Rava.l).a.~ ' e q~ ') orksa a tr-ee...1i[eti ( iifg


22/96

. [ ." I !( II I i!! iI i 1. "-' .Ji, " " . , . . - ' C . -D _:- ).. p~ . . . . . . .tha 0 : : " 1 : t '.- ' v ' e ' l : l l e ' O. rqr;:~ '. q.,e:j C f i : : ' ansna ,Ci, , r . a . , . c c . . .:!"rlUI C , ' ~'rl~~)' br l i l zmai za aBrahman., ' __ " r ~ . ~ ~ ' ' t I ! P 1 , : : . . . (_ _ . . - . .~ . . ,_ . . . . . . _ . - - - - ' .c f r t : [ ~o ) (atr ) tira ( n. ) a shore.it~ < . !!lifii' ) nara a man...! V f ( i r a T ) putra a son.. .. ~~ [;. ., jo. ] i ( .~ .. ..- ;"..~ ....). d '.:1 ., ..... '.' .. '. ('... )":" .,' .... : ..... ' 1 ' 1 " th~ I. ~o ,~' \:'.a :1= ,q l= ti . anana '. n,.....weatt .....::rrr ( > ~TI"n" )' m.....a 'a"deer,'" ~'. ill;t".._, . : "1.5; (, '.I'.: ..... S 1 - 'I I~ [ ;J 90] (ar;rrqr') a n n a ( n. ) food.~(,.... )h '"'Vhtll'(': ic t'i:! .: ' '_ la rz, ] SI ' :IIU.~~,., (" ~!-T )" k " : " " ' ~ O ' : ;db.... ariger~E '~ '. :~!I I~':" " '.' :,. I; n-cI..' -~Of (,' ~!r )', bana an ar'row.~ .' ....Q I', ._". .. "W - J 4

' [ > i i i , ' ] " Q T (' ,. .~i tS, ;;~:o , I ' ql:f{~rcasra t 11.. ) a wb eel,~~;qi (, fa~') mastal:a ( n. ) the head ..tt:tJ' ,(.'~~ ). brabhu lor d~, ~"'I"':I .:.':,S ' '. ~ ':' ,c' ...~1~ ( if(ff ) sakti r=w=:. . . . . . . s . , ( " . , " ~ - " ) " ~ -e- '~ . ' . nak -"'3\\1,', ~q sarba a s, .,1 . e . ..:"I' " _:' .. ": " ~.. .. _:)"lI'~ 1 ( , ' 'aF= -= - )"" bbc kta s d....C " . ,". I.,., ': ' ~ " " " ' ' ' ; f \ r " , , : a ' ."a a, tevotee ..

J ( . ' 9 "~ ) :'duhitr~~~ :"."'.",.:.1. " .

qS{ ( ~ lJ .~ ) samudra the ocean ..'~ ~ aJ i [ i f S 'o , ] ( S~fJeti) pustaka ( n~ ) a book' qf' .( i l l " , . ' ) kanyli a girl. ~;.Olir!i ( 1I1~' ) zrylighra a . tiger.trl1t ','\:itqltill ) dat" a giver~~er ( ~~ ) hasta the. hand,'{I'I{",;'1 } riima Rama,'-J 'I& : [ irT So ] ~ r ' S l ,Ja~str,a( D. ) a scripture.~ ( ~ ) bhflmi the ground. ti6 ftr ( 1P 'eR ) .kapi amonkey,

'I,


23/96

[ t ]~ [ ; ; r 1 Q ] ( tt~ ) huia ( n, ) a sacrifice.~ [if!l0 ] ( ~.(!f ) ( n. ) a. flower.epF~(~s:;.., 'J ' k a ' l ) ' , i a p : . . . . oet..

: 1,, , "-_, '", - , J . 1 I I '= t , , " " , . . ~ .~rv( :l1W ): grl lma a village"fif;~r \.'iill( ') kl~jj action ..'~ ( ~;:t[ ) ruci relish.qffi~ [ i f~O ' ] ( 'qTq ) p'fitaka ( n. ) sin.f q ; 'lr ( S 1Ii i ) 'O i d y ' lt . knowledge.~Z' (c . ~ - ~ = r r - ) " : .m - , , : : u s i k a a mneuse.1'4'". ,-,:~,..:: . ',iI" ~ ~.' ~ . , . - .. .' = q ' ~ ,( ~ ~ ) caura a thiefiJlQI ( 'iilT t irlt6 ) bii la a boy ~;frfQt!p' ( + r r i r ) mal ika a gardener ..s m : r+ r ( ~"qq'il ) aroma. a . garden.:'!fU' ( i l & J ! l i ) t,ar.li' a star.

Les son 2 If q~ ~91 ,.. Some final. conso nants, in the formation o:f the

Nominativ e case are chan ged thus '*_-,." ",:'~"',. ",-",,' ,.:,:" '.. -J).::. ,-,~1, ,/,,:.:"," [ " . ' . 1 . , _ : " jj,"~--~~= q r C ' or ~ J becomes-e- - 'ifi k : . . ; ,: n i :sdropped, an d. . . . . . . . . . . -.. ~ , ' " ~ -preceding vowel (.if the word is not neuter ) is length-

ened. \ r i s - [changed to v i s l a r g a . " and the vowel is,engthened, ~.~.r1{~ I(ifr~ it ~ e : r f k r ; r ' B~,,~l~) i : ' t = r ' ! 1 ' E i 1 ; c '

~~:r' A;T ~ : n , '~;n' ~ ':_, ..II\ [ - = 1 I G . [ \ . , -'~J',I~~~l'l\.~" f.l l_. . . ' ~ r ~-i6. ~ q r r ' J r ' ~ l r ill"),,~t f r t eik \I'R.. '.... -.~II ,,-, '~~ 'I .~ en ir ~ ~ it(fit :Uii\{ ~!ie~ iijf t I T ) ~ ~


24/96

~:~'~~, ~laJ t I~' ir' '~;a1~ q;~' f q l ( ' r ~Q( t e T I t :"t ~, ' - . .~1~': a : ' ' f l [ , ;q r i i r e r t : r

10 '" A ' '. d 1 .' 'l d th'". An aspirat e " ',,Ietter IS cnanged to ~he co r t es -pending unaspirated letter.

tf~ r!.JT1ij ~ .~ ' i J ~ i t :a-+r~q S { + rg _ : f S f T 1 l J ~ ii ~ii~ . ; ~ " , ~ r ; e r r t I. ,

Exerc i s e , 2 " 8fqre '~.12',~ Write down the Nominative case of each of

the foll0'win,g words in Deva.'uagari, and Engl i shcharacters.

VO'C'AB,UL,ARY ,2~~ ~G " ' ' ' U t ':tfQ~' L : e n a f t ' ) , :vllc a , wo r d " . .' . . . \, ,U:at', ( ~T~ ) :flija:n a k in,g ,~,~ ~ , ( ~ r n ' ) hastin an, elephant.f t T 1 ; < . l68t[ )"g ir a word,

~ ,"~~''l.( ~Qr:{ ) j a : g : a t ' the world,f i R r ( fir,q ) d is a side, direction,, ' . . . . . . . ' ,~'m:r C " 8 11 ' )~' ' 'tman s o ' U' , c ]"'1 ,: ~,~' ~," " ", 'tit r ~'I' ',,' mun ,I :,.f~fI., < . f e r f i ' t f l t ' ) v idyu t lightning.;r,~ [ ' ; f ! i rO ] ( :.. 1 11 ') n im a n , (,n, ) a , name ..f i r ; r fH'~_( m l f i R ) citralikh a painter,


25/96

r ~,~'Les son 3 ' , . . 'Q1~"

13.. A Sanskrit verb", as it stands in the: dictionary,a'PP ,ears in the form called the root.q~(I' t m ~ r rq~q 1 : 1 ' ~ ~ ~ ititat t~~1Ug' ~it' ~'~at I ;14~ To make the S,dperson singular of the: present

tense, t 'h,e syllable f~ti:is su bjo in ed to the root. Thus,the example, 'from the root d [~ .L . . a s , 'to be' is formed~ ~ . . " " , h 'he l~lc'I i i i t I ' 1 ! " , ' , a s " , , , , , ' . : ,,0' ,..

qtf'fl;J i f i l Q J ' itSl'i'if~ qefl"q ~ ~q iI;r'lir ~ t i j ( i r {\irS I t ' f u ' ~ ~ ~ , ~ \ I~~ ~~Q(fd 'el~~a,m - J . A. ~ T . t " " , ! : : t . . ' , ~ ~ : = r ' ( ~2" '~ )"'"s:"ll' ~r ~' ' ' ' ' ~ ' C P I . ~ ; " ~ ~ ~11:~1 ' ," ~ ""~" ~ , { t " ; I , t' 1 ' : 5 ' _ : W , ' : , :h ' - " " e ' ' ' n = , such a termination as ti ("N " ' T O ' " , 1 4 : ) : : 1 is. . . , ! I I I _ . , ' " : . _ '"J., r,' ".-:- "'~ . . " -. ,_: . s r : '~ ' . ,~ . . : . [ _ . oftl ' . , -~

subjoined, the root generally requires to undergo somechange, According to the nature of this change, rootsare divided into te n cla sse s or c : o , n j u g a t i ' o , n s .

i S J i J , ~ , (fiAlf tg ) ~ar ~t q;:qi( ~~ am n t e nQt+lJiilo= \If it ,.. q f{Cfti if ~ it E r r . . , r tI~~ ~..:.... ~!\...-..:I ~~'1, ' \ ' iRt;:r '~ ~l'q '. ' 8 1 a r , : t ' t f T g e . t t ' i i i ! '~CI"II~ iff v . r o t t + I '\tI ,~:l[leT' ' i f ' - f r , I ;16.. Roots. of the: Ist conjugation interpose the short

vowel o r a between the: final and such a terminationas , t i " (NO~ 14), and change a final simple vowel" in theroot :into its corresponding i m p r o p ' e r ' d i p h t , h ( ) ' n , g ~

1f'Pr q u r c i t 1 < J T ~ s i f it~ qui e T I 1 : ' r q . ' ( fir~ ~g)~~ sr~ ~ it~ i~ ' & 1 ' ~r '~g'lelk ~ itarrq ;r* 0 , " ' -' _ ' ,a s h o [ , ' ! I o , vow e ' ' ' ' l w ~ , : , h n a c o n s o m a D'~ . / : I ; o , - " 1 1 ' o - ' w - ~ ~ , Q', , , [-.: I, r ~ , " _ . _ . 1 . _ : ' _ . . ~~,:_,_ ',_". ::1, "w , I__~ I'. '. ',_. ~.


26/96

[ ~'~ ]a t r i f : i i T i j r :g'm ~q~~ ' e f i t , vei l ' t t ~ r ; : r ~g~ 4 q - , ( ;r ilttif ' ~ l f r'~I'a re l{ ~

1 7 , . TIle i 1 J l i Y l O , p e r , d i p l i t h o n g s " or g . u : ! ! t l substitutes fo rthe vowels are the , C ollo 'w in g ::-

~:rri'~ , c - - . . r = ~ 'a-fffi ~q('",..:rrm' ~ ~i!a~T' ~ ~ ._~:" ''' ''f'~ ,_'~.f'4 i._' " ',_,'''IIU ~,""':r "'{JI 'Wl .""'\ ,,: q- ~ ~of ~ i or , t i the, g u 1 ) a substitute i s t( I.___'i u or s: ; u . . . . . . . . . . . . - - a i r o .

