FIGURE 2.14: PROPORTION OF WORKFORCE

% of workforce in Udaipur

19.4620.97 19.93

25.3827.35

28.83 29.7032.12

1.431.45 1.521.40

6.44 6.448.37

5.22

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

1971 1981 1991 2001

YearTotal Primary sector Total Secodary sectors Tertiary sector Main workers

Source: Census of India, 2001. TABLE 2.6: SECTORAL SHARE OF WORKFORCE

Workforce 1971 % 1981 % 1991 % 2001 % Primary sector 2336 1.45 3317 1.43 4332 1.40 5919 1.52 Secondary sectors 10386 6.44 14982 6.44 25830 8.37 20329 5.22 Tertiary sector 31386 19.46 48765 20.97 61492 19.93 98839 25.38 Main workers 44108 27.35 67064 28.83 91654 29.70 125087 32.12 Source: Census of India, 2001.

MAP 2.5 WARD WISE PERCENTAGE OF MAIN WORKERS IN UDAIPUR MUNICIPAL AREA

MAP 2.6 WARD WISE PERCENTAGE OF MARGINAL WORKERS IN UDAIPUR MUNICIPAL AREA

% of Main workers20 - 2525 - 3030 - 3535 - 4040 - 45

N

EW

S

% of Marginal workers0 - 11 - 22 - 33 - 44 - 5

N

EW

S

MAP 2.7 WARD WISE PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL WORKERS IN UDAIPUR MUNICIPAL AREA

2.8 POPULATION PROJECTION Above data was studied and population projections were made based on the trends and analysis of migration pattern in to the city. A growth rate of 2.6% was considered for population projection. It was assumed the peripheral growth rate would increase from 2.01% to 2.6% whereas existing UMC area population growth rate would increase from 2.35% to 2.6% (as against the stabilization trend). This assumption was made on basis of more development being taking place in recent years with more variety of industries coming in to Udaipur and recent boost to tourism experienced over last five years. This would lead to increased opportunities (tertiary sector) in city, thus increase in growth rate. Following table shows the population projections. TABLE 2.7 POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR UDAIPUR Year UMC Periphery Villages Total 1961 111139 111139 1971 161278 161278 1981 232583 232583 1991 308571 90739 399310 2001 389438 110764 500202 2011 503399 143177 646575 2021 650707 185074 835781 2031 841122 239232 1080354

% of Total workers20 - 2525 - 3030 - 3535 - 40

N

EW

S

FIGURE 2.15: POPULATION PROJECTION UDAIPUR URBAN AREA

Population Udaipur Urban Area

503399841122

650707

239232

185074

143177

1080354

835781

646575

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031

Year

Pop

ulat

ion

UMC Periphery Villages Total

3.0 GROWTH PATTERNS IN UDAIPUR 3.1 URBAN CONTROL AREA Udaipur urban control area belt was prepared to control unplanned development. This belt is about 3 to 4 km radius around Udaipur. This belt consists of urbanized area, Urbanizable area and Municipal area and 62 revenue villages. The land with in urban control area can be utilized a part from agriculture, for dairy, horticulture, farm houses, resorts, motels, amusement park, water park and agriculture based industries. The boundary of urban control area is specified/fixed in order to have proper planned development of villages. TABLE 3.1: AREAS AND POPULATION OF UDAIPUR URBAN CONTROL AREA 1991 – 2001 S.

No. Zone Area (ha)

Population 1991

Density per ha.

Population 2001 Density

1 Village Area 11296 82,572 7.31 96,112 8.5 2 Urbanizable Area 11348 6352 0.55 7540 0.66 3 Urbanized Area 5737 1815 0.31 2492 0.43 4 Municipal Area 6410 3,08,571 48.13 3,89,438 60.75

Total Urban Control Area 34791 3,99,310 11.47 4,95,582 14.24

Source: Master Plan for Udaipur, 1997-2022. According to census of 2001, population of Udaipur Municipal Area was 4, 95,582 with a density of 14.24 persons per ha. The future developmental potential as regards trade, commerce and industries and transportation along with better recreational, medical, educational and employment facilities would attract more or more people.

3.2 LAND-USE AND MASTER PLAN 3.2.1 Existing Land use distribution The master plan (1976-96) proposed a land use pattern for 1996 with 5512 ha as urbanizable. The developed area proposed for 1996 was 4153ha. Out of the total developed area of 4153 ha, 47.6% was allocated for residential use, 13.6 % under circulation, 14.1% as public and semi public, 10.5% as industrial, 5% as commercial, and 1.2% as Governmental. The 1976-96 master plan was subsequently revised and new master plan till 2022 was made.

