i

LANE’S

ENGLISHPronunciation Guide

byRichard R. Lane, Ph.D.

ii

Copyright © 1977; revised 1988, 2000 by Richard R. Lane

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be changedwithout written permission from the publisher.

The world’s most efficacious method for teaching English pronunciation is freelygive to all students and teachers by-

Lane PressP.O. Box 17822Stanford, CA 94305USA

iii

PREFACE

Lane’s English Pronunciation Guide is a drill book designed for learners of English as aSecond Language. It has two sections: Consonants and Vowels.

The consonants and vowels give practice in the pronunciation of 40 distinct English sounds.Each phoneme is indicated by the International Phonetic Alphabet, accompanied by a list ofalternative English spellings. There is also a diagram for each sound, showing the position ofthe tongue, teeth and lips, and indicating whether the sound is voiced or voiceless, i.e., whetheror not it has a vibration. The correct positioning of the tongue and other speech organs is vitalto clear pronunciation, therefore, the diagrams should be used as constant reminders whenworking on minimal pairs.

The words in the drills form a large part of the vocabulary found in Dr. Lane’s text seriesentitled Lane’s English as a Second Language. When used together, the PronunciationGuide and the texts provide the learner with continual cross reinforcement of words andsounds.

iv

v

CONTENTS

Preface ......................................................................................................................... iiiDiagram of speech organs ......................................................................................... vi

CONSONANTS

s (sea) ................................................................................................................... 2z (zebra) ................................................................................................................ 3f (foot) ................................................................................................................... 4v (vase) ................................................................................................................. 5t (time) .................................................................................................................. 6d (dog) ................................................................................................................... 7l (leaf) ................................................................................................................... 8r (rain) ................................................................................................................... 9T (theater) ............................................................................................................ 10D (the) .................................................................................................................. 11p (page) ............................................................................................................... 12b (bone) ............................................................................................................... 13k (key) ................................................................................................................. 14g (goat) ................................................................................................................ 15hw (wheel) .............................................................................................................. 16w (wave) ............................................................................................................... 17S (shoe) ............................................................................................................... 18Z (garage) ............................................................................................................ 19tS (chair) ............................................................................................................... 20dZ (jeep) ................................................................................................................ 21m (moon) .............................................................................................................. 22n (nose) ............................................................................................................... 23k (king) ................................................................................................................ 24h (hair) ................................................................................................................. 25j (yes) ................................................................................................................. 26

VOWELS

e (ate ................................................................................................................... 28Q (at) .................................................................................................................... 29i (eel) .................................................................................................................. 30I (ill) ..................................................................................................................... 31aI (night) ............................................................................................................... 32E (net) .................................................................................................................. 33o (own) ................................................................................................................ 34ç (on) ................................................................................................................... 35´ (nut) .................................................................................................................. 36A (not) .................................................................................................................. 37aU (cow) ................................................................................................................. 38çI (coy) ................................................................................................................. 39u (wooed) ............................................................................................................ 40U (wood) .............................................................................................................. 41ju (you) ................................................................................................................. 42

-er/ir/ur/or .......................................................................................................... 43-ed ......................................................................................................... 44

vi

SPEECH ORGANS

Voiced sounds are produced with the vocal cords nearly closed and vibrating. Voicelesssounds are made with the vocal cords open. In the profile diagrams, a vibrating line indicates that the sound is voiced; dashes indicate that it is voiceless.

Where production of the sound involves movement of the tongue, lips, or jaw, the startingposition is shown by a solid line, the direction of movement by an arrow, and the finalposition by a broken line.

vii

LESSON FORMAT

The standard lesson is designed for 30 minutes. The teacher may begin by saying the soundseveral times and then pointing out its alternative spellings at the top of the page. Using thediagram, the teacher should indicate the position of the lips, teeth and tongue, and whetherthe sound is voiced or voiceless.

Beginning with the six proper nouns under the diagram, the teacher should pronounce eachword clearly and have the students repeat in unison. Then each student should have theopportunity to say the words individually.

Where possible each sound is given in its initial, medial and final positions. Because it iseasier to hear and then reproduce the sound if it is relatively isolated at the beginning and endof a word, it is recommended that the following order of presentation be used:

1. initial2. final3. medial

In presenting each phoneme, the teacher should go down a column of words modeling eachof them and letting the students repeat in unison. Finally each student should pronounce thecolumn individually. Except in advanced classes, it is recommended that little attention begiven to word meaning. Teachers should point out that what is important is the sound. This, ofcourse, may vary from class to class and with a teacher’s particular style.