,~-,=r1'or:~ r"~J . . , ~ ~ ~~' ;U t~,~a n t - t ; r ~ ~ l 'm i : ,

-1;9" ~ ~ "" " a i r ' " "~~ ~1 S It ,-" " '. sr{ ' 1 I ] ! i I . .- - '" ,- ' ,/ J ' '..... J ,# .' ,

. ~ / J r ' "'~, w ..-18. The improper diphthong g ; is changed to ~

~~ and '.) 0 to 81~ a ; v when a vowel follows,' . . . . . . .'~iIr iQq' iti f f ,~ ,( a t T t t T i: tit Q~ ~"'~:' ; ; n r '$f~:~~r" i f ' ' i T ' ' ; 3 (1 1" ' ~ :~~ijl' ~, ,.......~I ~E ... 3 - ' - ,,'- ,,' "* ' "x :e r c 'Z s e " , '.'. e t1I19 ' ~

1 1 9 . . \l\lrite down the Srd ' p e r S O ' J l singular presenttense of each of the following verbs ofthe lst conjuga-tion, both in Devanagan and English letters, with the

iI' ., 'D:, ]t ! hmea , nmg 1]1 Lng __s ~__ii'~~~nT'OJ '~ 1 ; 1 t g ' , a i l ' ; r 5t~Sf ) iief i+ rPf ~'ii it !ltf$f~ (qi q~i1 ) Q , , ' C 6 f l l ~ ' l iitN a r ~m~ f f l r ~ : ~,

V 'OC ,:ABULARY ' 3 ~ Il(r.~,rq'"it' ~ ' - ; - : ' , . . . : ( 1 - , ; ; 1 ' 1 ' ) - , b ' , ~ h : , ~ ,o becom.re_ " I , ' , ,U " - - - -- - , _ . ._ , _ 'w ~ "

r etZ..... 'l+r~:r') a l to rove,


27/96

[ . ~ : ~ . Jr;Q:~ (; ,~;,,,, '~T': ) a : : ' r " . h ' : ' to be fitI~ '. ~~I~ ~Iq ".-~'. ,"/ .~,' ',-.'_ , ' ..,'' f l t J ( 'if! ~ ; ; J T ' ) . ks i to deca..v~~ ( :e(qif.,r ') car to go ,E f , ' ( " & i tq r r r ' ) ad tO I speak ..q;tr....( (~:;:rr) vas to dwell,E f 6 i ( titl''ll ~ ' 1 } : a h to carry.- . . . . J .~ ( m'ffiiB{ifT ) luc to, sorrow for.{-~"-": ; ,::" ' ,",f i r ( : e q { 'E f j , . t ;; f l ) : sr Z . t ,o s er v e.~ ~ < '~a;u) ji to c..onquer'~ {,'qJ,' C 6 { ' , . , 1 ' ' } , t t to erO IS $,over ..~ r ( it,;u ) tyaj to abandon ..e r ~ ( q ,rijT J ~r ) " ,dal: t,obu rn ~,. ., ( ~r ) dru to ooze .."~ ( qiji.'Pf( ) , p ' a e ' tOI cook..'Rl ( 'f i lt iU ) p a t to fall' ': sid , ( qliijt;JT ) , p h a l to! bear f r u i t ,iil(~ T :; ; ; :C J ) . o u d ' h to know,: z : : r !( " ' Q i 1 T ; : J f : ' " ) . s r to g ., '0,~ .. ~. I, . I . ' : ' . . ~ . . . " - , ' . . D~ C .' ;r;:r7':q;~-~ ~l S?~p: ' to creep' \ ~ - . . , . = " 'CI . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' u i '~.. ,,' ,_..> ' " '~ ( 'q JC[ ifitirT ) s m r to remember ..~ . ( ' ; : ' ' E I ' i f r ) ha s to laugh .. . . . . . . . ~, "::r ( " ~= r T ' - , ) . , h ; r to , t a k e .;~ : q 1,~" " .,;,'- " . .- :,~ '" ,=,;r' ("';j1q ilT ' ) khan to d i o - "-, "."."" " 0"~~, '!ff~r ) v r ' ~ j ' to g'~~\ S W q !( , & ( ' i l F l '- ' ; J , ' ' \ J . 4allj toP..ate ..

- . ~ . , J . . . . If~ij(( '~Q1~r J ca l to move.SI'( ( ~qirr ) bhram to wander,


28/96

[ 9'tl' ]-, Cj'

Example. The root [of ~ b , h u " by No, '16", be c ome s~r b h o ; and the vowel Sf is, to 'b e interposed betweenth is an d the termination f f f i t ' ( No, 14 , )~ so that wehave b h o + - a + ti ;-and then the 0 be ing ' changed to an1 )v No I:B- 'we have ' q ' , . r ; r bhasat i 'he becomes ..l;

\i~~:{er'~ ~US~ fir~iI i ~~mr ,~, itrrr S l ' ~ h : ~ ~; : ( " 1 1 l ' ' f f r ' : '!l~:q~ ( f;r~ +r ~ ~[)tT l 'st' t = ~ , r Q r r ~qiJr-{qabm + Sf + fir if;m ' .......if filTl'f ~c; [Rr ' a n ' ifi) 'SJ~; it ,qijf ~'q ,~, : ' :qt f f~f" ~q jtnr, fSr{1i f i f a I d it " a U I : ~ , t" 'I

Lesson 4 ~ ''flo ' w2 ,0 . W hen on e S an skr i t word immed i a t e l y fo l lows

another, som e chan ge o f ten takes, place in the two letterst hu s brought together.

: s r a r 4 '~t i [ t r ttl 'q~' ~;tf {fll ~{ it_~ r E i f i T q : r [ 1 f T i { a tT f f T _t:~ ~.gS f C 6 f \ ' ' q C f i 'gr~ fq;r i I r i t '~ r t t q ! l l t s rlq ': ~ . QRr i "i t a ' T ' t I2'1~ If the former of two word s 'p lac ed n ext. to each

other ends in, 8 1 ' : ah, and the other begins with ,t t soft"c o n s o n a s u the , 8 1 , : a l ; i s changed to a n o. F o r example' # : f ' " a : e n a h th e ~ ~ . . t i o i I j g - ~] -- ( ' : ' -N " " 8 - : " ) f : " ~ , - d ' - !f. - [~ao f " ' ; . . , ~ . ' . e c tA4.~ i. - " ,.: n ,om l:na .lv 'e s . ] l n , . ~ ~ a r ' . , . ' .O,~.., 0:' iJqj' '. eva .. 1 ' . _ _ _ . ~ ,god', is p laced before q~f~( J ' C l d a J i J t-he 3 d pe r son s in gu larp resen t ten se ( N o . 19 1 ) of '~ ' i{ vad ' to ' spealr=-the twoar e : w r it te n th,us-~cirq ~ R r d eo o o ad ati "the god spea k s , ' ~

. . * ' Tbe s o f t co nso nan ts a tie ga , g n , ( J ~ a i l ' jha, 4a; 4 : h a ; c i a ~ dha ;b a, b ha; the, 'nasals, the semlvowels , and h a.


29/96

[ ~!(, ]t1~ ~i6 ial'lT '{i f l q ' ' t i t ' Ui~ it q : r i r ~ , itati!q;t (sr: '

s:rr


30/96

2 ' 3 : \r \l"f r i te ;d own the 'mea n i n g , in En g lish , o f the'f o llow in g phrase s :~

'~~"=:r_n a : : r i i ;tt ~ NtI~,.,_,'t;T'~lll ~~! r ~ < or ~:I"'-"~[~ ':'1 W 11~ , .: l' . . ~ I : !!II'-( r :m 1I"tM' I i ~ ~ I t f e f v r f iiI~ I ~ : ~ J R M I~:gffl I ~'q~f 1 , q'U~l\f : ; r t f ' a i r ' ' " f J W I ' q ; r = e r i r R r I ' R : l m ' D J T~ f a " ' I : r a , m e re f u , q~.eI)'~q fff ~ ' l 4 J ( f r 8:6Rt tLesson 5;,qr~ ~24~, If the former of two' word s . placed next to each ,

other e n d s in v i s a r g : a " and the other beg in s w i th a J l ' Yhard" cen sonasi ( except a gu ttu r ,al, a lab ial, or a , s ib i lan t,-before: which the termination m ay remain u n ehan -ged- ) the visarga is changed to a sibilaas. For example,when the word ;a,(ar tarat i comes afetr the word : i f f igQJ:, b 1 . ' ( i . h m a ~ l a b , the two are written thus- :~rS,l1J(;ij"(f5brshmanas-tarau ' the Brahman c rosses , over.'. ..~~, "~ ~r:!rt T~ ~~, .;.. ,m ,~ ; z .~ ~ ,m;~~ ,~;:=.~ '*~1 " . i 1 1 "1. ~ " "P ' '\,."1 I "1 ,:~ ' ' ' ! ! I'~-;'1 . " , , 1 "I +t"1J & . .q1 " ,....1 . ~ , "Il \~+I, I~ ' ' ' 1 " ! I I ' ~ierr 'ift ' = t a l i t ' f{~r ,~'f 'f~tft,~i:t~lt' a~S1f f it ( q ) , U 8 U " ,8it~':n --' ,~ ", ~ ~~_I,",~ID~' ~ Mr~ =rr,:::i 'T' : Q . ] ' , l "' \ r " "" = r n - :::aDl2rq ' ~ , ~ " " ~ ql~I~, I : ~,u q) '~ilq1 "iII11~", " " 1 l 1 \U,: ~ _.. "., ""-~I ~,I1q~ffi ~1~.~~l 1 : . ) Sl'ro=~U a r ~ , ' ~ f i n I , q c 6 T ~ ~ '~ ' i t ' '&rqij( ~'t ~!~M,O[f iii ' f u v ~ : \lfil " Q ~ R r '~'i' '",gut:'

~ ~ ~~....!\. Q :::..~~ * ; n q Slm 'it :0i , ~ ' ' , : [ ' 1 1 'qjl~' ~ 5l~ .Qt.-a t~''1l1i!.1,0["m',1 a t " t n . , JOliar q R 'cp.:(J( t" [ I ;

' * Tb,e ha rd ' consonants are ka, kh a; ea, c h a ; ta , t h o , , " ta, tha;J J a ~ J ' l h a ; and the $ibilant:S,~t,,~ ~Mi" ~ :, ' - ' E i " . ; ~J I U; iL ' ; S , ) e , ~ r . ; q', ' t i 5 ; ; tt,~ ~ q D i : t, . " . , - , ~ q o 1 ' ~ ,tD"~ X!ttT t--~_":rr 1 1 .-tfl" dJ ea:q ~,,,,,, '. - I ' - J ' "1,' ~ ~ t N .[ I - ' - ~ ""'I ~, 'v C { ""('1 U


31/96

25., A, sibilant t, must be of the same class as the:consonant with, which it coalesces=-that is to say, ,~r ' is

. ."the sibilant when a palatal" such as ~ ca , follow'S; and" s when a cerebral such as ,f! la , follows___ . ~;J u i" \ l J a ' l e rq "fit ~0 lT .~~~ ~ < i I ' i i - C I i l qil1 1 l ! f~!~~il; c m : r ~ ~ :-W T t ' l ~ ~ ~ t~~lif


32/96

[ '~ z ; ]

28 'The: 3d person s i ngu la r 2d f u t u r e e n d s , in ; e ~ ' R r. r y a t i or ~M i lYati . Thu s the verb ~ b h U , which make s:Q.qfi:r in the present, makes ll'fq~lIfQ'- b h a ' { ) ~ ~ r . y . a t ilie 'willb e c o 'm " e ,'. _ " '.= , ,. . 'Ii

Exercise 6 ' , ;~D' C.~Ol l;.[~li ," _ ~ ""~i,'g"29. 'W r i te the fo l lo ,wing phrases in Sanskrit ::-,The horse will fall. The Brahman will speak.The son will wander .. The tree will bear Iruit, The

m an wil1 rem aeme r Th e jac kal will take T'' h : e :Sr,.a-,. , t _ " _ . . . . . _~ :1 .:..,"_ .. ~ J . _ _ ,r, .. : .[~._ ."-: _.,. _ ".l '._.:.":'.'.,:-.," ,- .'. _. ,.,_..h ill~ R'_, un hi T''"h''h ; ( I l lan 'w~'! know, ; > : a I : n a . 'WI'::~ Iaug ..... I ,~. ;e' :O . f:J e W . :U . g o .Rava 'Qa will c ro s s over, Ram. ,a will conquer,


33/96

~:iC " ; J ; ~ f 6 ' ~ , ~ ('f~if ~c ; ) + r f i f 9 I ~ ' l l i f i l ( J f i f i f ~' 'liiTtir ~aT l : i T ' f i 6 ~ T is sr fiar:q r' S IP q1:'i 'lrlf',: 9ii\ ' q,f(qd', '1'~ = rr '~ , ~4~ ~, 7 1 ' ' D'~' -:rJr;r ~ '~ % I '~ f t" ' , '~ ~ _ _ . . .~ I " ' - . I it. il V 1 'i,;q- i,, 'II! ~ ~ " ; " '~" 'q , I ~ . ' " ' \ ~ I , "'i~ I '~ ' 1 l " " - . , , . ;

'he will abandon. if{' ~ 'm",hewill bum,' e r ~ ijf'&lr~ilf

. .. . .. . ro..? 1 : " l I I ! ' l I - ' T 'i j " ' - ,t ',o." ,: ,"..)t:~-: , ',1r.:"t;.q~'qr(f, . . . .IQ',- ',q~Rr

k , .t y - a , ~ r .y , a tldh ::,,': - " tu na " ~ f J : ' :; , , 2 -d ," ,ro s " ~a (t : t'.,'.,/' "

k -1 "ta"'", 1 ' a , t zr ~~J ~es1Jat i.'J

'l~'t T W , i l i 1: I 0 ," : ' , 0 '" : z . e '." ' , __ "." .... __:_'_!I' ;rif' ~"r J ' f f l ' . ' ; I~,~ " ~ " J. _ '. '

ua ;.svati~ . _ c . : " .E""'," -. 7 " " . , . . , ' . , ' " e ra se '/" at~~rg \ 9 l'...

