Fire Technology And Arson Investigation Reviewer.docx

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Fire Technology And Arson Investigation Reviewer criminologists

12:20 PM

criminology

Fire Technology

Fire Technology and Arson Investigation

3 State of matter

Solid

Liquid Gas

4 General Categories Of Heat Energy

Chemical Heat Energy

Electrical Heat Energy

Mechanical Heat Energy

Nuclear Heat Energy

Bacdraft - a phenomenon in which a ire that has consumed all a!aila"le

o#ygen suddenly e#plodes when more o#ygen is made a!aila"le$ typically

"ecause a door or window has "een opened%

Boiling !oint - The temperature o a su"stance where the rate o

e!aporation e#ceeds the rate o condensation%

British Thermal "nit - &'T() The amount o heat needed to raise the

temperature o one pound o water one degree F%

Calorie - The amount o heat needed to raise the temperature o one

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gram o water one degree Centigrade%

Centigrade - &Celcius) *n the Centigrade scale$ +ero is the melting

point o ice, .. degrees is the "oiling point o water%

Chemical Heat Energy

Heat o Com"ustion - The amount o heat generated "y the

com"ustion &o#idation) process%

Heat o /ecomposition - The release o heat rom decomposing

compounds% These compounds may "e unsta"le and release

their heat !ery quic0ly or they may detonate%

Heat o Solution - The heat released "y the mi#ture o matter

in a liquid% Some acids$ when dissol!ed$ gi!e o suicient

heat to pose e#posure pro"lems to near"y com"usti"les%

Spontaneous Heating - The heating o an organic su"stance without the addition o e#ternal heat% Spontaneous heating

occurs most requently where suicient air is not present

to dissipate the heat produced% The speed o a heating

reaction dou"les with each 1. F &1. C) temperature increase%

Classification of Fires

Class 2 Fire - Fires in!ol!ing ordinary com"usti"le materials$

such as wood$ cloth$ paper$ ru""er and many plastics%

Class ' Fires - Fires in!ol!ing lamma"le liquids$ greases

and gases%

Class C Fires - Fires in!ol!ing energi+ed electrical equipment%

Class / Fires - Fires in!ol!ing com"usti"le metals$ such as

magnesium$ titanium$ +irconium$ sodium and potassium%

Class 3 Fires - Class 3 is a new classiication o ire as

o 441 and in!ol!es ires in com"usti"le coo0ing uels such

as !egeta"le or animal ats%

Com#$stion - is the sel-sustaining process o rapid o#idation o a

uel "eing reduced "y an o#idi+ing agent along with the e!olution o

heat and light%

%ry Chemicals and Halons - method o ire e#tinguishment$ interrupt

the lame producing chemical reaction$ resulting in rapid e#tinguishment%

Electrical Heat Energy

/ielectric Heating - The heating that results rom the action



o either pulsating direct current$ or alternating current

at high requency on a non-conducti!e material%

Heat rom 2rcing - Heat released either as a high-temperature

arc or as molten material rom the conductor%

Heat Generated "y Lightning - The heat generated "y the discharged o thousands o !olts rom either earth to cloud$

cloud to cloud or rom cloud to ground%

5nduction Heating - The heating o materials resulting rom

an alternating current low causing a magnetic ield inluence%

Lea0age Current Heating - The heat resulting rom imperect

or improperly insulated electrical materials% This is

particularly e!ident where the insulation is required to

handle high !oltage or loads near ma#imum capacity%

6esistance Heating - The heat generated "y passing an electrical orce through a conductor such as a wire or