At the bottom of each page, there is a list of minimal pairs which provides a contrastiveexercise between easily confused sounds. By this time, students have heard the sound (inthe majority of cases) in at least 42 different words so their ability to reproduce and discrimi-nate it from other sounds should be much higher than when they began the exercise. Stu-dents may find it helpful if the teacher pronounces the pure sounds before each of them giveshis recitation of the pairs. For example, the teacher may say s-z, s-z, s-z (as sounds, not asletters), before a student attempts see-z, seal-zeal, sink-zinc, etc. The teacher should stressthe difference between the voiced and voiceless pairs.

Page 43 gives practice with r including discrimination between far, fair, fear, and for. Page 44deserves special attention because it deals with the voiced and unvoiced pronunciation of dat the end of words.

viii

TEACHING HINTS

1. Give your students a good model of pronunciation to follow.

2. Let your students see your mouth when you speak.

3. Do not jump from one exercise to another. Work on one phoneme at a time. Remember that for astudent to achieve his goal of accurate pronunciation, he must first hear the sound correctly and under-stand its proper articulation. This takes time, patience and drilling.

4. Do not be overly demanding about a student’s pronunciation the first few times. If a student can notreproduce the sound, you may stop, go over the articulation, give a couple of distinct examples, and/ormake a contrast with a similar, but different sound. Failure to reproduce a sound can easily lead astudent to frustration. A good teacher will stop well before this point. Remember that repetition is themother of learning, so after identifying a few sounds that are difficult for your class, repeat them fre-quently during the course.

5. Note the students with the best pronunciation and always begin with them during the individualrecitations. This allows the weaker ones to hear the sound several times before their turn.

6. Use the diagrams to indicate the position of the tongue, teeth and lips. Be very careful that yourstudents position these organs correctly, for if you do not, they will not be able to reproduce the qualityof sound necessary to speak without an accent. For example, most languages have the sound of “d”but in making this sound some speakers put their tongues behind their teeth and some put them far upon the roof of their mouths. English speakers put theirs on the gum ridge directly above the front teeth.Each position gives a different quality “d.” A student who wants to speak English correctly must, there-fore, position his tongue accordingly. Be patient, but demanding. Your students will thank you.

7. Explain that some sounds have a vibration in the throat and some do not. Those with a vibration(voiced sounds) are indicated in the text with and those without a vibration (voiceless sounds) areshown with in the diagrams. The vibration may be felt by placing the hand on the throat. Thepresence or absence of the vibration is extremely important, because it is the only difference betweenthe pronunciation of the following pairs:

voiceless: s f t T p k hw S tS

voiced: z v d D b g w Z dZ

8. Cognizance of the difference between voiced and voiceless sounds will aid learners in avoiding avery serious mistake. Speakers of Indo-European language have a marked tendency to unvoice finalvoiced consonants. When this is done in English, it causes cab to become cap, bed - bet, pig - pick,save - safe, his - hiss, edge - etch, etc. It is thus very important for students to learn to voice final voicedconsonants.

9. A second mistake to avoid is in the pronunciation of p, t and k. English, in contrast to many otherlanguages, requires a light puff of air (aspiration) when these voiceless consonants are found, espe-cially at the beginning and end of words (pipe, tent, kick). Failure to aspirate gives a flat effect toEnglish pronunciation. The strong aspiration that we give these sounds can be demonstrated by pro-nouncing them while holding a sheet of paper in one hand about two inches from the mouth.

10. Some languages, particularly Italian and Japanese, have very few final consonant sounds. Whenspeakers of such languages pronounce English words with final constants, one often seems to hearan extra “a,” for example: cab-a, road-a, bag-a. In fact, what is happening is the speaker is releasingthe consonant before the air flow stops. This tendency may be corrected by holding, or not releasing the consonant until the air flow stops. This solution works best with final voiced consonants.

ix

Although some linguists apply the same remedy to voiceless ones, this author feels that the aspira-tion of final voiceless consonants gives a desirable crispness to pronunciation and produces a cleardistinction between can and can’t, did and didn’t, ten and tent, etc.

11. Sounds may be divided into three groups: consonants, vowels and diphthongs.

CONSONANTS may be subdivided into

A. PLOSIVES - sounds that are stopped abruptly: p, b, t, d, k, g, tS, dZ

B. CONTINUANTS - sounds that may continue as long as the breath lasts:

1. fricatives- sounds made by forcing air through a narrow space causing friction: f, v, w, hw, h,

r, D, T

2. sibilant fricatives- sounds with a whistle: s, z, S, Z

3. nasal continuants- sounds made by the passage of air through the nose: m, n, N

4. lateral continuant- sound made by the passage of air around the sides of the tongue: l

5. semi-consonants (or semi-vowels)- free-flowing sounds with a vowel-like quality: ju, j

VOWELS are unobstructed voiced sounds. They are often classified according to the position of thetongue. The sounds may be made on the FRONT, MIDDLE, or BACK of the tongue which may be ina high, medium, or low position.