,t " ' l l - ' P I l 1 1 '"- ~ " ', 4 1 " , ,~ , ".11t; \V~_ Q\\7G,: "'lI'

3 I ~ Write d,O 'Wl .1, in Engl i sh , the, mean i ng ofthefollowing phrases :-

Lession 7 oj qS \S3,2. 'The 2d case is that i.n which a noun appearswhen it is the: , o b } e ' c t of a transitive verb. The case i s

called the: O ' b j . e , c t i v e " or more commonly, the Accusativecase..

f@U m:'i l S f V l [ ~aT ln ru l t Qi~ f ipf ~ifi n J l [ Jit itii i& ' ~q ~ I { r a T 1 : I~~Rt'fi ~ dflf(C q;~ itI3 '0 ' A ' . -transsi t ive ver b _ .is on e W '" h i c h O'.ives'no c ' t1 lm " : ' h .;:) ~ . ..,.,' I, '" " " '. ' . .: ,,:.. ' " ~-, O r' , 'IioJ:, ,IV" I:'t e t e ' meaning, till some person or th ing i s , mentioned, t o

tohom 01 to which the action was done,


34/96


35/96

~ftr a n n a m P , ( J c [ a t i ' ',h e c ooks the rood"-:~:~qil'f a,Mantyajati. 'hie abandons the food.''Sit ~[~~ i t : ; w r i t '~tt ~~:t: & 1 la t t,~ eJ!!~~Jt 'it ':~, ~ m ~ r t ( 'a&[ tia~ ~ ~,U84 s r l f r r ' Q r 7 . i " ' { 4 i 1 tn r it~

'B~@!f'1 ' ana l t :if) fi{~~q '~ql{ ~"q iIgr '~' a l R If~ ~'aqd~ ~ ~ e r u i ~~ar t~OIrlf:! iT a { G R : i f M a : i i : r r r ~(aftIi?d ~~r{':,it:5 i E ( ~ f a [ 'q~ 3fif' ijr ~ij"r 't' ':st~,q~~t)" Eft[ 'ST'i tt(q)Tijr t,[-,':etiF~-~ifr'r~ , : a t " fit~aT % : ' ,Observe that the accusative is generally placedbefore the verb, as in the examples just ,given,.

tJlIril ~ f~ ~tIl;:~6": ~q fi!fiqT ii~ l'l~rl1{'Qlt : $ r r'r~fjar~~&~ "'~ ~~T'~~~~,i;. II ". . " ' 1 1 1 1 t I~"1 '" !I ~ . ~ ~,~, '-~ ' 1 ~ I ; I '~ IExercise 8~, ~l;ne: G

3 '6 , . Wlite, down in Engl i sh the meaning of thefollwing phrases :~

fq.;rfiif;ela q[~~' iif Sf~ fQJVf:--~iPq:q~ ;n:: I ;Zi{;:~;q1(Rr ~,: ~ ~qi :~'~M ~[' ' 'vr: I :! 1 m ; i t - e r m fq~q_1 ~ ln i r~~m ~i i i (Gl : I u= i ~;qfij- u;t: , +lra~~~ "It; I{fi ~tdt t? t fu- i((~~: I ~

E x e r c i s e ' 9 ! - ~i,:qpa,,3 7~ Pu t in to , Sanskrit the , fo llowin g phrases :-,The 'father knows (his) son, The Brahlnta1}. will

remember the scripture, Rama 'will abandon the , house,The car carries the man, The sonwill cook the food,Th d illk th d Th i ll ---"~'_,e~:~evotee,w . - " " n ' , o ;w - _ -I e , go' __, _ ' : e cran1e W _ : _ c _ c r o s s


36/96

[ ~~. ]the water. The mouse 'will d ig the ground, The sonwill serve the father

~1""':z=r~SI" 'im~~' ~':r':::;' ~m' "'__11~"""!!f1,1 Q 1 1 ,-q~1l"1~tt~ f q t } : ! ~ ' ' ' ' ~ ~ ' \ i .l q't,.!Il j 'f q i j i l ( 8f'~ ) '~~ 'it' a T T i 1 a : J ~ I i f f ' f R O J ~ ~ ~ ;fit a l T : t { q i t : r ] r 1

rt'fi"'ar Bt~ ' r ' - t '!r,~1" C''15q':::-:~ ~=-r'~ I ~ ~ZI' 1 " 1 : ~ r -nnf' I~" " . ' T I " " ' 1 , ' ~ ~ . ; ' , ' " ~ ' ~ ~ , " : ' : ' ,I ' ' ' \~I (S -f ,~ ,', ~ f ,~"""I VI]; '....'~~: ~ ''Ill \,p~ it ~~;'fT I ~r ~ ~ m ~~r I~r - o n : ~ itf it\tr r ,t r=_r. ' ~ r' ~......lrr" ::':)"'"7-' ' I . .~ ""'I: II..,,,~ ,t '~ ~ ,'1f," ~~,. .

Lesson. 8. Q;IO 'G3,8~ Some: u s e f u l verbs of the lst c.onj 'ugati,o.n fo rmthe present and some ofthe other tenses Irregularly.The following' roots, with their Sd person singular p:re~sent, may be committed to memory :-

~ ' Q " + r i lUf q i l ~ ~ ~ q ~ q :li fifj ';qr~ i 5 ' ~m'q ; ;1Of 6 Q"1 ~ '@ , . ; n rQ { i . 'it ~1 et( i1qf+lt r ~q iif6 t I ~ tQ~fta:f(ertl ' ~ l g e n~, ~i.r t(~~ iiiilQi S fl!1li ~ ~~ (S{;q S ~w ) q:'ii~;; ~ ~q? f ; ' ~ ' 2 T qlt{ f . i f r : s f f ; g " e p ~ r r '~ : - ,ifi'{ kram makes milfk !crllmati 'he walks.' ~ C C { { i H f f trrJ{ gam - il~ gacchai i 'he goes.' en{ a r n r r tlI\ ,g a p - - '~1t'qrij'~7o p a y a t i 'he protects,' :~ [~a~l '

~' ~.'"lj'J.,aT : 1 ". .~'he ' smells.' :r.t!" iiV irirf ~.':- -,', I ,,~. "'1q,,,~q\.1j ~'he I ives, ' q q :~ltfr1 :'he g ives .? if(~"t,' h " ' e "s e e s , . e " ~ ~ " : ; r ' r ~- .'..., r~:~ ' ~~ l :~'-,['jr~ 't~,e drinks.' c t q : qja-rt'h-',tands,' 'tJir m~ro : e stan '. ' " t i , ~ ~ ':~r't'he: hears, ' I en{ 6,;r~rt

iff' g h r a ' - -.ft .,.G l l i 1 ' JtV- . . , . 'i f f d t i . '

f ~ I E J f a ' j i g h , ~ ' a t i: a l i l f N j ' w a t if.l~f y a ' c c h a . t i'q~r~Q"'c. P '~ _ l r y : ' ! n t ~ e ':.:. : -:./ ' ~ '[ '.~ ~ ' : l[U .)-r .' : - w : 'J iL l

_ . J

fijif'~ pibati&m~ t isthaiiI~I' ~ _ Q . . '~

-- - -q y pa~r s tM--


37/96

[ ~~ ]3,9~ 'V 'h ,e n th e Sd persop ,s in gu lar en d s in s r F t r ' ati,

t h e 3 " < : d , : , ' p ' , ' , e , ' r s ' "o"n plura , l ~ ends in ~~ a~~ ; ' T ' I . : h " I U S ~ : - ' : ' , n " a f . a~I_ ... ."." .. ,. '[ -. " ~ .. . .. OI;I.~IJ u - " H - ' ~ . , ' , , . . 'W 1 ~ ' . . . . .. b k a v , a n t i " ' t h , e : y become,'

qifl ~ I I ' 1 = I " '~,tf qq:; .S(~, ;r ii1 T ~ it ' 3 1 M ' S f r ~ f ' r 't ' m S l i l Q "fl"=c'U .r2':I'=q";:'( ~ s r - G " it' "'~2' M"II'::fr s, " ~ T ~ ' ! : : . . . i l '6 ' ~ I:,~~-"tQif;~""',~, :""~.", GflI''t;;;"I"!!~U':'"i 1-~,I' ' ' 'C1' ' q:< ~,;'i ~, ~4 0 , ; ; The nsgative' i s iii n a " : n , o t . ' ::-as ;J' ~ n a . b h 0 1 J -ati 'he does 'not become;' :i( ~'erf ; :8i ,n a b h : a v a n t i ' ' the'y ' donot become.'

~ q l"'4 i ti ~ ' i i i ' ( f i t ) t :-~m, ';r ~fa' ilP' ;;i{1ir~'\; 'q ~ ilf .a" ~ ~ ~ tl ..... ......_>4 '1,~, buerrogat ioe s are, f~!{ki,n c ' what '?'-~:( ku t ra

C : where "'?_~w:r kadn c ' when "?_:~'=r:t k u t a : h , "whence "?;_.,. _ '. " ... ' '., ....y t' I . . . ... _ - . . . .. 'II.tl' ... "__.... ." : L . ' . ,,~ , ~' ' ' ~ ' " ' ' ~ +D 'w:h,y. '. ' '~-;n?-f;:r' ~how , ' , ? : " , ~ ,& c .. Exam ples 'j' ~'I;tq~'.... '.'-, ", ", ... ,- -~,~,,~"-'_' ,I.,.~fW kiln oadat i c ' what does 'he s a y , ' ~ " ',:?-:~ :r~4"'1'kutra'1 ~ 'C"! IIJ'1 ~l l~ II1)asati' where does he dwell '? Pi i( ; f f1:qa~+~i ,tt ~iRf~rkimartham p i t a r , a m , f? u tro n a smara i i 'why does the ,SO'D,not remember the, father ~?

n''tT:ra-r~. ~ ,= r '~ '~ifi~+(l,-':z::nl"9 "~S I" ~~ ' 9 ' 'EJIT'_1"\'I i!'l"~ ~ ',," ''''-1'i11~ ~ I f. ii , ' -' ,' , ~ o;o ;s l', ,~- I "~""Y"~~~, " ; 1 1 , , . ,, , ' '\!( ~ '0 "~ ~ ,I "n " ~~, ~!;;.;. ,D 'ifiq? ':!8t' - ' e f i s : r ' ~ It"$,R"ql(-SflU 1 "'fiQ'l:,-i6~:r1

!{~~ I~ i O ' i ! 1 ; U i : , . . . . . f i f ; ;;{f{ftr~~


38/96

[. ~'\l ]E , , : e r e i s s . 1 0 ' , ~R:1 t [ o

4 3 The son sm _11""", t h e flower . ' T ' ' h : - A Y " ' - ' go t0 : ' : - K : , ' : - . . .. ."Ji_ , . 1 ~. . li~1, .'.I.I:.'~ .,1, [_ I J L :, . _ - '~ ' , I"... ,! I .I~: ,I ' _ _ _" . ~:~'. "_T ; h ( e cr~ o 'W ' " " d o " e g ' : . no ,t s e e. th"~ j a c k a l R ~ , .i _ i ' m " : : 'W ', . . ' , alk:s t 'O ' I " th eI- __ I, . ., .""_ " :._ . :_ ' . ,, !, ,_ \...,-I -,-, ::,._,- _: -iii .. ~ . 1,[ I. ,,_ '_ .. , ,. _ __,mountain. 'WhY' does the father not protect the g,Q 'D '? 'The Bra'bma~ drinks water. He gives the: food, Thedevotee remebers the scripture ..

Lesson 9.!.Q:r! ~, 4 4 - . 'The Nomina i iae plural is frequently formedb . : ' y " ~ chan! gm.......n g th , e ~ termin ation as , . p . o ) ~1 :O -W : ' , ' S : , : ~ .~

l " _: :_ . , ."~ : 1 : 1 . . , _ . ~ . ' : ~ _ . ' . : : ' . " . : ' , - . " . l ~ , . _ ~ III'. .-, ,"a r a or e r r ,8 ; ( masculine or 'feminine ) becomes a t r : , ( 1 1 ) .et a ( neuter ) a r r f . : r lim; r . " ' . . . ' \ ' I i . ' , " - . " . . " ~~:::n'" a l v Q , h , ,'iii( '" .~ ~ ,r .. :~ ....'~~ u . - ... -, ._ ._ 6l~:: av :a~ .~t--- a:i~: aral) or 611~ : iira~,~

" " " ,

~ r~ i f S . ~ ~ c :s r ~q S[{(f: i{g J l ~ ' = a : r f i ~ H r~oi~~.~ ~'q'I'\qaq ~~' ifilr~ iflal 'll :--

S f i f r ~f ( s f W i f ; q r ' f 3 r . f tq : . ' )at' ( i1Wa -iifi ) -.~. , _

: s r r : ill;,' 't Ie . n f i r , " , . "

. -. .

:II''0.r~

_ , 81'Q : " "' e t~ ' 'If '8 1 1 { :" ~ . t , I I~


39/96

1 [ ' '~ :t '],l - [~

, 4 5 . , 'V,hen a, soft consonant, or a vowel, comesafter .,,: all, the oisar g a is dropped, Ex. ;=f {T= n a r t t . 1 }"m,en ' :---:;;~r:qa~ii narli nasas t i 'me,n dwell' i(~I a;i'f.nar:ci arhanti ' the: men are ,fit. '

i;!"iij ~~ iIi~ oil!Mif, i Q T ~ ;pi{{ ;it,:' i f ; & r r e ; : a m r r lit("fen "fil ij{lq if an~ntI~rg :~UJ ' i tU: '8Ttlfl tf 9:~'i-' ; : r ; c r lif'aP'a '~15q ,~ t , " ;J~ .$:'CT' ['5~ ~l;'lI '\' ,

Exercise 11~ st~9' 't t49:' T~h' Tt ' h i - k th c: d,'. ';,e mice creep". rne thieves ta se the 1,00'1' ..