an appliance%

Static Electricity Heating - Heat released as an arc "etween

oppositely charged suraces% Static electricity can "e

generated "y the contact and separation o charged suraces

or "y luids lowing through pipes%

Endothermic Heat &eaction - 2 chemical reaction where a su"stance

a"sor"s heat energy%

E'othermic Heat &eaction - 2 chemical reaction where a su"stance

gi!es o heat energy%

Fahrenheit - *n the Fahrenheit scale$ 78 degrees is the melting point

o ice, 88 degrees is the "oiling point o water%

Fire (oint - The temperature at which a liquid uel will produce

!apors suicient to support com"ustion once ignited% The ire point

is usually a ew degrees a"o!e the lash point%

Fire Triangle - *#ygen$ Fuel$ Heat

Fire )ational Training Instit$te - &FNT5) the 5nstitution or training

on human resource de!elopment o all personnel o the 'ureau o Fire

9rotection &'F9)%

Flame - 2 gas-phased com"ustion%

Flamma#le or E'(losive *imit - The percentage o a su"stance in air



that will "urn once it is ignited% Most su"stances ha!e an upper

&too rich) and a lower &too lean) lamma"le limit%

Flashover - an instance o a ire spreading !ery rapidly across a gap

"ecause o intense heat% *ccurs when a room or other area "ecomes

heated to the point where lames lash o!er the entire surace or area%

Flash !oint - The minimum temperature at which a liquid uel gi!es

o suicient !apors to orm an ignita"le mi#ture with the air near

the surace% 2t this temperature$ the ignited !apors will lash$ "ut

will not continue to "urn%

F$el - is the material or su"stance "eing o#idi+ed or "urned in the

com"ustion process% Material such as coal$ gas$ or oil that is "urned

to produce heat or power%

F$el &emoval - method o ire e#tinguishment$ ire is eecti!ely

e#tinguished "y remo!ing the uel source% This may "e accomplished "y

stopping the low o liquid or gaseous uel or "y remo!ing solid uelin the path o the ire or allow the ire to "urn until all uel

is consumed%

Glo+ing Com#$stion - 2 condensed phased com"ustion%

Heat - the quality o "eing hot, high temperature% 2 orm o energy

arising rom the random motion o the molecules o "odies$ which

may "e transerred "y conduction$ con!ection$ or radiation%

Heating - is transer o energy$ rom a hotter "ody to a colder one$

other than "y wor0 or transer o matter%

Heat of Com#$stion - The amount o heat generated "y the com"ustion

&o#idation) process%

Heat Transfer

Conduction - Conduction is the transer o energy through

matter rom particle to particle% Heat may "e conducted rom

one "ody to another "y direct contact o the two "odies or

"y an inter!ening heat-conducting medium%

Con!ection - is the transer o heat "y the actual mo!ement

o the warmed matter% Transer o heat "y the mo!ement o

air or liquid%

6adiation - Electromagnetic wa!es that directly transport

energy through space%

Ignition Tem(erat$re - The minimum temperature to which a uel in air

must "e heated in order to start sel-sustained com"ustion independent

o the heating source%



Heat - The orm o energy that raises temperature% Heat is measured

"y the amount o wor0 it does%

Heat of %ecom(osition - The release o heat rom decomposing compounds%

These compounds may "e unsta"le and release their heat !ery quic0ly or

they may detonate%

Heat of Sol$tion - The heat released "y the mi#ture o matter in a

liquid% Some acids$ when dissol!ed$ gi!e o suicient heat to pose

e#posure pro"lems to near"y com"usti"les%

,echanical Heat Energy

Frictional Heat - The heat generated "y the mo!ement "etween

two o":ects in contact with each other%

Friction Spar0s - The heat generated in the orm o spar0s

rom solid o":ects stri0ing each other% Most oten at least one o the o":ects is metal%

Heat o Compression - The heat generated "y the orced

reduction o a gaseous !olume% /iesel engines ignite uel

!apor without a spar0 plug "y the use o this principle%

)$clear Fission and F$sion - The heat generated "y either the

splitting or com"ining o atoms%

O'idation - The comple# chemical reaction o organic material with

o#ygen or other o#idi+ing agents in the ormation o more sta"le

compounds%

O'idi-ing Agents - are those materials that yield o#ygen or other

o#idi+ing gases during the course o a chemical reaction%

O'ygen %il$tion - is the reduction o the o#ygen concentration to

the ire area%

!hases of Fire

5ncipient 9hase &Growth Stage)

Free-'urning 9hase &Fully /e!eloped Stage)

Smoldering 9hase &/ecay Stage)