FRONThigh i (eel)

I (it)medium E (edge)low Q (atom)

MIDDLE ´ (up, mama)

BACKhigh u (shoe)

U (book)medium ç (author)low A (ox)

DIPHTHONGS or glides are a combination of two vowel sounds. They may be shown to progressfrom the high front of the tongue to the low back.

FRONT j (yes)ju (youth)e (ape)aI (ice)

BACK çI (oil)o (oak)aU (out)

x

ACCENT IMPROVEMENT- Two frequently heard defects in English pronunciation are:

1. a slurring and/or2. a staccato ta-ta-ta-ta quality

The first problem, slurring, is often heard from speakers of languages that encourage a liaison betweenthe end of one word and the beginning of the next. When this is done in English the result is quiteundesirable. The English ear does not expect musical or lyrical qualities; it responds to crispness. Welike to hear one word end before the next begins. Not only are the consonant endings of many words adefinite obstacle to linking, intelligibility demands their clear articulation. We want and need to hear adifference between:

14 40 ask asked160 1/60 print printscan can’t be in beingbe beef faint faintedpour pork

To achieve the desired crispness, we have to cut words from one another by giving full value to conso-nant endings. Exaggeration is not unwarranted, because the student will naturally reduce it.

The second problem, a staccato quality, comes from the fact that in most languages vowels are givenequal stress so that every syllable has equal value. Stress within the words is achieved by accentuat-ing a particular syllable. When English is spoken in this fashion, the result is a computer-like output.

In English, all syllables of a word are not given equal stress. Rather the stressed syllable is elongated.This results in the deformation of other vowels, often turning them into mere shwas: ´. Thus, studentsof English must learn to elongate or stretch the vowels, rather than raise their voices, at the stress pointof words. For example:

dare co men /\ tion, re co men daaa tion

tucon sti /\ tion, con sti tuuu tion

friinstead of re /\ ge ra tor, teach re friii ge ra tor

apro nun ci /\ tion, pro nun ci aaa tion

senre pre /\ ta tive, re pre seeen ta tive

At first, this may sound like encouraging a “cowboy” style of speech, but given the natural inclinationof students to shorten and equalize all syllables, we must exaggerate the elongation in practice.

PRACTICAL TIPS:

1. Have students color the tongue in the diagrams with a highlighter pen to emphasize its position.2. Have students use a pink or yellow highlighter pen to color code voiced consonants. This mayalso be done with reading passages to visually reinforce the need to voice many final consonants.

1

CONSONANTS

2

Put the teeth together, edge to edge. Keep the tongue flat and release aVOICELESS stream of air. Do not let the tongue touch the teeth.

seaglassbasecityicesciencepsalmswordwaltz

Samuel Saturday Spain

Susan Sunday Sweden

say also basesane pencil facesee muscle raceseen person piecesigh mister peacesign lesson nieceso answer icesown history ricesue bracelet nicesoon possible closesoup necessary glasssuit responsible force

s z - s s z

sea z bay base race raysseal zeal knee niece niece kneessink zinc eye ice ice eyessip zip dough dose close closesue zoo do deuce use use

3

Put the teeth together, edge to edge. Keep the tongue flat and release a VOICEDstream of air. Do not let the tongue touch the teeth.

zerojazzdozeeasyraisescissorsxylophone

Zachary Zaire Zurich

Zena Zambia Zagreb

zeal easy payszone lazy rayszoo crazy pleasezoom visit freezezinc music thesezest poison thosezero result rosezebra season clotheszipper museum iszodiac cousin hiszenith husband waszigzag opposite does

s z - s s z

see zeal ray rays race raysseal zeal bee bees cease seassink zinc eye eyes ice eyessip zip no nose dose dozesue zoo new news loose lose

4

Put the upper teeth firmly on the lower lip and force out a VOICELESS stream of air.

footphonesufferlifeenough

Philip February Florida

Frances Friday France

face left iffame soft offfeet after safefeel before leaffine coffee beeffile office lifefoam effect knifephone defeat loaffood profit rooffool different laughfar beautiful roughfor telephone enough

f v - f f v

face vase say safe safe savefeel veal be beef leaf leavefine vine lie life life livefew view low loaf half havefairy very shell shelf proof prove

5

Put the upper teeth firmly on the lower lip and force out a VOICED stream of air.