The men laugh. The Brahmans will prate, The jac...kals drink water. vV ,he 'n w ill the sons cook food ? Thefathers do not .s.e'ethe, fl,Qwert, The, men , g ' O I to theshore, The Brahma'ns will not c ross the sea, The,t ~~~ ~flowers fall~ Wh:a t do, the ID'e'D say' ?~ ~m ti:,~~~lO:if @ " f f ll. !!~ ~ a ~ I : ~m .Qr"~ff IIEl~'~f r i f l ~ i: I.~ sTi f t t i ! i l qEA~? f q a - r'i'!l' ; ;~ lt@ a-( I ~ " q r{ I ~ E = I ' c ! e i r :s rra : ~ l i i l l& l U T ;gi~ i f i T'=rSl q " - " y , , ~ ~ , I [a;;;r . c ; " 7 ' ~ '~ I U%;:T '~:nT ~,~ '~l l' ~ ' t S " , il ....',\,'I",:!!!I I ~ . [~ .Il l . ' ' \; "" '!j ,~ , , . : a , ' Q "'t '"'"'[''1 f "1".Ii'~ u~, I

M l i i f ; ; n : r ;r ~fkr I ~ f : Q r e ~ a - ' ar i f~ : ' f G : q f ; , a ' I~.r::~' ~~f;:ff :! i ~q", :5\~'' i PF~ fE l I ! ' ~ ~ qf~:'!:i.tfia 1 f{Q:{'-,~~~l~f~ I I~r: 3}Q,fkr 1Lesson 1 0'.. 'q - ( ! ' [ t o ,

,47. The A ccu sa tiv e plu ra l is frequently formed bychanging the termination a's f ollows :,-6f' [ a , becomes arT , [ a n ~ ibecomes t~, : & z 'W u -- '3"'\ f I n . : ' 5 I J . : , r - , - . . . . '


40/96

C f l l i ~ ~c : q ; r 'qif ~q ! ; f r ~ : , 1aI~ 1i!tF~ : e i t I t " ! ' s r< i l~q-ftqfP SET ~ = r , - ~ . , - - :-IL I ."< ~ ~ ~ " " - , ,I., ~ l fJ - t ~ - . .. ~ Q .. .~

ar _, ~:. ~ ~::rT ~ I i f " ~ ~ _ '~ _ it '~aT ~_-'1 -;" '" " '1 1 - ,' ~ I '\J ",~ "', ~, : ~ ~ - . . _ ~ ~ ~' \ g " . . . . . . . . , _ , ~i{ [ n ! ' ' ' I ' ~ I ' ~ - ~ " " ' " 1, E X 4 0 u : a r r , '~1l,,~ d e v lin , sma 'ra ti 'he: remembers the

sods ':;:r,;r ~1j~ ' : i f i ' ) ' : t . 1 r ~ ~ ' : : X : ' a ' - r - - : a . . t m=r;:,' .q " 'In'l;f?' s a t - r u n,


41/96

[ ~51 ]fathers sorrow for (their) sons, The BrihmaI}.s , remem-ber the scriptures, The boys sme l l the flowers. Whendo the men .go to the 'villages ?

qflq f u ': r n o ~ itw it I fe-~R t i l a l l ~ ~1 ~(q~ tUti ( S l '1 i f ) ~a i t it~ i:I! : r - I ( ~ ) m r a i t e r wr O } ; U t ~ I s s r ( Wq~) mraTl ifiItiJI if~ iil~ ~~ it ' 1 U:&liFC{U . e 6 T ~ ~ r - er;,a( t ,A ffr ( 8{~ ) ~ il; f if t l :t . ~ : e p ~ ' t ~iilr~fIT u r~ eo[~m:urif i tf f i: t ( !F i i !% ,& i t ~)it~ it fij1FT:~j~lE f m ~f~ II~r: 'q;t ~mfilT '~~ft~f;a~fq'ij"ii :~ ~I mqrfq'~f;ijiiI"~ t ~~T: , I W3fi(:g~ 1(1':4,{: lllm~J~ .tt;r q~~ .lC ftf! I

:atmiiijJi!l ~ : q : ~ f u Iq ; t ;r~f.-erilr;:lUlr: t ~~ar q~ fu ' f t im : ,{ IibN: ' ' ' ' ' = 1 ' 1 = 1 1 ' r r r e ~ f ~ f ' ~ . ,Qi : e +R : f ; : o fqtIt:: Itfl.~ilf'l'QJ~ i J r n r : I~~t:{ i;f q~~~ ~'i(:I~...~ R r ~Er:.I~); r i f ~ f r a : ' q 1 u : I

Lesson 11. Q1~ ~.~,5, 'O,i Tile singu lar of the S d 0,[' Instrumental , case, is

frequently formed by changing the termination asfoI ] : ' 0 - : W - '. ' ~ o!I!~l~" ': 'c ~l .1'~l'q' arftf~J ~'(Q)tfir~,qj ' i6J' qq;;~~q' ~r ~q S l W i i : at~er+r~ ,~a T a s ~ ' ~ I{ti ! ; ; r ~ 1 : i[:~ijt ~ ifi1flfT qrlal ' l l ' : -

at a becomes qif e n a . ~ i becomes t~r in ais u --- w;rr u n a , ';U: 1_ ~f ,ii~

' a t ' - 'q., ' (t' ' a l ' r i j " r " t : I , ' ~ " - - '(Qt" it r ' t , I'I' - 'll~' ",:, ' I " ; I :stl iIiIiiIIiiiiIii {t ,,',~,:,IEx" I:~ifif~ 'm ha sie n a ka ra ti: 'h.e. takes with thehand,'-ilf( ir~ ~ t~rtI etfR' l I 't~ agrtina dakat i 'he

bu rn s , with fire,' ; m : :an 'f l' ~ :qrart,


42/96

51~, The men cook the food 'with fire. The Brsh-man burns the sacrifice' with fire. The son, with hishand, carr ies , the flower. Ravana, with anger, seesthe enemies, \V,hen does Ravana see: the enemies.with ang[er? ' \ IV 'h ' e n will the man take: the ' f l o w , e ' , r ' w i t hhis hand, ' ? How will the deer cross over the, 'water?The son by wealth, proctects -(his ) father, MenIive 'by' food.

~ ~ 'S f l n ' ~ S 1 ' i r Q iif5 'II ' i i T I I T l f a r m ii ~~i j f r a - r l,! j , 5 1 arq~'i { T Q ' it ' f i ' i j { ijt' : ~ J a r r t I , '~"ejo! ~\l '{i~~,it~ l'iNaft,~ , < t o r ~ ~ ~~iI' irif if~~t Y 9 j m ~if ~ iU'f~ ~ m n l Y . 'I fr ~ q r i f t e m 'U\ i b \m Y ~ 'Ii{mf (81qi t)' f q " f J r 1 S f i : r ~~'f ~'ar 1 : : 1 rim 311(' 1 J ~a-l: ,

Lesson 1'2 t qlo tit,52',. The i n li ' e j i n i t , s p a s t ' , p ' , a r t i c i p , z e generally ends in

' 6 " ta ; and, like an adjective ending in a T aJ takes t i le:three genders thus "!I,__....' ' _ ' , '~ : - n '~ ' " ' . " ' , " _ : , . . ' _I " _ _' 'r'_{ [iiil fJ~~lip ii~ ~C{ i t i S'(~ it ~"~(;:'lf '~, : a l T a r :~'.:.\7' n~ ~;',~. V'JF :~, 61i~ ~3:"r--yt.~ i '~;r,~,~,e% "~~l~'f~,~~:'1'~1 '\!I~'lot ~ ',)', I""; ~ ,~;",t .U '_~,' ' ~ !iit... .- ' ' - ! 1 ~ ,~ , - ''=[1 'i1

~ S fifiT t i t~ ''l:'~'~,as-1-4l ~ ~ ; J i I , t )r l ~ , l74;- ' " ; : . . M ; , , ,h ,~.. 'I t r6~~" JMii' ~tt" ~J.V:.!. ' , . .. .ti'",' " ' I " ' e . . ' ~ ~ 't!10 .S: b~";"f.llItiJ'~ ' t & I I , 0' J'f [b~ ~;,., ~ ~ 0'Sing. nom q : o 6(0ai e': tal} QI' I ii ~ q _ t a m~ 5,3., The f o : U [ o , w i n g l is t : of'past part i .c iples may becommitted to memory :.............~~lifirfq{~ '$~ :~rif e f t 'fif~;r~~f6r'a't~' ""~ ~.~

~~'\.' ~ ,it.~ " ,;,1 ; I " I ' - - - - :


43/96

[ ~'l. ]2:D::I"~'~~,'IJ smrtaukta

t s a k , : t , ' a , ~. ,1 . - .hsta. .jitagetad : a t t ' , adrstaI ' . . . 1patitafiitayat,ahhfiJ;a

rememb e ' red. . :. .. " .,1. ( . : .J ", " ,I _ .;:,1_., 1Iff{ 'f~r I : 6 1 J I tC f i q : -1 " : 8 I l ' " ' I

. .' ,.,,. r-'.:_ '-J I '; _) ~: _l '1

~'~iF~ ,~:I'~'I :a~ " -"~r ' : ':ri : : t 1 r ' " 1- 'fQ . I~1 . , . 1 . ~ ; . '~ljJ' l1'ijr ,tl~T a 'S U 'I& : ' - ' r - :rT !lT T " ,Ilq~ . :'~" lj~Gf f ~IUrIIi .,"" ' ' ' f ' ' I ~ - ~ ~ r - '"l~,-,. : . :) : .~_I

> .

f qlfT 'lT


44/96

[''a ]!. ,~,o J

Les son 13..Qlo ~\,55:. The 2d preterite is d i s t i ngu i shed by the redup-

lication of the root. The termination of' the 3d personsingular is 81 a ; ' but jf the ' root en d s in 3 f r ,ii, the termi-nation i s . a l T ' a u . .nrlu :a;:rzn:r ' : r t f ~:r ::r'~T:~:r 'E r ' ~ :Q,,~. '~'if V T~ \!:o:it...,~J~ ' . ~ : " ' ' ' ' ' f ~ , l ~ ,. , . , :It!\,~ ~'I"'V ,'\,,"1;, """t,~ I~~J"-I r ~ ' Q J ~ . ' ; ! " ' "l i f t ' S ! ' e 6 t f a : , c q ' ~'ijt \ I JlQ":q~,~ ( ISl~~o ) Q~~il.1 Ji(\~il,~:,'~ ~'= = r 7.1\~ ,,"w,,~, ~;:= ~ ' ~ T " : " ~ " - : ~ ,~ ~ir r,.-:sJ!f' ,~"' I i i i J ! ' I II ' = 1 1 , - ~ ~ I~! I~""~.....~ 'iiiIl, & . [ 1{I, ~ (I r ~ ~ ,~ , ( ~ ~ 01 i~i l~rt,

5,6. In the reduplication of tile root, a guttural ischanged to a palatal-i,e., c p ' k or ~ kh, is changed to. '"" C ' ~""~'gIiIij rn :~ i6~ir ij- 'iU e f u i i f i t 'Im~ It .~iH fq:~at )Q ' f ~-1J~r '~ ;q r '~ e i T '~ ~ if~Ql ~ it I,57.. Other changes-s-many of them relatingtOI s ing le : v1e:rbs-oc-cur in the fo rm a tion of this tense ..At p resen t the f o l lowing example ,may ' be c omm ittedto , m em : 0 [ " r y - ' . ' , : . : : _ '_

( - ~ ~ J r _ _ " '. . ; : III

il'e'[~",~ ~'_f".:r;:' QYR.Tr r ' -n Q:. J ' r ' - ~&:vrm' ~:nT'~T""0.'.' t( " " rr " "1 :Q'I! il l "Ii, I I \ : J . - . , +t ~ t ~ "'U '~,I '''-' ", _ t ' C " 4 1 , . ~ ,H'1',P11 "'1i ,i : r


45/96

[ ~t ]. '-!:!t.~ t 'r. , _ = r . - . , . . " _ ~ ' , = t . , 1 , ' ; 7 . ' . " tatnra he c rosse d over .~ 'm,. ' r ~ ~ " ".II ~~, ~'IIA,~. t . C f . ( ; . . . . . . . . . - . . ~ ~ . . ' ~ ' . ' _ ' " ~J ..


46/96

[ ~R , J; n : :p~,t l t r r ~iiiltl I a r . v r ;:r{~ 1 atd~: ~ liif~' G r ~ q it I I f l T e ) ; . f ~G:1lt I IThe ho rse fe ll, 'The m an did D..ot c r o s s the ocean..The Brahman remembered the scripture, The father,abandoned by the son , wandered, The jackal 'wen tto the shore, Whe'n did the boy la 'ugh? He gavethe food, The B r:ahm ap.- heard the scripture. 'Thegirl served (.her) mother, The fruit, taken by thehand. fell, The thief; seen by ' the m an , c ro ssed overthe water, With anger, the enero'y ' burnt the house,it'" f i R ' T ' i 'S . " ~ ' ~i( it' 'q(\ t . T t 1 f i & < 4 f ~ , , i tTfJOf;r ~1'1~~r Pl{UJ f~rqr 1 ' ~ ' ' lJ~r~')'~ri ' fq'r fqa( ~,c,q;r1 'f\1


47/96

jagitma 'Rama, having conquered R:a'va:v:a, went to h , i s ,house ( [or home )' ...

e- ~ ,...,. ~ ........ ':::4 ,' ~l'iqij1fI'~'~ 'r$~r ~. ~~a ~ iI,;:~:r:+f:~" S 1 l t r T 'il~ f!'qr~,Q-'' , r m ~rL:luif ! n ~ e r r ' ~ ~,IJq" Uif ' ~ T S i 'O J ~ ;~Q~~"ilq~' ~t q~ I61,., The following list [of' conjunctive participles

ma,y be committed tomemory ::'_ri'~6If~q) 'fipQTit ~:ii\ , ' .rql~l F i ' i l R m l q a ~ [ , ' : ~ ' l I r a " ~ ' ~6 . , : " ~ . ~ ~ ~ ' . ' . ' [~ ~ ~41 :

~;iji,tfT i:::-,'+ ( ' r . ~ q : r~ ..

