Find the link…

In your notes, separate all these organisms into 2 groups. (INDIVIDUALLY)

Messy Chapter! •Lots of material• Important to read sections PRIOR to

lesson

Sunlight Powers Sunlight Powers LifeLife

•Certain organisms convert Certain organisms convert energy energy from sunfrom sun to to chemical energy in chemical energy in foodfood……– Some make food themselvesSome make food themselves

•AUTOtrophsAUTOtrophs producers (photosynthesis) producers (photosynthesis)

– Some rely on others for foodSome rely on others for food•HETEROtrophsHETEROtrophs consumers consumers

ALWAYS starts with the sun!ALWAYS starts with the sun!

Harvesting Energy in Harvesting Energy in FoodFood

• Plants and other producers use light energy to make organic molecules

• Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration is the is the chemical process that chemical process that uses oxygen uses oxygen to convertto convert the the chemical energychemical energy stored in organic molecules stored in organic molecules intointo another form of energyanother form of energy

ATPATP (main energy supply)

Working Working TogetherTogether

• The productsproducts of photosynthesis are the chemical ingredientsingredients for cellular respiration

• The productsproducts of cellular respiration are the chemical ingredientsingredients for photosynthesis

Types of Energy Types of Energy (NRG)(NRG)

• Kinetic anything moving• Potential stored energy• ChemicalChemical form of potential, form of potential,

depends on the structure of depends on the structure of moleculesmolecules– Organic molecules have high chemical NRG– Calorie amount of NRG needed to raise

the temperature of 1g of water by one degree C– Kcal

ATP packs energy for ATP packs energy for cellular workcellular work

• Chemical NRG stored in foods (organic Chemical NRG stored in foods (organic molecules) must first be converted to molecules) must first be converted to ATPATP

What is ATP? Pg 143Pg 143Structure Adenosine TRI-phosphateHow is works “compressed spring” joins

chemical reaction potential NRG is released (loose 1 P)

ATP ADP (lost a P, adenosine DI-phosphate)

ATP

• Adenosine Tri Phosphate

• ATP ADP + P + energy • Energy released used in metabolic activity

P PP

DiDi

ENERGY

ATP & Cellular ATP & Cellular WorkWork

• What ATP does– energy for dehydration synthesis for linked AA

– contraction of muscle cells– crossing across cell membrane– Electron transport chain

ATP CycleATP Cycle• ATP continuously converted to ADP ATP continuously converted to ADP

as cells do work… but need cant use as cells do work… but need cant use ADP…ADP…

• Recycles!

• Page 144

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration ATPATP

• NRG in food used to make ATP (NRG for cellular work)

• Cell Respiration happens in inner inner membrane of mitochondriamembrane of mitochondria

• MANY STEPS!!Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain 38

ATP total

ATP and Cell ATP and Cell RespirationRespiration

•Cell respiration main goal is to make ATP for cell work

Glucose ATP

6 Oxygen6 Oxygen 6 Water6 Water

6 Carbon 6 Carbon DioxideDioxide

3838

What you need to write…

1 Glucose 38 ATP

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration ATPATP

• NRG in food used to make ATP (NRG for

cellular work)

• Cell Respiration happens in inner membrane of mitochondriamitochondria

• MANY STEPS!!Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron

Transport Chain 38 ATP total38 ATP total

STOP

Mitochondrion!Mitochondrion!

• Cell respiration happens in the mito• Structure of mito is KEY to its role in respiration

– Envelope of 2 membranes– Thick fluidfluid between inner and outer membrane

(called the matrix)– Complex folding high surface area maximize

ATP production

Stage 1: Glycolysis Stage 1: Glycolysis Pg 149Pg 149

• Occurs outside the mitochondriaOccurs outside the mitochondria– In the cytoplasmIn the cytoplasm

• What glycolysis needs (input)– 2 ATP molecules, 1 Glucose Molecule, 2 2 ATP molecules, 1 Glucose Molecule, 2

NAD+NAD+

• What glycolysis produces (output)produces (output)– 2 NET ATP (4 total)2 NET ATP (4 total)– 2 Pyruvic acids2 Pyruvic acids