veryofhaveStephen

Victor Vermont Venezuela

Virginia Vietnam Venice

vase over ofveil civil waveveal every savevice silver leavevine living fivevote private liveview envelope stovevery division covevast invitation havevoice television givevisit university lovevodka development nerve

f v - v f v

face vase say save saf e savefeel veal way wave leaf leavefine vine lee leave life livefew view lie live half havefairy very dough dove proof prove

6

Put the end of the tongue firmly against the roof of the mouth (not on the teeth!) andthen suddenly release it, letting a VOICELESS stream of air escape.

tobuttondateaskedThamesdebtindictyachtreceiptmight

Thomas Tuesday Thailand

Teresa Texas Turkey

take metal datetape letter waittea detail meatteam writing seattie meeting lighttime between righttoe country coattone history boattoo victory roottool interest suittooth military boottongue political but

t d - t t d

tea d ray rate mate madetie die be beat seat seedtime dime tie tight right ridetoe dough row wrote coat codeto do shoe shoot root rude

7

Put the end of the tongue firmly against the roof of the mouth (not on the teeth!)and then suddenly release it, letting a VOICED stream of air escape.

daysuddenmademovedshould

David December Detroit

Diana Delaware Denmark

day body raiddate ready fadedeep order madedeal under readdie medal feeddial middle seeddough credit ridedome sudden tidedo powder sidedoom window roaddog seldom loaddoes shoulder code

t d - d t d

tea d ray raid mate madetie die be bead seat seedtime dime tie tied right ridetoe dough row rode coat codeto do few feud root rude

8

Make the tongue hard. Put it very firmly on the roof of the mouth, high above theteeth. Let a VOICED stream of air escape around its sides.

longtallmile

Louis Lebanon Laos

Lisa Louisiana Liberia

late belt salelake salt nailleaf milk heelleak along meallife color milelike salad filelow early holeloan family coalloose feeling ballloop ceiling fallless building calllip bracelet tall

l r - l l r

late rate ray rail foal forlead read he heel mole morelight right my mile stole storelow row hoe hole oval overloom room do duel feel fear

9

Put the tongue exactly as for l, but do not touch the roof of the mouth. Or, makean l and break the contact with the roof of the mouth. Let a VOICED stream ofair escape.

redcorrectmorewriterhyme

Richard Russia Rumania

Rose Rhine Rome

rake dark orrain park forread heart morereal part areright cart carride start farrow horn airroad corn hairroom born chairroot horse earred force hereready course beer

l r - r l r

late rate allay array foal forlead read elect erect mole morelight right collect correct stole storelow row believe bereave oval overloom room ceiling searing feel fear

10

Put the end of the tongue between the upper and lower front teeth and release aVOICELESS stream of air.

think

Theodore Thursday Katherine

Thelma Nathaniel Elizabeth

thin ether withthink ethnic baththick method paththank author boththumb healthy birththing wealthy earththroat athlete tooththeory pathetic mouththought ruthless souththeater birthday norththunder cathedral growththousand something fourth

s T - T s T

sank thank six sixth use youthsink think seven seventh pass pathsick thick eight eighth mouse mouthsing thing nine ninth force fourthsome thumb ten tenth gross growth

11

Put the end of the tongue between the upper and lower front teeth and releasea VOICED stream of air.

thebathe

they other bathethee mother scathethese father teethethy brother seethethough rather breathethose leather sheathethe feather wreathethen weather tithethem farther clothethis together loathethat northern soothethere southern smooth

D d - D D s

they day bay bathe they saythee d tea teethe thee seethy die tie tithe thy sighthough dough low loathe though sothose doze sue soothe that sat

this claim disclaim the fame defamethis place displace the base debasethis taste distaste the bait debatethis favor disfavor the vice devicethis color discolor the spies despise

12

Press the lips together tightly, then release a VOICELESS puff of air.

paysupportropehiccough

Peter Poland Peru

Patricia Portugal Pakistan

pay copy apepain open tapepage happy keeppea apple cheappiece expert sheeppeace company hopepie support soappine capital ropepose opposite typepole hospital ripepush expensive souppull comparison step

p b - p p b

pay bay a ape cap cabpea bee key keep cup cubpie by tie type cop cobpole bowl so soap rip ribpush bush sue soup rope robe

13

Press the lips together tightly, then release a VOICED puff of air.

berabbitrobecupboard

Benjamin Boston Bolivia

Barbara Belgium Brazil

bay able labbase table cabbait double crabbe trouble stabbean public rubbeach harbor tubby library cubbite subject pubbone rabbit jobboat husband sobboom member mobboot number rob

p b b v p b

pay bay base vase cap cabpea be b v cup cubpie by bile vile cop cobpole bowl boat vote rip ribpush bush berry very rope robe