;::;q'~qr'E{'t~':;r-;:u'~...~''''',I:~~r' ~ I i ' : : . . ~ : r ', I ~ _ r I....\-.,~ I

bh : " f i1 - ', " ' . " " " "[ : " " , , , : V , ' ' U ' : "" '. : r . :" :"

'j'TilliiiTl"~"I,t~"fJ

, t y a k l ' v a, d a t t v l lII r t v a-f j i ' tva. s ' ? n r w ag a t : o adrst'VtL~ ill' l l i J l i ~ "

havins drunk l~"'::.,~ , 'I", . . . , . . " . . . . . . : . . . . . ~ ' . . " 'o i I ! . ' I~ _ ' " ~ ' 1 ~ _ ",.J . ",:"having remembered. 'q r ' , '~having..gone '~'r~'~]1 ..1 . ' ~ "" .:.,'," , ':".1 i ,' , '~~ - - ~ ~ . . . . - : _ ' ' - . . ' . ' . . . . ~ o w . _having..s e e : n . . ' i J ' I i I " q i , "I_J ".1" ~ -'Ihaving heard, i~lqs(having.:sto 0 ' > : d , ' " {I~r" '~ : . ,.-.,~:(,.r ' 0 _ .. ~ I . "~_:____[ '. . " ~ 1 '' " . r " ' : . . . . _ !I"

'. : ' ",: ',': ' . . ' "

E-' . : ~ , i I J ~ I C " ~ S ' . ' 1 , : 6 ~ : :l"Y~~~~' t,'.',,. x ~,J, " , 8 ' , ' . ! 110 " " " ' l i.'1~, '\.' ' ' t ,6 > : 2 ' : '. : .) ./:__ ~ : T ~ : ' " ranslate the followin ' g " : phrrases oii!'~, ,lan,s.. .."" ",[ :e J i J . . ~ .~IOW1,', , : > . I . . " , T ~ " ' " , ~ '~ ~~ ~,.The B:ral1m3l) having g 'o[ne to' the shore, d r i nk s ,water. The SOlD, having abandoned the father, willwander. The men having seen the tree, 'will ,go toI '.'t" b : village T " ,:L,~ jackal, h . .aving d r u n k water went toie Vl=,a: ......... ' Ih....,~ L, '- '~~ ',, '~ ' 1.. ~.a lJ .~, " .. > ',:, '.':~'~ .~'the shore, The SOIl, having remembered, the father,S , p " " 0 '" , , k ' e c . : ,' " ' , . . . - i I I

~


48/96

Les son 15~qr~' ~~6 1 3 , . . 'The, following indeclinable words, including

those given in No, ,40 and 411, 'may ' be committed tom e m o " " r '- y , " C '" .__ ;." '[ _[,: _""_ .. : , ! ! ! l

f ~ = R f ~ f i i i ' f lS1;1l~ ~iti t (f:2f[ y O I ' " ~ ~ ~ ~ 8liQrlQ' f i r i t r f i t81 ' ' O ;J . ' ~ ' ~ - : ~ r - ' . . ~ ' ' ~ t I " " , ' ; ; n " , ~ .' ~ '~ ' ' i j t . ' . ; , . i i i i i i i ' ' ' r : : q . ~ - : . , : ~ : ~- ' I10'" ' .', . fi I ', ' ! ! ; . j j ; , " I.,...;. I ' I ' - . I ,'. " .. '. ~.~ ~ . I '. ': 'I i ': ~ I " _ . :_ "" ' l l i : . . J , .," ,", : '. ~ '

8l!6;}:;JI f{, akMmlil': e r ~ ' atra8RJ a d J a~~~51 '~I.::,,::1:d':::r~''''iI,7IIU*.~--, _'.,. t'~ ~ = : t ' " r -~'[~~':ar;r:q~r~ f c f~'iin~~~"Jt

anyatraat~t.lUie. - , . 'atha_J1..r. o n 1 iaatuma;" ' n 7 _ . ~ a " ' t : h " 'a~Wi': /," ' ._ :: '_ , _- I i . ~~~!t't~6


49/96

~q'l.' f ; ; : ' = 1 ( ,~ifi.f e t ; ; uf C f i ' ' l _ ,~Sl'l"Q",:(('(('r?JtlTflifRlll':~'~('

~19'et5('"'{Tiftl(~'~

f"J~,qr~ - ' .'Q!qip~~ r...,'q)t(l ' f :q 'fI .~a:"CD"":'" "5,-::::r.'~.,\l.~p.... ' ; :r~ . '_ . 1 I''''q , ."'a ;=! (a"~r~le(ii'9' if '~~ - - . . ,

e oamd ' v i d ' h a . 'kad,a, k i : n : c akimkutrata tah.tada, t a : e l z l i h , in apraY'a/}

y ,ad l lsaroa i raidllnimihae ka d ae v akaihamk d ......' " " t 'a : a , c z , : 'kintukutali.... '. ,kut/r : ' a ' , c. . .z : - t ' ,J " . I ~ - -'.. " -tatra.tat 'hIJta .':a".. - -~ml'ft'''.I.iVl~"""Y' l t lha,s,llmlpe

thus.l - n ' " tw0 " W " " a " - Y " ) S. 'C, ':: ,.:' .'. -:.--:: .. ,whe:n ~,. , , .

:~a$( ' i61 ':(U !1ifiTt '~:;r~"1J'~~~ e.J f6~ ,~

h \!I.'wnere ijjgT. ' ' .. -! . , 'J_~_thence, after that. 'liT" '!~it 'ifI~then.thus ..not.mostly,when__!I i

:I"ln"'!Ii~

~q : ! l . i6,-~;r ' ilS l f ~ i 6~ r~'a'if1:t~ '~n~~'~ e+r~~~ l{T

e v - ; : : " e ~ r '- ' y " . W " - - - rh e, " - - '; r" -e ' - - .' '," - :. " ,- -- ', , , _ .now," '-> '.' r ,Iii!here, . .at one: time,also only.~ .. . - , - ' _ _ --_ . . .how P, III

' ({eo' ilr~'~ ' i r , - "61 I. -, I":~'),~,~.~,t:ta:"'.p..,.Z'''l.~~~I -~~ I

but, t{{r!jwhen c:e. '? : : r ' i 2 ' : ~ J ~ : ,, . , . . . . . , . . t l . t t , , ' ~ .an'ywhere, .{f'

'~there. i f ' i { . Tthu s ". so . ~,a s r i f j r ~ , q~sofo:r,so much, ;q{T' 'aiD, ~,~"i(raga: " 1 1 D G ' " n : 7 ' . _ ' . - , . '_. ' ; " ,II; I' 1 ,~~as, ",I'ti,near to, \. t i l i i fJ.2~

sometrme,


50/96

s a ma : d ~ : a ~.':~J . :~_ ~1 . . ' " 'f",~

a-I ' w ' ' : a ' y : : s. _ J _ ' . ~ . '. ~ : ' , ~ ' . : ' ~ . : : l~verily ..

:D.~ ...l.~~,% J ' ~ :I 4 I " '~~ ~I ~ .~

6 4 ' ' ' ' 1 ' ' " " " ' 1 " 1 ' " be b s e r v i ' .d ' " , .t:. c'. '.' . h c r . o ." " . , . .. .. .~ , .. .. .. . : t . . . . . .: : ' h ' ._ ' , ; , , ~ ' C ! t . Wl,'~ oe onservea trom the lOI,re,golng'l~j:,thatth : . . . '' I o :: t : . . o : g u ioes bezin with t- and the ..e l a t ioes with y.....z . n e ' T f - : _ , . , ' ~,,vC;o..JI ' ' .:c'~.5L','I'''. ,', . 1 . . t i , . ; , , : : . . ~ . , : . . . . :c. .': (i.," c'. '.-li' .[.:. :. "' .. : .. c I. ~F ' f ' I ' h [ ' " t : . , : ~ ; : - . : , . . . . :e,:,.:.tion .f..........'.~. ' . . ~ ; : ~ . . ~ ; ~ ' ; ~ ~ ;. l~'~d'~7:' ; t h : : ' e 'n [ ' . ~ t h a t~I ....e , e rmma I,0 Q,,1.me 18, , u - a s I n . : a q r .~:.a,I ..._). '~'..: ..... f : p l ' , . " . : . : ' . . . . ., t r a a ' : : i I ' . . . 3=r " ' a ' I . C t " h ' : ' : . ', ' . ' . ; , o : ' , . .a c e ls .r" ' . .. .. ..~.s ,m , ...- 1 , I ! . . . . " r a . . : . e r e , ,

~ ~ ~ . ~ ._ .._ _ . . r ..' ..' .., .'_ " . ,., !1.. ..,(.e- ~" .~ '~~' ;~tm a;rq'~lr'~sr(:i1 'Cff~q :; ,~~ .~~ ~ ' 61Tr .. , ...." ~ .. , ..- ..:~ ~.,,,,,,, ~ ..~.... - . iii, _ ',.::S, ip=tt 'qr=qcs' : u a 1 : ' . ., ~ . '~i' STR+ l i ~I'\""I' t: cnr'Q;ill '~~ !I~'liq r r r 'tI b , " " " , : ( . . . . . ) . . '!\~ .. .. '.. . . - . ..... .... , .- " i :~ ' ~ .: : : : . , . . . ,_~[r1' '::r,:rrli'" aq I TTlI' : r . :grqe,r ' :q ' ; rn ' :S[~lf :~ '~"-~(i' aS l~"~ ~J ',I-~~: . " , '." .~ - :.~ . " " 1 " ~''IIi.1I''' ~ ' 1 ' _ ' . . _ I " ' , ' . . . ' ' ~ ~ . . ' : . ' " . ' , '( ~T ') ' i t ' i

Les son 16'~ " '6 i'.65.. The 4'th or D . at iv , i J [case'; and 5th or , A h l a t i v c

case ; of' m an y words mayb e formed by the fo l lo ,wingS U ' I b :" I i : ! I ,t i ~ ~ t " ' U .tion. ,",[ ( "11.'. " 1._. , :~ __ l:.~ . . , _ ' Ll ' ~ _ I i J I [ I I J I I J

Iif! ii6;:~~ ~~ ~ o a ~ ! : f ~ q ~~iIi s r ~ e r r ~ q r.8lQr iO ' i f ifir~eg f ; : r ; i 1 f ' i j fm a t ! = (~q~ q ;r m (,J tl 9 l t ' i j ; ; . _rnqr:s11~r"~ i'_' . ~ : . : . . I . . ~ . . . .

S ing . Plut ,I{.~O &f~'Q"oFor final 1 : , Dat, (~gl~) 'anti . a y a v;.~;q: e h h y a 1 ; ~ .a : r a r [ ~ ' ;08i'Q;l ; ' :J i if it' l3Tlf 1 Abl, ( t i " i f + f l ) auf[ a t I{RI.: ebkyalJ~

Fo: final 1 Dat. C ~ I f f ) at~ay6 ~i~: ihhya~., Z ". rWzT:rt.:;r' .~, :c ; r ShT 1 : : ' Abl ('~~')"'., 8 . 1 ~ i ! ', " . ' . : . . ' ' ? ' . ' : ' L . n . v . . ~. : ; : " " ." . . . . .t~.., ..~ ....:I\.1 \.' tfl "\,-:J. "1, .' ..... " '''1 ....,I. ,""". ". ~."1~ ..0..~Uf:,tEx, ~TqTV r a m a y a , [ ' t o ' ,Rama" ; '~ ,J+r ' liT; '~f! lU' l f( ira~rlQtZ(Jt'fram R i v a n a ' 7rmrm ~~ ,~~~. n a : " v e ' h : " , t f - ' : [ . ' ' t , o r from the~. ~~= .' ,....... . '. Ii,~' . '\ .., .....1 ' 'tI, '1~ ' 1 ' 9 . : . . .~ . . . , , iJ . ''!J u t ' '::- - . ..,r: I " .... J l i . o I , ' : I! ,'.