!rod$cts of Com#$stion

Fire gases

Flame

Heat

Smo0e



!yrolysis .also no+n as thermalde com(osition/ - is deined as the

chemical decomposition o matter through the action o heat%

&A 012 created the BF!5

'ureau o Fire 9rotection &'F9) - administers and enorces

the ire code o the 9hilippines% The Fire 'ureau shall ha!e the power to in!estigate all causes o ires and$ i

necessary$ ile the proper complaints with the city or

pro!incial prosecutor who has :urisdiction o!er the case%

Chie o the Fire 'ureau - ran0 is /irector%

/eputy Chie or 2dministration o the Fire 'ureau - 8nd

highest oicer in the 'F9% 6an0 is Chie Superintendent%

/eputy Chie or *peration o the Fire 'ureau - the 7rd

highest oicer in the 'F9% 6an0 is Chie Superintendent%

Chie o /irectorial Sta o the Fire 'ureau - ;th highest

oicer in the 'F9% 6an0 is Chie Superintendent%

/irectors o the /irectorates in the respecti!e national

headquarters oice - ran0 is Senior Superintendent%

6egional /irector or Fire 9rotection - The 'F9

shall esta"lish$ operate and maintain their respecti!e

regional oices in each o the administrati!e regions o

the country% 6an0 is Senior Superintendent%

- He<She shall "e respecti!ely assisted "y the

ollowing oicers with the ran0 o superintendent= 2ssistant 6egional /irector or 2dministration$

2ssistant 6egional /irector or *perations$ and

6egional Chie o /irectorial Sta%

2ssistant 6egional /irector or Fire 9rotection - The

assistant heads o the /epartment>s regional oices - ran0

is Senior Superintendent%

/istrict Fire Marshall - the heads o the NC6 district oices -

ran0 is Senior Superintendent%

9ro!incial Fire Marshall - the heads o the pro!incial oices -

ran0 is Superintendent%

/istrict Fire Marshall - heads o the district oices - ran0

is Chie 5nspector%

Chie o Municipal<City Fire Station - &also called City<

Municipal Fire Marshall) - the heads o the municipal or

city stations - ran0 is Senior 5nspector%



Fire Station - at least one in e!ery pro!incial capital$ city

and municipality%

LG( - &Local Go!ernment (nit) - shall pro!ide the site o the

Fire Station%

&A 1603 - this 2ct shall "e 0nown as the ?'ureau o Fire 9rotection

and 'ureau o @ail Management and 9enology 9roessionali+ation 2ct o 8..;%

The 'F9 is headed "y a Chie to "e assisted "y 8 deputy chie$

or administration and or operation$ all appointed "y the

9resident upon recommendation o /5LG Secretary rom among

qualiied oicers with at least the ran0 o Senior Superintendent

in the ser!ice%

5n no case shall any oicer who has retired or is retira"le

within si# &A) months rom his<her compulsory retirement age

"e appointed as Chie o the Fire 'ureau or Chie o the @ail 'ureau%

The Chie o the Fire 'ureau and Chie o the @ail 'ureau

shall ser!e a tour o duty not to e#ceed our &;) years%

The 9resident may e#tend such tour o duty in times o war

or other national emergency declared "y Congress%

&A 174 - this act shall "e 0nown as the ire code o the 9hilippines

o 8..1% 2n 2ct esta"lishing a comprehensi!e ire code o the

9hilippines repealing 9/ 1B and or other purposes%

S(ecific Gravity - the density o liquids in relation to water%

S(ontaneo$s Heating - The heating o an organic su"stance without

the addition o e#ternal heat% Spontaneous heating occurs most

requently where suicient air is not present to dissipate the

heat produced%

Tem(erat$re &ed$ction - method o e#tinguishing ire$ cooling the uel

with water to a point where it does not produce suicient !apor to "urn%

8a(or %ensity - the density o a particular gas or !apor relati!e

to that o hydrogen at the same pressure and temperature%

%efinition of Terms "nder &A 174

A#atement - 2ny act that would remo!e or neutrali+e a ire ha+ard%

Administrator - 2ny person who acts as agent o the owner and ma nages



the use o a "uilding or him%

Blasting Agent - 2ny material or mi#ture consisting o a uel and

o#idi+er used to set o e#plosi!es%

Cell$lose )itrate or )itro Cell$lose - 2 highly com"usti"le and

e#plosi!e compound produced "y the reaction o nitric acid with acellulose material%

