Upload
lamkiet
View
259
Download
3
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Filogenija
Evolucija, Andrej Šorgo, FNM, 2011/12
Poenostavljena evolucija živega
Relativna evolucijska ura
http://www.bacterialphylogeny.info/
Predhodniki živega
Protobionti in Liposomi
www.ph.utexas.edu/~ctalk/talks/.../originoflife.ppt
Black smokers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blacksmoker_in_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg
Najstarejši fosili: Warrawoona Group, - 3.465 Glet
Stromatoliti - cyanobacteria
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanofr.html
http://www.astrobio.net/pressrelease/3194/evidence-of-earths-earliest-life
Moderni stromatoliti (Shark Bay, Avstralija)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stromatolites_in_Sharkbay.jpg
Od dveh do šestih kraljestev
Linnaeus 1735[23] 2 kingdoms
Haeckel 1866[24] 3 kingdoms
Chatton 1925[25][26] 2 empires
Copeland 1938[27][28] 4 kingdoms
Whittaker 1969[4] 5 kingdoms
Woese et al. 1977[6][29] 6 kingdoms
Woese et al. 1990[30] 3 domains
Cavalier-Smith 2004[11] 6 kingdoms
(not treated) Protista
Prokaryota Monera Monera
Eubacteria Bacteria
Bacteria
Archaebacteria Archaea
Eukaryota
Protoctista Protista Protista
Eukarya
Protozoa
Chromista
Vegetabilia Plantae
Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae
Protoctista Fungi Fungi Fungi
Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia
Sistem treh domen (Carl Woese)
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/File:Tree_phylogeny_3_domain.gif
Tri domene življenja: (A) archaea, (B–J) bacteria, and (K) eukaryote.
Species are labeled with different colors based on their inferred HGT rates: red, >4%; yellow, 3%–4%; pink, 2%–3%; blue, 1%–2%; green, <1%. Taxonomy labels are (A) Euryarchaea, (B) Proteobacteria, (C) Chlamydiae, (D) Spirochaetes, (E) Thermotogae, (F) Aquificae, (G) Actinobacteria, (H) Deinococcus, (I) Cyanobacteria, (J) Firmicutes, and (K) Fungi.
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/prokaryote_phylogeny_and_evolution
Delitev prokariontov na osnovi 16s RNA
Filogenija zasnovana na redkih genomskih spremembah- značilne delecije ali insercije
Mehanizmi genskega transfera med prokarionti
• Main mechanisms of gene transfer in prokaryotes
• HGT between distant microbial taxa is mediated by bacteriophages, plasmids, transposons, and specialized cellular DNA uptake mechanisms. These mechanisms usually categorized with the following commonly used technical terms:
• Bacterial transformation , the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the introduction, uptake and expression of foreign genetic material, generally DNA (This process is relatively common in certain naturally transformable bacteria, such as the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Transformation is often used as a biotechnology to insert novel genes into bacteria for scientific research experiments, or for industrial or medical applications.
• Transduction, the process in which bacterial DNA is moved from one bacterium to another by a bacterial virus (a bacteriophage, commonly called a phage).
• Bacterial conjugation ( or mating), a process in which a living bacterial cell transfers genetic material through direct cell-to-cell contact (see the animation conjugation in Escherichia coli).
Transformacija: Griffithovi eksperimenti
Transformacija
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/Molbio/MolStudents/spring2003/Siegenthaler/Transformation.htm
Transdukcija: prenašalec je virus
Bakterijska konjugacija: plazmid
Endosimbiontska teorija (Lynn Margulis, 1970’s)
www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/.../Lecture%209%20-...
Endosimbioza
Primarna in sekundarna endosimbioza
http://knol.google.com/k/-/-/1v5bgx5jhujtu/i3jefd/1.jpg
Protisti
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protist_collage.jpg
Sistem protistov
Mnogocelična (večcelična) organizacija
• Razvije se večkrat v evolucijsko nesorodnih skupinah
Prva stopnja: kolonije enoceličnih organizmov
Fruiting bodies formed by a myxobacterium (Chondromyces crocatus), seen by scanning electron microscopy
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28332/figure/A65/?report=objectonly
Zelene alge
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28332/figure/A66/?report=objectonly
Jovan Hadži (1894-1972
Izpis iz Kongresne knjižnice Washington
LC Control No. 62056209
Other System No. (OCoLC)29106890
LC Classification QL378 .H18
Personal Name Hadži, J. 1884-1972. (Jovan),
Main Title Turbelarijska teorija knidarijev; filogenija knidarijev in njih položaj v živalskem sistemu.
Published/Created Ljubljana, 1944.
Description 237 p. 24 cm.
Series Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti. Razred za matematične, prirodoslovne, medicinske in tehnične vede. Dela ; 3.
Subjects Ctenophora.
Source Library of Congress
Sincicijska teorija
http://www.museumsyndicate.com/item.php?item=39112
http://www.arcodiv.org/seaice/turbellarians/images/Turbellaria_400x300.jpg
Kolonijska teorija
http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/lesson/YM-12-25.pdf
Hallucigenia: Kambrij
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HallucigeniaSparsa-ROM-June11-10.jpg
Placozoa: Trichoplax adherens
http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/InvertZoo/LecPlacozoa/Placozoa.html
http://www.lorologiaiomiope.com/la-piadina-misteriosa-trichoplax-adhaerens/
Ovratničarke: Choanoflagellata
http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/pix201101074213853.jpg
http://darwinevolving.blogspot.com/2008/11/our-closest-single-celled-cousin.html
Spužve
Princeton geoscientist Adam Maloof holds a rock from South Australia
that may contain the oldest fossils of animal bodies ever discovered.
The fossils, visible here as red shapes, suggest that sponge-like animals were
in existence about 650 million years ago. (Credit: Photo courtesy of Adam Maloof)
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100817144641.htm
Hidrozoji
Turbelaria: vrtinčarji
Protostomiji-Deuterostomiji
Bilateria
Protostomia
Deuterostomia