51/96

[ ? ( , ~ ]men' u : : : r t " : : r i T ~ 3tt n'::r~~r-~~[. ~ L""r11J[d[ C't-o'-- ' - ' = - " - I ' a ' - - r : l ' ;re ~---,:_, H" ~~~ 'I ~ tfi! '~~ Vt:; :6,q~- : ,tt', Q ;.~~ .{ ,,;~ ~ /~ ' :.",_,,}'!: '~I '\ ''ill ' Ia : - ~ ' ~ ' ~ ~ v " D h " , C r ~ o : _ -m I t ,he po.et:-"= r r ~ ~ [ ~ ~~'!i'ft., k ' ~ " ' i ' t ' 1 ~ ' ; ' h - ' - ' h : ' , , ~ " ' h ' : : " ~ I t " ~0 - - ' [ 0 - r"f'''~ '. I.\'L(,o '0' :.. . 1 . 1 . , e , _ " I'.'_:'.-'.-''. ' " 1 1 1""1, 'f1 [ 'I "1J i: tq . ..~ 'Ii ',' ,Y rV" :'::i" ~ ,~, '_ 1 c"from the poets' 1 5 f i r e r ~ l' q ; f ' ~ r J ' ~ ' f i r i f ~ :1

6 . : . 6 , , ' _ . , - _ h e father ,g ' ave the bo: " " 0 ' , , : k : ' to t h e s o n T il 'hie g ir - I ',"'-' ,Ii-__, " .:':" .__,"1-" "". -,', - ::"._.'. _~" ,',,'" ',:"',,", [ i o ) . _ - _ , . 'to '_L::' ,-,_-:,_:,'goes f r om the , house. Unexpectedly a, f low er f e ll f romt h e tree"- ' H : ' ; ! - ' , e : z a v e weal th t o the B : '[ 'r ; j : ' h : ~ m [a n s R i ' . . . . ." ' , - .,,_'_''- - '.' ... "'.~ tJ- -_ 1;..0 \' '- ,[: JL t . " ' -" . . . : ' . " . , , " u;; " ,',,, : Q S L . , " "a va I} a ,,[from anger wil l n o t - oeak H ' - ' - e ' t o " o ' - k - " " ater ] - - " 0 0 1 ' - thertnn ..,'e ' : , . : : : ' " , : .u , i _ ! _ ' , l . S ,P - '~ , : - : - 1 [ - : c " ' : ~ water :__I ,.


52/96

[ _ = - ][ S i n g . Plu,.

FOf . f i na l 1at ti, 'e;~T;:i! 'if; r~J: o ~i na l l~cm'J . 'a~I ~I~)' Q . C J i q 'O i[~,-.-', e r a

~l! 1 1 3 ~e r~~ arya a T r ; : r r l i n a . , ' ? Z .

G-en,(nf{-~)" 'IT,": +I~,' ~. : ~ . I >(~) q ,:

8."k. ~. ' ; ' Y ) l i ' l . n :~f~I+.'~ "

L-'C. ' ," .~- ' _ _"i!O

a - - uJ J

It'~,'~ '~tt!l . ''1,N,t" '1 - i! J ! " II!. .

E -,--' .."- 1 " 8 " ' " ' ' -Ii ,'- - [--,xerase io, ~I ,~~6 ,8,.-, R im a d wells in the wood. He saw the hou se

of Ravana, He sees a garland of flowers, in the hando f the ' Brahman, Men dwell in houses. The family ofthe jackal dwells in the, wood , He stands in the mi d s t0_:-f r ' c the fir- ' e ' - - s ' ' H I - - ' e s a w - t h ,e ' ere 1:U [ o ' - ' - n : ' t h -- ' - : e ' shore 0 - " ' ' - ( ' - t, h i e s e a. . _ .',' ' ', ',' '_ ' ii,J " -e- ' ' '~ ~-y "_:..' ,_', 1,,- ., .. . . : I i . . . . ~ ' _ !", ].,..... ." ' I I !FIle sees the f lower fal len in to the fire,

~;r' i(tl it~~rt~ = a ; a ; ; ~JttOif :~ T tl{ i{~r i ~ ,jff~Ulif; ' '~'' '' ' i t ' 'i.~ *I q ;~ 1 l T f J 1 T ' a : ' , , r t: +r~~ ' e r u 'it ,( ".~ ,,~ifu~ i f iT qftqT~Cl't it ~'~ ~:-ifl{ s r f i l " i r l $' ill;q it~"I: 'I ,''!-sir ;fi\q;fit ~tll{ iii fifi'iR ~'ff" Cf{, S i f t " ' l j - ' fil': :i~:~ ,if'~@ijI l: t


53/96

[ ~ , a , J :_

L~ '. ' , ' 8 ' : " , . . . , t ,e s s t ) : R , " ' . . ; q(8: '.'..""69 di lec l ined _ ' l i n : ' i I I ' " d ' Iik ..~:.. Adjectives, when declined, are, decline nse

nouns, T h e y are v , , ' : e , ' : " ' - y ' : ' commonly however prefixed, , ,.;;) '" '_ ," . ,',: ,r ,_ . _ ': _ _ , r " . ' . _ " , " " , _ : _ " . . : . . , - : : : , " . , ' ~ . ' ~ , . . , ' I " ' . ' - - _ .. . . ' " 'in their crude from, to the noun-s-and then 'they remainunaltere d throughout the declension Iorminz a class of. "~_ .. ', "":, ,_" ,~,I.:_., .. :,_. _" ...__,.. 'c ,"', c',"" uJ.' ....,.',.,.,-".J " , . . , . a : . ~ " " _ " " ~ " " ~ " ' _ " _ " ' ' ' ~ : ' ' ' ' _ ' ' : ' ' ' b ' ' , ' , . . , ' , . ~ -compounds termed Karmad'haraya. Thus the adjectiveiilOJ' kr 11}ll c'bla,ck,' 'with the noun ~ q . .sarpa 'a snake,'may be : 'written '~~,Gl:, "6q : k . r 1 } a b , s .a rp a ~ ; o r i j, ' . i IQJ;Sq:,lC T f 1 J O S a . ,p a l } 'a black snake'; and again ~'Gf8;;r gqu rkrp;cna s larp,t1}a, or ! i , t l l I e : q u r , k r ~ ~ U l s . a r p 8 1 ) , a "'by a 'blacksnake.'


54/96

n ' l r . : r : : au ' / '~If(['~1{rt.q:an;:q~iI'';rr~'

i;eli:~~a~~~f~G7::r~~1Ifll,~1f i : l s rfFta '~ i I = C ( '

: r a , k t . a~ l n k > n t 1 ~,- , W - 6 ,~Wi ,b - a !.\1il. . _ ' , " w ,a l p ' a 'I., '.r:,sigl iramandasadhusa ..; " s k I . - :. , flI ..uW'. l',crupriya.anan ta'_;;"ra lIi' .I fr; '_t ' u ! y adx,ghahrasuan a o a~ ... -' ::1' '::1' 'Y1~

red,great,much,little..swi f t . .slowI,..._' . .. '- . 'IIgood. - . . ..polished,beloved,.",finitmnnrte,variegated,l ike . .l ong .short,new,

Zl'::rT~~I~.I"-~ij"~ ' R i r r~ ' T : = t\.~':1~.'~11 it. _, .. . . . .: a r I E l r~ .~~~'~11l '~T~~'t~ rugrff1'~if

,5 ; 1 j ' c T'it .q:!}f'

.- - -'.. . .tThis becomes 11;1 m a n a . i n . compound words,'~RJ i f ~ ~~r;it f i l H 1 'l ' ( ' I


55/96

olff5fft~~'~~~~D:i/JIir'.~r~',r : r r~ll t~J

. ,., , . . . , . : : : r B J ' 1"11'~ ':" Y !I- ' . , . '" .

'1~ " ~ ' k " " " la.,:ua perplexed,e :m p ty ' ..beautiful, hIUIta: ..: . e . .

aged~" ', ' ". ,1,"1sO , " ' ; " U :the rn:" . ', " . " c ' '.

r_ ,S : u ~ : ~ l ' aI,~.I:'~'S U M '.a " ' r ' aJ . ' .. ',..~"_" ..

Y O ' g F l 1 a / ' ; : , v m d "' id eh a... ", :':t' [I "d k ' . . . . ' ; . - " :~ , ' JI a~~.stl2at !Iiks tdra0 . l~~. '..' m ean. _ : i I o, d u r a distant ..ish d.storn1 ' : ' : " [ 'li~'"I _,") :, .... [i.::.........~ ,",

bu l k y : : ._ - . ' Ifi r : m - ~ -I I II[ . , . . . '. ! . . . : . :~

!ll it.msmitas t . h u i ' ( JsthiraIlurlinat' ...

p.rop:er. .- .1 .

e.r~ '~ f:" .~'11~1 I~'~I n'~ I" " . .~ 'S rT if1' q - ~ t iT ', ~ ". , . ." , . ["- ',:. I, . , . " .:~~& i f le , . ~ .{1Q.p,,,,. ' r 1 : t r ! T -

Ii ICQ '~ :I - r-.~~IS l~{(~ftff

. . . . . . . .'J"I'1"7T~I~I;':=7~~ iii, m-., I r".tr~

~o. ~~, is ifa"'I~ ':n~' ~1pa $' :~;IT;; ~'at~ru;ff fil~oifif 'atr' \ifr~~'il'f~~T ) , "ai~ 'aT)sEti( ' '~H~iffCfiRlif'~q' " "F[QJ1 : I'~~sr~r{ 'r~~r';~l't~Tfr ~~qil'), ~ f a a U f . r ~ m t - - t { f 8 . lQ (~,r ' ;Qif 1

.7 1 .~ In the fo rma t ion of Karmadh lJ r'aY lL ( N o. 6 9 i )

and other compounds (a's, well a'Sin . c ases where oneword, in a sentence immediately follow's another=-seeNo, 201 ,) some change, often takes place :in the two


56/96

[;, ' , _ - " . , ] " - : : ' : ,1l~letters thus brought together, Some rules and remarksin rega r d to th e se changes here fo l low_[ ).'"..,:':', '_ -.."..'y .-.~" - _ : ' , ' _ ~ ~ _ : ' . ~ , ' , " J , t . . . . . I : . . "e r n 1 : J '~ ' ~ ( f i J t 1 + r q,a,) i : I t { ' T Slr'Q " " . : r ; r r ~ lit' " " , i t 9W4(- '~~'~ ~ ~ . . . . . : : . . . .~trr "(itt ~= qq r r 'q~ ' ijf '~r i s { T ' F l f ' +r q i!li ~.~ ~~~ (fc~ th a ' t~Q lifJ~ a r r e - r i{t-'ffri!('I{' ~Q I ) \'6 !:f::filt q.~, gIlT' a n ~ ~ ~;jj'E f u T l It ~I~ q ' f t . q~ ; : r ~r tI ~~'q f ~ ; f i ?t f"~r ~ '~'1l' ~,tf 'iI~sq ;qj~Tf~ ' 5 J r n l:-

7:2 ' t Similar vowels .are those that d i f fe r only inl ength. Thus a and, ti are similar; i an d i : ; u and u J &c .o ther s -s -a s ; and u " - a r " ' 1 ' c e " " dissimilar.. '\J- ._. . " ~ . " [. - _.:_~:.., . . : " . '.-~[..Jl;J 1 . 1 . . ' . , . " . . :" " ii_

73 . . Two similar vowels meeting, c om bin e an dform one long vowel, Ex, a, + , a = = li; a + il ::0; if+ IQ = = l a ;a'+.7 ' - n- ; + " i - ;""c : - ; ". " : . , . - . . . . . . . . " . . . . , = - . ~ : - " ' , , . _"c ..

i i T :i3qril '~!(Utir' ~'r; '=r~.;rq{ ~trijJ~,~qes e f . I ~ ' r ; : ~ ~ ' itq fl ' ~ I ~~~'~.T11' aT+ at= o r r ; at + a u =~ a t r ; 8l:r ,+ S f = a r r , :'~ ~6 lf + S IT = 81r ; '~'+t : : ~ ' ~c~rf([ 1

7 4 If a , 'wo rd , ends with a or ii and the nex t 'beginswith , a dissimilar vowel" then a ,g'U~la substitute I ( s e e No..1'7) take's the place of the two concurring vowels ,'T 'hus a . + ' " i ~ 4j; .IT, + ' . , , ~ " " " : " " " ' :. " - - '. , . . - 'D . , ~ ' , ' oWi- "'.


57/96

[ 'g '~ ]~);if.'~f{U = e s '~f(J;; q{' ' U V T &l1{{f < : ~\C l ) fifll;J ~\9 ) {ta 'T C t tw ~ ~ u r S f ,+ ~ = q ', a t + e : = a r T ' [ I75.. If a. word ends with a or a and the next beginswith a diphthong; then. a substitute called vrddh i takesthe place of the two concurring vowels. The vrddkisubstitute of e or , a i is ai; and that of 0 or au is au .