14

Put the back of the tongue up until it touches the soft palate and stops the stream ofair. Release the stop with a little VOICELESS puff of air.

keepcandleaccountqueenschoolsackwalkmakeachekhaki

Kenneth California Korea

Katherine Canada Kenya

came uncle makecase pocket takecake doctor weekkey secret weakkeep broken cokekite liquid soakkind market likecoat fiction bikecomb picture backcool factory bankcat necklace bookcow breakfast work

k g - k k g

came game may make back bagcoat goat we week rack ragcold gold lie like tack tagcome gum so soak sack sagcould good do duke lack lag

15

Put the back of the tongue up until it touches the soft palate and stops the streamof air. Release the stop with a little VOICED puff of air.

goodfoggyguestghost

Gary God Ghana

Gladys Greece Guatemala

gate ago doggain again jogguy begin logguide cigar foggo foggy egggoat sugar leggas degree baggun forget ragget finger buggive regular ruggirl against biggood together pig

k g g N k g

came game bag bang buck bugcoat goat gag gang muck mugcold gold log long tuck tugcome gum wig wing luck lugcould good rug rung duck dug

16

Make the lips round, as for a kiss or to blow out a candle. Release a strong, VOICE-LESS stream of air.

when

Whitney Whitehead Whitcomb

Whitman Whipple Wheeler

whale wham nowherewheel whim anywherewheat whiz somewherewhy whiff everywherewhile whirl somewhatwhine whistle awhilewhite whiskey meanwhilewhen whisper awhirlwhere whiskers overwhelmwhat whackwhich wheezewhip whether

- hw h hw w hw

air where hair where wear whereeye why high why y whyeel wheel hut what wine whineam wham hen when witch whichease wheeze hip whip weather whether

17

Make the lips round, as for a kiss or to blow out a candle. Release a steadyVOICED stream of air.

wetonequeen

Walter Wednesday Wyoming

Wanda Washington Warsaw

way twinwave twicewe twistweek sweetwide swimwife awaywine jewelwoke twentywound betweenwere queenwork quickword question

w v w hw w r

west vest wear where way raywent vent wine whine weed reedwine vine witch which wide ridewary very weather whether wise risewet vet world whirled won run

18

Put the front teeth together, arch the tongue and release a VOICELESS stream ofair.

shoesugaroceannationmachinecrucialexpansionimpressionchampagneanxiousconscious

Sherlock English Irish

Shari Scottish Spanish

shake ocean fishshape nation dishshe motion wishsheep location cashshy pressure clashshine crucial crashshow election pushshoe attention washship machine freshshirt insurance marshshort delicious punishsugar impression foolish

s S tS S Z S

sea she chop shop confusion Confuciansigh shy chew shoe allusion Aleutianso show chip ship glazier glaciersue shoe cheap sheep delusion dilutionsip ship chair share pleasure pressure

19

Put the teeth together, arch the tongue and release a VOICED stream of air.

beigevisionseizurepleasure

Asia Indonesia Tunisa

Polynesia Malaysia Rhodesia

usual beigecasual rougeseizure miragemeasure garagetreasure corsagepleasure barragedecision massageoccasion prestigeinvasion espionagedivision camouflageexplosiontelevision

z Z S Z3 dZ Z

bays beige notion erosion major measureruse rouge vicious vision virgin versionCeasar seizure dilution delusion legion lesioncomposer composure pressure pleasure region erosionincloser enclosure protection provision pledger pleasure

20

Put the end of the tongue firmly against the roof of the mouth, as for t, then quicklymove the tongue into the arched position for S. Release a VOICELESS puff of airand drop the lower jaw slightly.

checknaturewitchcello

Charles China Chile

Cherry Czechoslovakia Chad

chain nature eachcheap future teachcheese culture beachchime picture lunchchoke creature matchchose feature richchew adventure whichchoose structure marchchair literature couchchest century coachchoice teacher touchchance orchard branch

tS S - tS tS dZ

chop shop e each cheap jeepchew shoe be beach choke jokechip ship tea teach chin gincheap sheep pea peach chest jestchair share lee leech cheer jeer

21

Put the end of the tongue firmly against the roof of the mouth, as for d, thenquickly move the tongue into the arched position for Z. Release a VOICEDpuff of air and drop the lower jaws slightly.

jumpgingraduaterage

Joseph June Japan

Jessica July Germany

jail agent agejade region wagejeep engine pagejeans urgent edgejive danger orangejoke pajamas damagejuice subject bridgejoy manager changejet stranger chargegin graduate collegegiant education couragegeneral individual language

tS dZ - dZ g dZ

cheap jeep a age gale jailchoke joke pay page gear jeerchin gin ray rage get jetchest jest way wage guest jestcheer jeer say sage guard jarred