Cell$lose )itrate !lastic .!yro'ylin/ - 2ny plastic su"stance$

materials or compound ha!ing cellulose nitrate &nitro cellulose)

as "ase%

Com#$sti#le9 Flamma#le or Inflamma#le - /escripti!e o materials

that are easily set on ire%

Com#$sti#le Fi#er - 2ny readily ignita"le and ree "urning i"er such

as cotton$ oa0um$ rags$ waste cloth$ waste paper$ 0apo0$ hay$ straw$

Spanish moss$ e#celsior and other similar materials commonlyused in commerce%

Com#$sti#le *i:$id - 2ny liquid ha!ing a lash point at or a"o!e 7%1

C &.. F)%

Corrosive *i:$id - 2ny liquid which causes ire when in contact with

organic matter or with certain chemicals%

C$rtain Board - 2 !ertical panel o non-com"usti"le or ire resisti!e

materials attached to and e#tending "elow the "ottom chord o the roo

trusses$ to di!ide the underside o the roo into separate compartments

so that heat and smo0e will "e directed upwards to a roo !ent%

Cryogenic - /escripti!e o any material which "y its nature or as a

result o its reaction with other elements produces a rapid drop

in temperature o the immediate surroundings%

%am(er - 2 normally open de!ice installed inside an air duct system

which automatically closes to restrict the passage o smo0e or ire%

%istillation - The process o irst raising the temperature in separate

the more !olatile rom the less !olatile parts and then cooling and

condensing the resulting !apor so as to produce a nearly puriied

su"stance%

%$ct System - 2 continuous passageway or the transmission o air%

%$st - 2 inely powdered su"stance which$ when mi#ed with air in the

proper proportion and ignited will cause an e#plosion%

Electrical Arc - 2n e#tremely hot luminous "ridge ormed "y passage

o an electric current across a space "etween two conductors or



terminals due to the incandescence o the conducting !apor%

Em#er - 2 hot piece or lump that remains ater a material has

partially "urned$ and is still o#idi+ing without the maniestation o lames%

Finishes - Materials used as inal coating o a surace or ornamental

or protecti!e purposes%

Fire - The acti!e principle o "urning$ characteri+ed "y the heat

and light o com"ustion%

Fire Tra( - 2 "uilding unsae in case o ire "ecause it will "urn

easily or "ecause it lac0s adequate e#its or ire escapes%

Fire Alarm - 2ny !isual or audi"le signal produced "y a de!ice or

system to warm the occupants o the "uilding or ire ighting

elements o the presence or danger o ire to ena"le them to

underta0e immediate action to sa!e lie and property and to suppress

the ire%

Fire %oor - 2 ire resisti!e door prescri"ed or openings in ire

separation walls or partitions%

Fire Ha-ard - 2ny condition or act which increases or may cause an

increase in the pro"a"ility o the occurrence o ire$ or which

may o"struct$ delay$ hinder or interere with ire ighting operations

and the saeguarding o lie and property%

Fire *ane - The portion o a roadway or pu"lic way that should "e 0ept

opened and uno"structed at all times or the e#pedient operation o

ire ighting units%

Fire !rotective and Fire Safety %evice - 2ny de!ice intended or the

protection o "uildings or persons to include "ut not limited to

"uilt-in protection system such as sprin0lers and other automatic

e#tinguishing system$ detectors or heat$ smo0e and com"ustion

products and other warning system components$ personal protecti!e

equipment such as ire "lan0ets$ helmets$ ire suits$ glo!es and other

garments that may "e put on or worn "y persons to protect themsel!es

during ire%

Fire Safety Constr$ctions - 6eers to design and installation o walls$

"arriers$ doors$ windows$ !ents$ means o egress$ etc% integral to and

incorporated into a "uilding or structure in order to minimi+e danger

to lie rom ire$ smo0e$ umes or panic "eore the "uilding is

e!acuated% These eatures are also designed to achie!e$ among others$

sae and rapid e!acuation o people through means o egress sealed

rom smo0e or ire$ the coninement o ire or smo0e in the room or

loor o origin and de lay their spread to other parts o the "uilding

"y means o smo0e sealed and ire resistant doors$ walls and loors%

5t shall also me an to include the treatment o "uildings components