– 2 NADH (each holds 2 electrons) 2 NADH (each holds 2 electrons) TO ETCTO ETC– 2 Water Molecules2 Water Molecules

Steps of Steps of GlycolysisGlycolysis• What happens

– 11. 2 ATP 2 ATP splits glucose in halfhalf

Yields 22 Carbon molecules each with a P group

– 22. Each carbon molecule transfers electrons AND hydrogen ions to a carrier molecule (NAD+)

– 33. NAD+ then turns into NADH with the addition of NADH with the addition of the 2 electrons and 1 hydrogenthe 2 electrons and 1 hydrogen

– 44. Through a chemical reaction a P is taken from the carbon molecule forms ATP (2 for every NADH)

INVESTED 2 ATP YIELDED 4 ATP net gain 2ATP

6 Carbon3 Carbon

3 Carbon

P

P

3 Carbon

3 Carbon

P

P

P

P

3 Carbon

3 Carbon

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ADP

ADPNAD+ NADH

ee

NAD+ NADHee

ADP

ADP

2 Pyruvic Acids

Glucose

Add 2 ATP REACTIONS OCCUR RESULT 4 ATP BUT!! 2 invested so

NET gain is 2 ATP

Both NADH move to the ETC

Stage 2: The Krebs Cycle Pg Stage 2: The Krebs Cycle Pg 150150

• Finishes the breakdown of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide (releases more NRG)

• Where this occurs matrix of mito

• Input Acetyl CoA– 1 Pyruvic acid – CO2 = 1 Acetyl CoA (happens twice)– During this we make 2 NADH and 2 Water molecules

• Output 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2

the 6 NADH & 2 FADH2 go to the ETCthe 6 NADH & 2 FADH2 go to the ETC

The Krebs CycleThe Krebs Cycle• 1. Acetyl CoA joins acceptor

molecule– Produces 2 CO2

• 2. Electron Carriers (NADH & FADH2)

trap NRG

• 3. One ATP, 3 NADH, 1 One ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 & 2 CO2 is produced FADH2 & 2 CO2 is produced for every 1 Acetyl CoAfor every 1 Acetyl CoA– THEREFORE…

• KREBS turns TWICE for every 1 Acetyl CoA (also for every glucose)

ALMOST DONE!!

Stage 3: Electron Transport Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) pg 151-152Chain (ETC) pg 151-152

• Where inner membrane of mito

• Input NADH transfer electrons to ETC

• Output 34 ATP– Joins with 2 ATP from glycolysis and 2 ATP

from Krebs • 36-38 ATP total from 1 glucose molecule• Add 2 ATP to start reaction!

The ETCThe ETC

2 steps : ETC and ATP Synthase2 steps : ETC and ATP Synthase• 1. ALL electron carriers carry electrons to ETC1. ALL electron carriers carry electrons to ETC• 2. Move down “chain” being more strongly attracted 2. Move down “chain” being more strongly attracted as they move from protein to proteinas they move from protein to protein• 3. Oxygen is the FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR, 3. Oxygen is the FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR,

uses them to form water with hydrogen atomsuses them to form water with hydrogen atoms• 4. AS electrons move, 4. AS electrons move, hydrogenhydrogen atoms pumped atoms pumped

across membrane from low to high concentrationacross membrane from low to high concentration

ATP SynthaseATP Synthase• NRG stored from ETC used in ATP

synthase– 5. Rush downhill through this structure– 6. Uses NRG from H+ ions to convert