'Q f t{ f e p e ' l tt:iq,' .~, eTi=ij"ij ' a y ' i:lf 1 ' [ a l T " an~ s n ~~~it if~{f iT ~.1f$~ 'T t = i ~ ' Q ; ~ ~ it !:IT ~ ll ~ itm - t < ' 6 :ay~ R : r ~: e n r ~ ~1 ~,Ut f ; 1 1 1 ' - 1 q{' '~'fl:i T + ( i l S T I{t~{f ~l~rr\ I e , g ; '~ r ' f t ' : i i i r :tm $li~~T ' it ' t a i l ; : ' 8 1 ) " t t T " a r t ' C f i T ' 0 1 1 ' I

76. If a word ends with, i, U, or , r -Slh.or t . .0:[ lo,ng-an..d th e n e x t biegins W ' . ' ith an:' ' y : : o - t - ; h - - .e r d i s s imi lilar vowelJ < :~ ...... :. I,.," ,"" "": .. :" r.... ..,).". '_ ';', .:. '. ~"


58/96

[ , ,~ ]'~ff sa'fflskrta, + ' ' ~ ~ ' ukti (No , 7 ' 4 ), "po li sh ed speech-

qR, '~i tf+rPSlI. ;~at~,~ anama + Sf'r:eq:,\,atman (Nos . 7 3 and . 7 , 4 ) ,"the in f in ite sou l', a{q , t f J ( f : a q c + l r ; , ;J')ijf nll'a ' + ~'cqq(' u t p a l . a ,'a b lue l o t . u s , ' m ' i j i r ~ + r . i j = J ' ; "~rm a c k t t + '~fir l~Z (Nos,~7 4a n d 1 J " - / ) " " . " a > ' , g; ' r r e a t ; " : sa C 1 ' , e ' , 'rrE'r ...~r 'i ," " ~ " , , " > . . : . iJ "b' q~C"n, t

7 8 'j! W hen the case, o f a n ou n d epen d s upon ano -ther 'noun or participle, the dependent noun [may beprefixed in Its crude from to the other, making thecompound called T a t p u m , J t z . , For example 'the shoreoj'the sea' ,eij~Qa - l i s a m u d r : a s y a , t l ram:>ma'y ' be exp re s sedt hu s 18' i l t f t t samudrattrem ' th,e sea-shore , '~_f.~ \ 4 ~ ' ~ ,~ ~r C f i f ~ , , ~ f e w a t ~~1~t~lqr ~~Q q{

8 l T f 3 T i ; f ' ' itij"T t,tit 8tlf3 f iJ ~ '~ e r n , , ) ' ;a~~r' '~ ' S(,ferq '~. ' '~q ' I t~a '6 ' ~r 'q{ '~,;:(f !(Ii~~' q r i r i )~r :& IT 'g~\ r ' t , a f t ' ~ '~'U'~ _ , _ . ~ J ~ - , ~ .l _ '__' J, I I ! ! I ' _ , " , ' . ' . ' ., "--- ~ I .. , '----- ~ ~'"!fiE,1( ' c r~~tr ' ;rrlt i I IT '~?l;jlQi l ' lCff e . . ~ ~;~JF:Ufs n ',I'fj(q'-'tiK~~r fq ; ; fR:r "e~~q a : " ' ~ ' " ~ ) 't:r~'l't': ~ fijfWf' : S W ' gq;(rr '\ i

i9'!1 In, a 'Tatpuruja compound the first term, inthe crude from, has sometimes the force of a, Gen i t i v e ,som etim es o f a Loc at iv e , &c,.. For example-s-in thec o m p o u n d qi,'f" p a n k ' a m a g t l J J 'm . u d , , , s I U : n k ' : , the, word' m u , d . ' 'has , ev ide ' n t ly the f o r c e o f the Loca t ive ...........hemeaning being 'sunk i ' 1 ' 1 , the mud', ,A,gain---,it+rT~g. 1 1 ) b I z l i k r s t a l ' g r " ' _ _ : . e e d , ~ , a t t r a ' C l e d ' evidently means 'attracted. ' . . " ! I I 1 . : : . . : . . - , '",b y greed=+the first term having' the force o f the J n s t r u -mental case .


59/96

[ ~l:(, ]a-~'!J~q' 'Q+F(a it ~ r f f i l : f f i t - e n '~ q it ~'Rr' ~ij+f' q a; i'iji'~I

, . ; :y ~~'iJ;:~TZ'r,r=-, r : x j ~ 1 " " 7 a:~~ ~Tr~m' '=:'rr;r' ~,~ : ; : r ; : " \ m P - . : : ' ~ ~ ~\; ;n'-~:-~- '"1,.-i "...,-~ ~'I ~,' " ,," ''11;1 ' Q 1 , P1 "' 1"i'\.'v ' I "fp,~;~,;Vl' ~~ '~);I """ '(h " l, ~' I : I '~a'r~'ur i6 f q r q G'q'lqg' " e t T I ' ~ G i ('f'r ~ a t " r ' it'ql q r" _ . ' ' t , 2 ~ ' ' ~ . , C . , ~ " (',c .~ .;._...._ ' .'_ '~ ~ . ,~ ~ .', '.,."qjT~~ :a.q Ifa r f ~ ~ O J ; ; 0 1 , { lFQS e . . , r ~ 6 T 8f2f e. qil~ ;r~!lIF ~ , a n ' I ~;:r: ':ir)~ftiE' C I i J ~q!s r l l it 'tffi~ it fir... prr~-2:ffi !ilfii' 'q'~ i'j)~rJ.l"~rr',~ ~~ ' :rrJ~ 't I't. . ~ '. .~ '. [~~ ...,;"1~11'~ J l~~ ~ ~ .~ L

Exerc i se 20 ~ sn:~~'~ 08,0~ Turn the following 'pairs, of words in to] Ta tpu -

rusa compounds-e-writing each compound ill. tbe Nomi-,t, !I!i Inative singular,'The influx ( srrlll l agam a ) of wealth (sr . a ren a . ) '-

No. 73 'A hundred ( ~a la ta [n.]) offools ( i i _ i . ! I mflrkha)'.'SPOlf t (iil.'J k t v J , a ) in the water,' "The shore of theGanges ( l 1 : i r , r gai iga)",~ "[\;Vh,Q has] come ( a : r T l 1 f I O gata )-for refuge (U~,Cf . s . a r a , ~ z ' , a ) " . " ,D , e s e : r t e , d , ((til , k i n a ) by learn-' i ll9:' ( ' f~~,v i d ' 1 ) ( i ) . . ; ' ~ ~'Co've.red (....+~ij" vestita): with clothes

~ ~ ~~ : .. ~ . q,li~.. .. ",(~~ 7!'.nt"t'!"i"'ae,)-,' " A coup l e C : : ; : ; r J n doasa [n ] - 1 ' ) - ' : - ' of verses (.~=', I I O i I ! I . ' ~ ' vUi,j',,',: ..,,~:~ :~ l,:~"'_ '"~,," ,,,~'''::/"< ' ;: "" i ' " ~ ' ~ : ~ < ~ . : ' _ " , . ; . - , ~ l " ' f ' ".sloka)',. ' ,Lo,rd (qr~r / J ' 4 t i ) of the earth ('l~~l P r e h ' i v l ) " . ,'The bank of a pond (mq~sar,as)"~' f i j J : ; ; r ' mR i f l ( j ~ lF '~ i ~ ; i f l ~ ' ; s . Q('!i'i'i:~'JI{;er' 'ililJrit a i t {1 = I c t l J i f i tr'~T~ ~ i6~i-~l(iE tt,~"if 'I t m~ ' : - -

(: ~ ) " : ' ( ' ' ) ' o i ; , Q _ ::e ( to . ) ,~~;f I"~ at'~ ......$T ' S1TiiT ..8l1Qq': ' - ' - -e- 'Q \ S l < ~ :It\.q l " ~ 1 C f : e n f '

qt6 Q ~gr ( ffl [~!ie])~c r r t f r - ( ~ ~ ) 1 1 i s ( i1 fl~ ) '~~ r C I i ' l 5 a r : u t " i1lU~urc'itf iffq S lr~ r ~ (an iItl) I . f i rm i f ' i)~ ;'fill( :~=" )-.-' t 'a:;: 'q~ C - :q'~ ) 1 , ~ 'G~f~ ' '2'~ (,,~~fR)...~lWi 6 r q~~ ' I~- I _ I ~-!II; ~~, ' . .'._ '[~~ :" ." '~J .. ", . 8,'~:1 .... . ~ ~ .~ - _ " [1 . ~L~ " . '' - m ~ ( all [ i fSQ] ) .1 : ~it ( 'iN ifr ) It ~Cflir ( q y a . ) I atin-r1 ( :n,.,~, ) 1 ~ '~~r~1t I.. ~ ,,~ .... -"l,. ~~ '!!ll ~ ,"," .

~ "


60/96

[ ~'~, ]E x ercis e 2 1 . 81~qrEt '~~~

< 1 ( 1 : ~ '~ ,~ l~ ~E ;q r RftllVr) ';lTm~qqj '~~~" 9,~f e (~T~~~~str i l f r & r o i t ' ~:,f'i.i5qTiit ~ f ! 1 ' s i j ' f t r I 'ijll'qrli~qr;:~'qiq';;j~!,r ~Rr I~t~Q' (~ e{:q~ i~qr~qr Nf~~rant~I

81,. Tile Pronouns are declined in most respects likenouns, The Ist and, 2nd personal pronouns are veryirregular, The following, ' be ing some of the most use -ful forms in which these present themselves, may h i ecommitted to memory,ilmi'~tila:,a; f i ; J i t l ' a & 1 ' ~q' ;3~ ,a i l l f1G~f{, ; : I ' ( !R1I 1 : , , \!;:rir

gil" ~';~,q'ali. i i i 9~qenT.fq) t{Qq'T;J l ' iiI ~q II'., 8{f't~fl1ff~'~' ~.~,,


61/96

[ ~ ]1_,, ,;10 - - U J ' - - 'I;'. ] ~~T '~+rr~l:

(l'q' . . .;a ' '6r r i -: ' '~~.."1., : 0 1~:%G-!Io

Ace-. r . . '.. - - - . '( '0~11' .

D' .

. ..a' ( fT~ ,i = t ; : rl\ _'1:. ' ~tt~' :l2:U" " I - " ' \ ' . . .I' . 'II~qIt\~':,

1-~

G, . ,i;: i i I , . . , ;~ ' lE~.~0'(1-

:!QY'~'7":';:rr-nr =r~Dir~Ii l : "'V'\..-I: \,II:'t"' ' '! 'tI,-"if!

R_ 4 1

t a sma i to him, ~ 3 7 . - ~ ~ r '~- - - . . . .I. _ _!I! ~~ '-'1t ' l e b h y : a l ; to them, \!';rCtas'VI'h'te, fr- ' 0 , ' f f i : : : ' him'- :":I',D~" ..-'Illtt.(r:.,iJ .. _ . ' '_ .. , I , a - _ . ' ] ' . ' ~~'ttt8 'b h y a . l ) , f rom them, 9 ' ; rQ 'tasya his, ' i f, '6iJilt'81 :a::mof them, \iqtlrtasmin inI him:-",U Y . " ~ " ' . ' ~ . , _I ,., ,~,_ '.Ii ~_ _ .tesu "1 - t h o - . : e ' . ' 'I..8 S U In ,-..,m.' .

'!3',DD'r"gIg,,,

~~

82. The: feminine of this pronounis 'm s ii 'sll~ O 'T. ," t h - hat', 1 : " - t - , ' h l ; " " , ' " .c : . nit"[,-: ha '."."-',~~-.c d ' - ' t h : : - : , J " , . n d - , ~ - -- , 4> , _ , n , _ - e neu e r w e " .ave ~:a, nat ann Hfl;;t a ~ n , . . . . ' t h - ' . " ,i.I' -''___'$ . _ : " o s e 4 1'- - , ~ : . . . - ~ ~ " , , ~ , " " ~ , - - , I - - :L,' !Je" ' Q 9 ' ~ i T T i f ; q ; y ''0Il~'Qll1; .m " f(' :1 ~,tl~r~1f'+r' - ' i 3 : t ~,~,qq: ail, 'iirlfir' S T i l T i f . ~ ~al t I . . . . . . . .

8,3, . A u s ef u l d emo n str ativ e pronoun i s . formed bypre f ix ingq e to the ; fo regoing. Thu s q : q : : 8 ~ a , b , (b.e,~; ,th 'a t~ ''Qt:( t l t ' a d ' that".. T he p :ro 'n ou 'n '~i 'dam, e l m s ' . , makes 8 1 ' q :. : :~ :' I '/ :1m,' ,j~ t . . e,1 N -. . . . . .o , m : - ; :~na." i v e . . s . . .ng u l a , ' r - m a s c u l i n ea . W i ... ". J.,Ii..I", ',,' ,_: .-.,' . .LI...l!.' , i I i . , . . ' . ' . \ , . _ . - .'u... ,_,".. _J.. .. _ > i ! I ',. ~ . .