22

Put the lips together and release a VOICED stream of air through the nose.

moonsummersamecombpalm

Michael Monday Michigan

Mary May Mexico

may lemon samemake woman namemain limit teamme humor seemmeet number timemeal tomato dimemile summer foammine family combmole complex roommoat comfort themmoon company armmood chemical thumb

m n - m m n

mail nail say same came caneme knee see seem seem seenmine nine tie time dime dinemow no foe foam foam phone

23

Open the mouth. Put the tongue high up on the roof of the mouth, with thesides of the tongue touching the teeth. Release a VOICED stream of airthrough the nose.

nightfunnyboneknifesignpneumoniaWednesdaymnemonic

Nicholas Nebraska Norway

Natalie Nevada Nigeria

name any rainnail only brainknee under seenneed owner beannice dinner winenight window signno pencil bonenose danger phonenew money thennuclear control innot country onnever expensive an

n m - n n m

nail mail pay pain cane cameknee me bee bean seen seemnight might die dine dine dimeno mow bow bone phone foamnor more sue soon then them

24

Put the back of the tongue up until it touches the soft palate at the back of themouth, the same as for k and g. Release a VOICED stream of air through the noseto produce the resonance of a bell’s “ding-dong.”

songtongueanchor

Ming Nanking Beijing

Ching Hong Kong Shanghai

angle kingjungle singfinger thinglonger alonghunger amongyounger tonguestronger beinganxious goingfunction cominglanguage havingdistinct takinglinguistics putting

g N n N Nk N

bag bang ran rang bank banggag gang sin sing rank rangrag rang kin king sank sangwig wing thin thing sink singtug tongue sun sung think thing

25

Open the mouth wide and release a VOICELESS stream of air. The lips andtongue are usually shaped to form the following vowel.

hatwhole

Henry Hawaii Hungary

Helen Honduras Haiti

hail behavehate inhaleheel exhaleheat aheadhide behindhike inherithole anyhowhome manhoodhope womanhoodhot childhoodhim parenthoodher nationhood

- h - h - h

is his am ham a hayit hit at hat e heair hair as has i hiear hear all hall 0 hoeold hold and hand u hue

26

With the mouth open, raise the middle of the tongue to the roof of the mouth. Re-lease a VOICED stream of air.

yesonion

Yeats Yorktown Yemen

Young Yankee Yokohama

yes onionyet lawyeryear junioryell senioryawn geniusyard opinionyour millionyou’re billionyoung trillionyield stallionyellow familiaryesterday communion

- j r j dZ j

oak yoke ram yam jet yetear year rear year jeer yeara m yam rung young jell yello r yore roar yore joke yokeo n yawn rot yacht juice use

27

VOWELS

28

The lips are relaxed and the mouth is open about the width of a pencil. The middleof the tongue is arched and moves to the roof of the mouth.

ateaimdaytheysteakbeigegauge

Abraham Spain Jamaica

Amy Haiti Taipei

ace late dayate date mayaim plate rayape face sayaid race payage place wayache rain hayacre main bayable plain layagent same theyeight name grayacorn came stay

e Q e i e E

rain ran sail seal bait betpain pan rail real wait wetmain man pail peel late letcane can hail heel mate metfeign fan fail feel date debt

29

The mouth is open and relaxed. The tongue has a low arch in front.

atlaughhalf

Albert Africa Antwerp

Alexandra Afghanistan Athens

as hatat hadan batand badaunt satatom sadafter manapple panaction ranactual cananswer banaccident tan

Q e Q I Q E

bat bait sack sick pan penhat hate lack lick tan tenmat mate tack tick man menfat fate pack pick than thenrat rate stack stick can Ken

30

Smile broadly with the teeth almost closed. The tongue is arched in the middle highenough to touch the upper teeth at the sides. The tongue is hard and the muscles ofthe mouth are tense.

eateelevenpeoplekeyfieldreceivebabymachinephoenix

Ely Egypt Easter

Eve Ethiopia Eden

eat beef meeel beat heevil bead weeasy beam beeven bean peaeast beak seaeach beach teaequal peace keyeagle please sheeager people feeegoist receive theeevening machine knee

i I i E i e

eat it feed fed be bayfeet fit read red me maybeat bit lead led we wayseat sit bead bed see sayheat hit seed said thee they

31

Make a little smile with the mouth slightly open. The tongue is arched, but not ashigh as for i.

ithymnwomenhappiness

Isador Israel Italy

Isabel Indiana Illinois

if lipit hisis didin sixill thisitch withinsect shipindustry richinterest chinincrease milkinvention womenimportant living