ADP ATP– 7. Makes 34 ATP

Protein 1

Protein 3

Protein 4

P2

ATP Synthase

H+

ETC of Glycolysis 2 NADH Run

2 NADH

2 NAD+

4 e-

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

4 e-

H+

H+

H+

H+

4 e-

H+

H+

H+

H+H+H+H+ H+ H+H+ H+

½ O2Makes Water

6 ATP Molecules

ALL H+

Pumped

Down

Protein 1

Protein 3

Protein 4

P2

ATP Synthase

H+

ETC of Pyruvate 2 NADH Run

2 NADH

2 NAD+

4 e-

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

4 e-

H+

H+

H+

H+

4 e-

H+

H+

H+

H+H+H+H+ H+ H+H+ H+

½ O2Makes Water

6 ATP Molecules

ALL H+

Pumped

Down

Protein 1

Protein 3

Protein 4

P2

ATP Synthase

H+

ETC of Krebs 6 NADH Run

6 NADH

6 NAD+

12 e-

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

12 e-

H+

H+

H+

H+

12 e-

H+

H+

H+

H+H+H+H+ H+ H+H+ H+

½ O2Makes Water

18 ATP Molecules

ALL H+

Pumped

Down

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+H+

Protein 1

Protein 3

Protein 4

P2

ATP Synthase

ETC of Krebs 2 FADH2 Run

2 FADH2

2 FAD+

4 e-

H+ H+H+H+H+ H+ H+H+ H+

4 ATP

ATP SynthaseATP Synthase• 2 NADH from Glycolysis forms 12 H+ Ions, 6 ATP

• 2 NADH from Pyruvate forms 12 H +Ions, 6 ATP

• 6 NADH from Krebs 36 H+ ions, 18 ATP

• 2 FADH2 from Krebs 4 ATP (no ions)

34 ATP made TOTAL

ALL GO THROUGH PROCESS of pumping 1 H+ ion for every 1 electron (every carrier has 2 electrons)

SummarySummary• Glycolysis

– Out of mito– 1 Glucose2 Pyruvic Acids, 4 ATP made, 2 NADH

• 2 Pyruvic 2 Acetyl CoA 2 NADH and 2 H20• Krebs

– Matrix fluid inside inner membrane of mito– 2 Acetyl CoA 4 CO2 , 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

• ETC– Inner membrane– 34 ATP made from electron carriers PLUS the ATP

made during glycolysis and Krebs = NET ATP 38 (-2 put in) = 36 GAINED ATP

7.5 Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis

Krebs ETC

input 2 ATP molecules

Breaks down pyruvic acid molecules

NADHElectrons from sugar to electron transport chainADP

Output 4 ATP 2 pryuvic

2 ATP molecules

34 ATP

Today…Today…• Review Cellular Respiration

• Learn 7.6 Fermentation

• Video clip on muscle strength and cellular respiration

• Reflection Activity

What we What we know…know…

• Body uses oxygen & chemical energy to make ____________ (NRG for cell work)

• Cellular respiration has 3 steps– 1.____________, makes _____ATP– 2.____________, makes _____ATP– 3.____________, makes _____ATP

But what if there is no oxygen But what if there is no oxygen present?present?

ATPATP

GlycolysisGlycolysis

KrebsKrebs

ETCETC

22

22

3434

7.6 Fermentation7.6 Fermentation• Some of your cells can produce ATP

and continue working for short periods without oxygen

• Where this can happen– Muscle Cells– Microorganisms

Fermentation in Fermentation in MusclesMuscles

Makes ATP only through glycolysis– Does not use oxygen (anaerobic)

• Not very efficientNot very efficient but by burning enough glucose it creates enough ATP for short bursts of NRG

• Sprint lungs and blood stream cant supply oxygen fast enough to meet needs for ATP

Fermentation in Fermentation in MusclesMuscles

• Side effects of fermentation– Lactic acid

• Soreness• Body consumes oxygen to convert lactic

acid to pyruvic acid

Fermentation in Fermentation in MicroorganismsMicroorganisms

• Yeast– Fermentation and cell respiration

• Kept in anaerobic conditions (no oxygen) they use fermentation

• Kept in aerobic (presence of oxygen) conditions they respiration

– Yeast fermentation produces alcohol; releases CO2• Also in breads

Video Clip

How training prevents the use of fermentation in muscles

Reflection ActivityIndividually

• Design your own organisms!

– An anaerobic organism • ( no oxygen, it will kill it)

– An aerobic organism (oxygen to survive)– An organism that can do both

• Describe its living conditions (where does it live, what does it eat, is it social…etc)