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Cell Structures Unit
Cells – What are they?
Specific Separate mass surrounded by a semi-
permeable membrane The basic structural unit of life All organisms are composed of one or
more cells
Cells – What are they?
How cells differ from each other; Size Shape Organization
The Discovery of the Cell
The first microscope magnified an object 270 times.
Today, they can magnify 200,000 times.
Robert Hooke was the first to view the world of cells in 1660.
Cell Developments
1665 – Robert Hooke English scientists Took thin sliced of cork bark Noticed they had similar compartments He called them cells Estimated there were 1 billion cells per
cubic inch
Cell Developments
1838 – Matthais Schledien Discovered that plants have cells
1839 – Theodor Schwann Discovered that animals have cells
1858 – Rodolf Virchow Discovered that all cells come from living
things.
The Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells.
Inter Cellular Terminology
Cytoplasm: Suspended fluid inside the cell Aids in transport of substances within the
cell
Inter Cellular Terminology
Organelles Special structures in the cytoplasm Each performs a special task to help
keep the cell alive
Inter Cellular Terminology Chromosomes
Molecules of DNA wrapped around proteins
Found in the Nucleus
Controls cell functions and the what traits are passed on
Centriole
Inter Cellular Terminology
Centriole Small, Organelle
lying near the nucleus in the cytoplasm
Aids in cell division Only in animal cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Inter Cellular Terminology Endoplasmic
Reticulum A system of
cannels Transports
substances into the cell
Called the CHEMICAL WORK BENCH
Plants and Animals Smooth ER Rough ER
Golgi Apparatus
Inter Cellular Terminology
Golgi Apparatus Found in the
cytoplasm Packages proteins
for Storage Secretion
Plants and Animals
Lysosome
Inter Cellular Terminology
Lysosome Breaks down food
and foreign material. Removes waste
materials from the cell
Only in Animal Cells
Inter Cellular Terminology
Messenger RNA Synthesized in the Nucleus Passes through the ribosome Provides a template for enzyme or
protein synthesis
Inter Cellular Terminology
Transfer RNA Serves as an adaptor molecule in the
syntheses of protein
Mitochondria
Inter Cellular Terminology Mitochondria
Spherical or elongated Releases energy to
produce body heat. Contains the electron
transmitter POWERHOUSE OF THE
CELL Burn food to obtain
energy
Plants and Animals
Inter Cellular Terminology
Nuclear Membrane Separates the nucleus from the
cytoplasm Controls
What leaves the cell What enters the cell
Nucleus & Nucleolus
Inter Cellular Terminology
Nucleolus Produces
ribonucleic acids (RNA)
Assembles ribosome's
Plants and Animals
Inter Cellular Terminology
Nucleus Organelle
containing the hereditary information
Plants and Animals
Inter Cellular Terminology
Ribosomes Granules
composed of protein and RNA
Synthesis protein
Vacuole
Inter Cellular Terminology
Vacuole Small space
within a cell Filled with water Stores food,
water and wastes
Plants and Animals
Intra-cellular terminology
Plasma Membrane Encloses the
cell Regulates
what enters and exits the cell
Structures outside of the Cell Hemoglobin
Red Protein pigment that transports O and
CO2
Regulates pH
Structures outside of the Cell Erythrocyte
Red Blood Cells Leukocytes
White blood cells
Structures outside of the Cell Microfilaments
Thin, thread like fibers
Aids in cell movement
Contracts like muscles
Structures outside of the Cell Platelet
Small colorless corpuscle Aids in blood coagulation
Levels of Cellular Organization Cells
The basic unit of all living things Tissues:
Groups of cells working together Organs:
Groups of tissues working together Organ Systems:
Groups of organs working together Organisms:
Groups of organ systems working together
Processes of the Cell
Absorption: Taking in water and nutrients
Chlorophyll: The green pigment of plants Aids in photosynthesis
Processes of the Cell Chloroplast:
The site that photosynthesis takes place
Chlorophyll: The green
pigment of plants Aids in
photosynthesis
Processes of the Cell
Differentiation: Process of changing unspecialized into
specialized cells Photosynthesis:
Making sugars in green plants from water, carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight.
Processes of the Cell
Respiration: Using stored foods to obtain energy
Transpiration: The evaporation of water from the leaves of
the plant
Processes of Photosynthesis The process that plants us to produce
food for themselves
Plants are the factories of the world An estimated 150 billion tons of sugar are
produced by plants each year
Processes of Photosynthesis How it works
Carbon Dioxide enters the leaf from the surrounding air
Water moves from the soil into the root, stems, and leaves
The H20 and the CO2 are synthesized in the chlorophyll with the energy from sunlight
Processes of Photosynthesis The end result is the formulation of
sugar which is transported around the plant to be used
After the plant uses the Hydrogen, and Carbon, the Oxygen is a bi-product of the photosynthesis and is released
Processes of Respiration
Here’s how it works; Sugar is broken down to produce
energy for essential plant functions. Respiration consumes oxygen and
glucose Respiration gives of Carbon Dioxide
and water
Photosynthesis –vrs- RespirationPhotosynthesis Respiration
Building of carbohydrates Using carbohydrates
Sugars manufactured Sugars consumed
Requires light Happens day or night
Captures energy Uses energy
Only takes place in plants Carries on in both plants and animals
Sugar is the end product Energy produced for plant functions
Plants vs. Animals
Plant Cells Cell Wall
Made of cellulose Gives support and shape
They have chloroplasts Green chlorophyll pigment Site of Photosynthesis
Plants vs. Animals
Plant Cells No microtubules No cenrioles Usually a single large vacuole Liposome's are absent.
Plant Cell
Plants vs. Animals
Animal Cells Microtubules give them shape No cell wall, plastids, chloroplasts Vacuoles are small
Animal Cell