I i I Q I E

dip deep in an bid bedlip leap pin pan rid redrip reap tin tan lid ledship sheep fin fan did deadchip cheap bin ban hid head

32

The mouth is half open with relaxed lips. The tongue is low and flat. As the mouthcloses slightly, the lips are pulled back into a broad smile. The tongue moves for-ward in a frontal arch, high enough to touch the sides of the upper teeth.

icebybuybyelieeyeaislenightguideislandheight

Isaac Iowa Iceland

Irene Idaho Ireland

I life byeye wife buyI’ll knife dieisle night lieaisle right tieice fight pieitem nine myidea fine thyiron line shyidle mine cryidol sign tryisland shine why

aI E aI i aI o

light let by be by bowmight met my me my mownight net pie pea die doughsight set high he high hoebite bet sigh see sigh so

33

The mouth is open and the lips are relaxed. The tongue has a low arch.

endmanysaidsaysguestfriendfeather

Edward Ecuador Edinburgh

Esther Estonia Elbe

any tenend menedge penerror henelbow thenepic wentescort sentexpert benteditor meantelevator dentembassy tenteducation vent

E aI E i E Q

pen pine bed bead pen panden dine led lead ten tanmen mine red read men manthen thine said seed then thanwhen whine dead deed Ken can

34

The mouth is half open and the lips are round and tense. Arch the tongue slightly atthe back, then move it farther back and up, while tightening the rounded lips.

owntoenotethroatshoulderthoughbureauyeoman

Owen Ohio Odessa

Olga Oklahoma Osaka

oat bone nooak nose goold rose sookay boat lowown hole rowowner home hoeodor road toeonly soul snowover lone showopen those slowoval phone knowocean clothes though

o ç o A o ´

coal call soak sock boat buthole hall coke cock coat cutbowl ball poke pock note nutfoal fall joke jock goat guttoll tall cloak clock wrote rut

35

The lips are slightly rounded, but relaxed. The mouth is half open. The tongue is low and pulled back so that the back is higher than the front.

offallaweauthortalkboughtcaughtcough

Augustine Austria August

Audrey Australia Austin

on dog sawoff fog jawall talk pawalso walk cawalmost ball lawought soft clawoffice cause rawawe coffee crawawful fought drawawkward bought strawauthor thought gnawaudience daughter thaw

ç o ç ´ ç A

call coal dawn done caught cotfall foal gone gun taught totball bowl fawn fun wrought rothall hole pawn pun sought sotmall mole sawn sun naught not

36

The mouth is open about the width of a pencil and the lips are relaxed. The middleof the tongue is very slightly arched. All muscles are relaxed.

upagosondoesbloodcousin

Apollo America China

Adele Alaska Russia

of cup mamaup cut papaus run sodaunder son dataother rush visaonion some sofaalong come quotaapart love commaagain does vistauntil money bananaacross number Asiaagainst mother Africa

´ A ´ Q ´ I

duck dock hut hat sun sinluck lock cut cat ton tinsuck sock but bat bun binstuck stock mut mat fun finshuck shock rut rat done din

37

The mouth is open about half way and the lips are relaxed. The tongue is low, flatand slightly pulled back.

oddfather

Oscar October Oslo

Octavia Ottawa Oxford

ox hotodd notopt lotolive gotopera potobject dotobscure pocketoctopus rocketoctagon doctorobsolete dollaropposite fatheroperation college

A ´ A Q A o

cot cut box backs hop hopehot hut rocks racks mop mopenot nut locks lacks sop soaprot rut socks sacks pop popeshot shut stocks stacks cop cope

38

The mouth is half open. The lips are slightly pulled back. The tongue is low and alittle pulled back. Asthe mouth closes slightly, the lips become tense and round.

outtownbough

Howard Faust Hangchow

Powell Cracow Lucknow

ow power howowl flower nowout shower cowour tower bowhour sour sowouch down wowoust town vowounce noun prowoutfit gown plowoutside brown browoutcome drown thouourselves clown allow

aU A aU ç aU o

doubt dot towel tall now norout rot fowl fall sow soshout shot bowel ball how hoepout pot howl hall thou thoughgout got Powell Paul bow bow

39

The mouth is half open with rounded lips. The tongue is low and a little pulled back.As the mouth closes slightly, the lips are pulled back into a broad smile. The tonguemoves upwards in a high frontal arch.

voiceroyal

Roy Troy Hanoi

Joyce Doyle Boyd

oil boil boyoily soil toyointment toil joyoyster royal soy

loyal coyjoin ploycoin enjoypoint annoyvoice alloychoice decoynoise employpoison convoy