62/96

[ g e l ]. . ~ t ; : , , . . . ~ .'~q; ~q'~qft ~ i6 a e n ~a n ' '~ e { ; i l r~ S i + f r q , I O J , e r ~ ' ~ - " i j r i tt

q~ ' 0 : ' ijI~lIifi~ iJqr~ni(rarr1 : I ~(j1. 3{Cl iTtf~I l f : ' tf{, ' ' I ' c t '.., , t: ~ t: ; ' f i ' . ' t o , ' ; i I i , '~-, ~ '~


63/96

by m e, abandons the tree, When ( was ) th:is heard , byh im? B y whom (was , ,) the : sp eec h o f ' the Brahm2o,a ,heard P Wh"ere does their father dwell P ~:lbis is ourhouse, \Vher ,e i s 'your house? W 'llo sees y o;u ?' Someon e sees , you, Wh , o dwel l in t ho se- house s ? ' This , sp ee ch( was ) heard by a certain, B ra hmana , The king gavewealth to him,

R " m - - ' " Q t " ' " 6 1 '-',;it. - i t ' f i " ' ~ " -::rr:=:,::-!-,; ~~:-- FU~~:r-r-"I':-:,-' :'_.. '11[~~Il 1 . -' .. IJ L'11:~'~ . . '1..t. -~~~ ~ I I I~ ' . . ~ . . .. ~.1l(T !:J < t i i t f t ? ~if) ~rt S P E U hn" ;-r:qr m ; m : I{q~ til,1 t r r r I~~l;grl'f~ ~ ~ ~ it~ar,t I.f{M~~ar 9q :r i f " ~ 9 IIf tlQ J .,. q J U f i f f ' 6 : e i 1 * , , * v f t , 9 ~'fqm ~ (E[m\ ; ..~i{ ~ \l{t I"U~~t ? IP t~ q;::rr ~? ~' ~ ~frr' ~ Ift~,it :~'~" '~'I'~- -~,,'-, ''l" ~~~ ~,~U; ~ , 'ft. - - - ', - , , ~ ' t t - . 1'fi{ t T l U ( ' \ ' f E 6 : g 1 M l i l l f l T it.~ m it . * " I Qtilr it ,,~ ~if ~ ILesson 22'. 'Il!~~- .

, 8 , 8 ~ The mas". nom, singr, : r 7 , : s a h . ' h , e . ' " , ' that" and au:~ ._. '.,;:1 til o i i I ! ",:-11, t 1 i , a i ) 'this' drop the visarga when a consonant :fqllow,s.Thu s B ,"'~r'~ sa g , ' ~ a a , c h ; a t i 'h ,e , go -e s ''''~ ft'l' ~R1.' e sa- - ,,: .....~ _\.1 - '_ . ,. -- - , .'. '.. .. ,', ~,_, '~:.:__,- ,.. ',.'M ' l a - M 'U ' : f'~-_:L " , , . . , 1 . . . 1 ; , , , ' m e , - a ' ' ' n ' , .,'"Ii ..1 ,'"' .. 'Jl aT" 'U,U}j1 ", l. .. . 'IlI .... [II

~Sfijlit, ~~ l~q ) : , q , 1 S 6 , q ~ - ' i i ' "6:, ' (if{) :ij"I I I ' " , q t J : ' 'it;~'rr iiT t '~ - ;; ' s u ; : r r tm ~~iIr. ,Iit,~ i i , r irq ~ ~ltI' t, ' I;~VT'-9' i1= i1(M ' ( q & : . G ! ' T a , \ , ) '~Ef if3Q1: ( . .q'i[ enq+ft ) ~

89. The conjunction t and l is, exp re s sed by ~ ,co,which , , i s placed after its, word, ' Th ' l1S, f irrp.11 , p i t a 'PU t f t zJ ca " ~ t h e e f athe r an d the son ' , Same Is the ' case Yriththe conjunction e r r v a ~o:r". Thus f r n ' ,~1tT piti / J u t f t J ''~I'i!i' " ' : i l i ' c , e father or the 810'-"81"y~, '. _ .."~ I.. :. _ _:. _. " :[ .._ ~~ 1.",.,. ' ..... , 11 ..


64/96

[ " ' J!l;,Q, ';,~ . I[ '_ - "~

~W4:q~1Ai Z O i c ; ' ' a T k ' ~('"'f'l m u ~Vi f ; q ; : q t a n ; r \ Iftr~' ~;tt i f i iI1~ ~ 'QU ' ~mT 't,~i J : P . t T ~ f t r a ( ~ ( f t t w r 'a r " ~ '~ );~. (~()it; ~~1tlfi ~ ill~t; ~'lf-fq~r~i f f ( ' f q r i lr 9!t ) ,

" VO 'C :AB ,ULA 'R 'Y ' 6 ,~ ~'1C(lqij(' '-I d ' r t t u but, ' ~ f~ ; ; 'y a d i if:tarhi then, (lif, p a y , a n t u but, f~';

,~ ,~ , n p..4.. also "A,' ' - ' 1 1 ~ ~ : ' . , - : " ' . ' " ,J f ' . ,: ' _ ' > ~ J +t I~f! eet if: q i t r' ; i T ~:rt, i l,a cet if not, ;;r~ tilf( h i ' because, f!F1I1f~

. ' 9 0 1 ~ when the subject or object ofthe verb is awhole clause, the clause is concluded 'by ' the conjunction~ f t J iti 'thus'~ For example : - l . l a t U m ) ~ r i t ' U Y l f G t I J ' s : f i r ~ ' "' ~ r f i v Q ' ! ] I J : 'rli'mepa , j i t a , i l t i ' 'maya / ! r , u t ' a ' m , ':R av 'a'Q .a 'was c o n -quered by r . Rima-thus ( basi been ) heard by me'-o,r~ i t P m ' ~ . . . . ~ - . . ' M ' - . ~ . , . . .'r1=t' ,"",-'~~m[,~ .',~~ ..~ ~ lr';L~ . ~a"l ,~', ~[' n : '; : ~ - : , ~ ' . ' :' . 't r O T J a n t ) 1 rdm,ena l ' z t a ~'t't""1"" '- ' "\J ".,-11 1 " ', ' ,~ , """ \ " -...,1 1- .; . '. '. '_ ' . ~ ' .... ,.' .... ' . ~ . -- ' ..v : a d a t i m l m z k i b "V:lnnki says R ava,Q ,a 'was , c o n q u e re d by:n-a",:Aa'm, 'I!",~~ Q-D,' '~ ~ ' : : n ' ( ' :ri 'rr~ D"~ ,=,tt:f(EFq :~ '= r r ' ~ , ~ '~'rr, ' , I : s : n : " " , ":'l ~,'itU,"""':"'-;'''''1 ~ "',1 'g" :.: ; ~"'''':~'. ~h" .. I ~,(li 'Q.'Qn~ r . q ifi(' \=iq;. j , iU( ' r r~ ('qar) it~,.~~r: ' ~ r aT ''t I

~ i f f 'F t ( 'U J i k ' 'fij[q . . ' J . : l 1 i f u t t ' ' u r # O f 'f~'a ' ; : P t r ' ~)lIr lilt ( '~rqor :~rq" .. '. '!) ,. ..~ , ; : a f ta T la l tQ f :lTl'_;_too.r ling :8'" iP!~r ' 1 : ' } ""': '_.'P.fru " , r e T a i t~Ilf f . i r a ~ r a - :qq~ e{[I ' ( r t i1f~; ' ( t t r t r t 1 1 : R ; ' i6iil'~'l: F f i ~ur ~,r;:rI1U ; f t ' ; : y r :rtqr' til' )

...

,:, - A tiger also dwellsin the: southern forest, 'Then hec : l w : e l t : .in a garden, but now he wanders on the sea-shore,Something fen again, In our village isa master of


65/96

po',ets.. Wh ' ! ! ! I . U -, ;s ' a n ' . . . . .. e ' ' ; - m ' . " ' p ' t. h 0 " " .U i s ' e " ~ e a ' ' U I ' , ~ : t ' : u ~ ' l l ' ? T ' ~ - : - l h e ' oir l~an d: .... ['ill ..: ...",,::~ l & , . [ . , . ' _ ' : . ' . ' e rt :,' , ". ~. u . '. !Wt. II! '. ," ... ' t)-"':".).~.A'&;! ..her aged father and. mother' are here, The poet say s ,~ ,the tiger went to KaSi~ Is this m an o r that boy' suitable?Unexpec t e d l y a mouse fell from the seat, Again theB rahm an as c ro ss ove r the water. Eve r ywhe r e he c o n q u -ered the enemy,.. Thus the monk e y will burn theirhouses, The horse went, but the: jackal even now stands,Some t ime s the devotee wandered he re , The t ravel ler 'heard the the sou n d o f a lute somewhere, That man.knew the s c r ip tu r es , After that he went slowly to theold tree, Thus he took . the book and, the arrows with(his) hand, from the' thief Among the. Brahmanas isa, good preceptor, He: will som etim es c ook the f ood;suitably, The preceptor s . a , y s who laughed then . ?~ o r Q t J r _ i f it ' q . : ; O 'iI"r;r 'tit l:{aT t I :;:ri(' i t s : ~ ~ '~qqiif it~ ' ~ r qr,:ijr~:;r o r , , ' t{ f [ ~~r{ ~ 'f~f~ ~~qijf 1 : 1 e 6 t ~ . q~ ~' f Q '6 I & + r R : f l N T tK~~,t q u " [ ( a n ~ r~ q J t':1 q~ tc lJ it ~ ifiif!FH iU a r l : ? ~ ~ a i h : ~fi'l"NHr tI'.'iJ " E H n


66/96

[' 't;~, ]:'.~ I~ ,, -

L e s s o - n 2'3 , . . ' q " , r a ' ~ \91~ In making the p a s s i o e o o ic ,8 ' of the present andsome of the other tenses, the letter q',ya is added to the

root-and the terminations called the a : tm a n e . .p a d a aresu,bjo,ined" Thus the ( i t 'mam8~pada, termination 'oftheSd pers , sing, present being ' f t ' te, we: have ifig~ d : a h y a t e'it is burned", q:;:qa , / l a c y , a t e "it is cooked', &',c.

;:r.:i:D'I ':t~l-~ ::I'TT a;;=r ~~ : e n r i j t ~ ' ~ 'Z'rl;::rl~ & I r : w . ~ , ~ , -\~",il~:-'Q 1 ~ t~_' ~ :.~ '~ , I,':'~~11, 't:t "1i"j ;.,_': : if,:,...-q) , I ' (!ttl\ifI * '~ ,f O i JI~ \ i rRJT \-~:c 8U~~ - !l~~ q { r , : s n ~t I : ~' 5 ti f iR q i j " V T w r ' C f i T i j [ 5Jq'~ ,9~tf (8t.lI~o) qifi,er=if ' l= c r ' '.-r':n!:.\.~ ~ r - - ftiEQ q '~" ~ -.~,. ;rD:::' ,~'~, (.31i~ "':I::n:rn-.~. '~,lI1'\TI'" ,"" ,i 1,':(l '~~-I '" it,~~' ' '' 1 . , ~ ( 1 1 - ,:~r~ .... \ i ! : . , . ~ . '~gr \ J ' q l E ( a : ' ( ~ q cm ~ , q J R f T ' : ) 61t~f;q' i ipI~t I9,2.. Some verbs are conjugated, i o n theactive voice,

with, the terminations called the t umane -pada . ForA V 'a m -- ' - . 1 - : " ' "~_ - :. :~"p ".e .;-. M $ E J l g a I T ~~eU:QJ l t~q; 8l1~l{if ! l ~ m it rift'qwif~l:,~~,UJ if; t l n 1 t : ' _

:n:;:r' 1 J : n t - ' " "0 - ' s t r i v ' - " ' e ' " IO::rr=.t 'Z ':7'=rr-- m a i k e s ~ '~ 1fJ!1 ,/ f ; ,( i" .,: ~" J ....... -IL '.. . ~ : - ..... ' ,.' ......~ ~', q ':". '-',- ~:~, i I i c t ..,I""."!"",Uj!Q'he: strives,' :~' !1i1(;f 'Cfi':(i!rtT,[J' ram ' t " 0 " - , ' spo " ' r - t ' "'fsQf;:fl m a k e s " . ' . - . -_' Q ' _ "j ' ~. ' . . r " " n _ . . : M 1 _ " n _ ' : ~ " , ' .\~ ,_. __ '"_c , ".c_ ' . !l' '. ",_' .~_,...._ , . 1 . ~ . . . . 1W.1'~t.'tI'he sports,' f(( ' _ I i j 1 , a ; r t' q U ~ lo a "to see' ~tcJ'ilr makes iffl,,~ijl 1 ,0 ,e l l I6~ . 'h'e sees ' ~ ( '~(qarl

i.f[ ' v T t , ' to, 'be' ~";1' makes q ~ a - lJll1tlat,e'h'e 1S, '~ tVIi. l u o . " 'to shine'


67/96

~ii~ san 'to endure' ~erl{;r~tffl' makes U i { , 8 " , s a h t U ' s~ , 'he : endures,' 'cr( 'ui[,ij"r i : '

~:T' '1"'8.7;1' ' t " O ~ ' s ' e 'i r V " " i e ' " 4:r'r :;r,,r=rr m - ~ " ' l a , ' k e s :~4 ~rnhJ.i'J~\'""'!I , ! o J ' ' v ,'> , ' " . I L , ' , ',:C ' t i " 4 1 , " " ' ' ' , ~ , '~ , " ' , " , " " , 'tIq"I i ,i;i1't.-uUjoitO". . . . . . . . . . 'h ie serv ',e's~, 'l ,t (~,e rr e f i t a r 't'~Ii sm i 'to smile' ~6ifi'!:riir makes ~f{~ft' s m a y a t , 8

',he sm i l e s . . S f # { H;ifi,re:rr ' i :Exerc

Documents

First Lessons in Sanskrit - Eng + Hindi