or contents with lame retardant chemicals%

Flash !oint - The minimum temperature at which any material gi!es o

!apor in suicient concentration to orm an ignita"le mi#ture with air%

Forcing - 2 process where a piece o metal is heated prior to changing

its shape or dimensions%

F$lminate - 2 0ind o sta"le e#plosi!e compound which e#plodes "y

percussion%

Ha-ardo$s O(eration;!rocess - 2ny act o manuacturing$ a"rication$

con!ersion$ etc%$ that uses or produces materials which are li0ely

to cause ires or e#plosion%

Hori-ontal E'it - 9assageway rom one "uilding to another or through

or around a wall in appro#imately the same loor le!el%

Hose Bo' - 2 "o# or ca"inet where ire hoses$ !al!es and other equipmentare stored and arranged or ire ighting%

Hose &eel - 2 cylindrical de!ice turning on an a#is around which a

ire hose is wound and connected%

Hy(ergolic F$el - 2 roc0et or liquid propellant which consist o

com"inations o uels and o#idi+ers which ignite spontaneously on

contact with each other%

Ind$strial Baing and %rying - The industrial process o su":ecting

materials to heat or the purpose o remo!ing sol!ents or moisture

rom the same$ and<or to use certain chemical salts to orm auniorm gla+ing the surace o materials "eing treated%

<$m(er - 2 piece o metal or an electrical conductor used to "ypass a

saety de!ice in an electrical system%

Occ$(ancy - The purpose or which a "uilding or portion thereo is

used or intended to "e used%

Occ$(ant - 2ny person actually occupying and using a "uilding or

portions thereo "y !irtue o a lease contract with the owner or

administrator or "y permission or suerance o the latter%

Organic !ero'ide - 2 strong o#idi+ing organic compound which

releases o#ygen readily% 5t causes ire when in contact with

com"usti"le materials especially under conditions o high temperature%

Overloading - The use o one or more electrical appliances or de!ices

which draw or consume electrical current "eyond the designed capacity

o the e#isting electrical system%



O+ner - The person who holds the legal right o possession or title

to a "uilding or real property%

O'idi-ing ,aterial - 2 material that readily yields o#ygen in

quantities suicient to stimulate or support com"ustion%

!ress$ri-ed Or Forced %raft B$rning E:$i(ment - Type or "urner wherethe uel is su":ected to pressure prior to discharge into the

com"ustion cham"er and<or which includes ans or other pro!isions or

the introduction o air at a"o!e normal atmosphere pressure into the

same com"ustion cham"er%

!$#lic Assem#ly B$ilding - 2ny "uilding or structure where ity &B.)

or more people congregate$ gather$ or assem"le or any purpose%

!$#lic =ay - 2ny street$ alley or other strip o land uno"structed

rom the ground to the s0y$ deeded$ dedicated or otherwise permanently

appropriated or pu"lic use%

!yro(horic - /escripti!e o any su"stance that ignites spontaneously

when e#posed to air%

&efining - 2 process where impurities and<or deleterious materials are

remo!ed rom a mi#ture in order to produce a pure element o compound%

5t shall also reer to partial distillation and electrolysis%

SelfClosing %oors - 2utomatic closing doors that are designed to

conine smo0e and heat and delay the spread o ire%

Smelting - Melting or using o metallic ores or compounds so as to

separate impurities rom pure metals%

S(rinler System - 2n integrated networ0 o hydraulically designed

piping installed in a "uilding$ structure or area with outlets

arranged in a systematic pattern which automatically discharges water

when acti!ated "y heat or com"ustion products rom a ire%

Stand(i(e System - 2 system o !ertical pipes in a "uilding to which

ire hoses can "e attached on each loor$ including a system "y which

water is made a!aila"le to the outlets as needed%

8esti#$le - 2 passage hall or antecham"er "etween the outer doors

and the interior parts o a house or "uilding%

8ertical Shaft - 2n enclosed !ertical space o passage that e#tends

rom loor to loor$ as well as rom the "ase to the top o the

"uilding%

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Fire Technology And Arson Investigation Reviewer.docx