çI aU çI ç çI o

toil towel toil tall toiled toldfoil fowl foil fall foiled foldsoy sow soil Saul soiled soldboy bow boil ball boiled boldcoy cow coil call coiled cold

40

The lips are round and tense, as if ready to whistle. The tongue is arched in theback high enough to touch the sides of the upper teeth.

dotrueflewshoerulegroupfruitschoolthrough

Louis June Peru

Susan Kuwait Sudan

room dosoon tonoon twomoon toofood youwhose whocool zooschool suesoup shoegroup blueboot flewfruit true

u U u o u ju

wooed would to toe ooze usecooed could do dough whose huesshoed should who hoe fool fuelstewed stood shoe show food feudwho’d hood through throw boot butte

41

The mouth and lip muscles are relaxed. The tongue is arched high in the back, butnot enough to touch any teeth.

bookputcouldwoman

Sugarman Goodwin Brookfield

Pullman Woodman Cushman

book putlook foottook sootcook fullhook bullrook woolgood pullhood pushwood womanwould sugarcould bushelshould cushion

U u U ´ U ç

would wooed book buck full fallcould cooed look luck bull ballshould shoed took tuck wool wallstood stewed shook shuck pull Paul

42

The mouth is slightly open and the lips are a little rounded. The tongue is arched inthe middle and touches the hard palate. As the lower jaw drops slightly, the tongueis arched toward the back of the mouth.

useyouhuefewfeudviewbeautiful

Eugene Yukon Utah

Eunice Yugoslavia Uganda

you cube fewyouth cute viewuse fuse hueused feud cueusual mule queueunit huge valueunion music issueunique human rescueunited puny nephewusurp jewel reviewutopia mute continueuniversity hues interview

ju u ju e ju o

use ooze muse maze fuel foalfuel fool pews pays mule molefeud food hues haze cute coathues whose fuse phase mute moatbeauty booty cues Kay’s butte boat

43

´r ´r ´r ´r

early fir fur mayorearth sir cur majorher dirt burn colorfather firrst turn doctormother thirst hurt motorbrother bird nurse harborsister girl purse laborafter birth curl workfaster virgin burp wordover mirky church world

Ar Er Ir çr

r air ear orare fair here orefar hair hear forcar bear dear morestar care fear doorarm mare tear warfarm glare beer floorart stare jeer toreheart snare cheer sorecart chair clear store

rk rl rm rn rs

park girl arm born horsedark curl farm torn nursefork burl harm worn worsecork whirl charm horn forcemark moral alarm corn courselark mineral firm thorn pursework barrel term warn farceshark floral form learn sparsejerk general storm darn cursespark plural norm barn universe

rt rd rtS rdZ rts

part cord arch large heartscart board march charge cartsdart lord church barge partssmart hoard perch urge chartschart roared birch purge hurtsheart soared search merge shirtsstart toward lurch verge skirtssport sword porch scourge sportsshirt bird starch splurge effortsskirt beard scorch gorge concerts

44

When ed comes after an unvoiced consonant (s, S, k, p, etc.), the final d is UNVOICED andis pronounced like t.

st St kt. pt ft tSt

danced cashed walked stopped staffed beacheddiscussed crashed talked helped stuffed coachedincreased washed worked shopped whiffed hitchedimpressed wished looked mapped fluffed matchedlaced dashed asked flapped miffed crouchedfaced flashed baked capped graphed munchedraced pushed raked sipped laughed clenchedchased hushed liked gripped coughed drenchedbalanced mashed hiked wrapped roughed patchedinfluenced splashed packed shipped puffed hatched

When ed comes after a voiced consonant (z, v, m, n, N, etc.) or a vowel sound (´), the finald is VOICED and is pronounced d.

zd vd md nd Nd rd

caused lived seemed, listened hanged soaredclosed arrived combed learned banged boredpaused received blamed gunned wronged tiredamazed beIieved aimed manned belonged wiredseized raved roamed owned thronged firedteased waved charmed rained prolonged hiredraised braved foamed pained winged pouredposed saved roomed fanned clanged flooredcomposed paved dreamed motioned pinged paperedsupposed craved streamed cautioned ganged tutored

bd Id Dd gd t´d d´d

rubbed fooled bathed begged painted fadedsobbed ruled breathed hugged panted jadedrobed cooled clothed tugged fainted wadedebbed hold mouthed plugged rated raidedbribed mold loathed sagged mated handedribbed fold smoothed jogged grated paddedwebbed rolled sheathed tagged dated landedrobbed boiled tithed shrugged hated invadedbobbed coiled teethed fatigued waited succeededlobbed soiled seethed intrigued voted proceeded