Figure 3.1: Landuse-1996

3.2.2 Proposed Land use distribution The master plan (2001) is proposed a land use pattern for 2022. Out of the total developed area, 37.42% was allocated for residential use, 18.8 % under circulation, 12.3% as public and semi public, 10.5% as industrial, 3.82% as commercial, 25.41% as recreational and 1.2% as Governmental. The 1976-96 master plan was subsequently revised and new masters plan till 2001 (refer map 3.2 and 3.3). MAP 3.1: URBAN CONTROL AREA: UDAIPUR

Landuse-1996

5%11%1%

8%

14%

14% 47%Residential

Commercila

industrial

Governamantal

Recreational

Public and semi-public

Circulation

3.3 GROWTH DIRECTIONS Northeast part of Udaipur has plain area so secondary and tertiary activities are increasing in this direction. Amberi, Sukher, Sobhagpura, Raghunathpura and Bhuwana located in north/northeast direction of Udaipur have small-scale industries and maximum minerals activities. Hindustan Zinc Ltd. established near Lake Udai sagar in east direction of Udaipur urban control area. Dabok, Gudli and Gadwa area in developed Mewar industrial area and other small-scale industries have also come up along this corridor towards Chittorgarh. Major development activities have increased near water bodies and highways of Udaipur. Udaipur is Essentially developing along NH8 to Ahmedabad and NH76 to Chittorgarh. See map 3.5 to look at the growth directions of Udaipur.

MAP 3.2: LAND USE 1997

MAP 3.4: PROPOSED LAND USE 2022

MAP 3.5: URBAN SPRAWL AND DIRECTION OF GROWTH

4.0 LOCAL ECONOMY 4.1 WORKFORCE Working population of Udaipur comprises about 32% of total population (UMC) of city, of this 93% population constitutes main workers whereas rest 7% fall under marginal workers category. TABLE 4.1: WORKERS CLASSIFICATION 2001 Sector Percentage Share Total Workers 31.72 Main Workers 29.5 Marginal Workers 2.22 Non-Workers 68.28

Source: Census of India, 2001. TABLE 4.2: WORK FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE TRENDS Years Work Force Participation Rate 1961 31.5 % 1971 27.3 % 1981 27.9 % 1991 29.7 % 2001 32.0 %

Source: Census of India, 2001 and Master Plan for Udaipur, 1997-2022.

4.2 OCCUPATIONAL PATTERN

Traditionally, Udaipur has been an important tourism, commercial/industrial, administrative, transportation and education center of the region. With presence of famous Lakes in the city and close proximity to Ahmedabad, tourism remains a major contributor to the city’s economy. FIGURE 4.1: OCCUPATIONAL PATTERN TRENDS

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

1961 1971 1981 1991

Agriculture Livestock & Allied ActivitiesIndustry ConstructionTrade and Commerce Transport & CommunicationOther Services

Source: Master Plan for Udaipur, 1997-2022. 4.3 ECONOMIC BASE Udaipur has a diversified economic base. It is headquarters of Udaipur Division comprising five districts of division. The city is host to several state and regional public offices. These include offices of Director of Mines and Geology, Commissioner of Excise, Commissioner of Tribal Area Development, Hindustan Zinc Limited, and Rajasthan State Mines and Mineral Corporation Limited. Other district level office includes Collectorate, Public Works Department, Public Health and Engineering Department, Office of Senior Town Planner etc. Economy of Udaipur is rather diversified with significant contributions from Tourism, Trade and Commerce, and Industrial Sector. Besides these, Udaipur is also an educational hub with 3 Universities, 6 colleges and more than 160 high schools.

4.3.1 Tourism Udaipur, with its picturesque landscape, lakes, and historic significance is a major destination for most tourists visiting Rajasthan. Udaipur abounds in places of tourist interests. These include the large man-made lakes Pichola and Fateh Sagar. Section on Tourism and Heritage explains the importance and potentials of tourism and allied industries in the region. Udaipur receives fourth largest number of tourist in Rajasthan, following Mount Abu, Jaipur and Pushkar. The growth in tourism in Udaipur has been higher than that of State Average. On an

MAP 4.1: CATEGORY OF WORKERS IN UDAIPUR URBAN CONTROL AREA

average, 11% to 15% of total tourists visiting the state visit Udaipur. There has been a constant rise in tourists of both domestic and foreign visitors over last 5 years. However the city needs to evolve a comprehensive urban infrastructure and tourism interventions to facilitate the development process and revive this economic base. This has been discussed in subsequent chapters.

4.3.2 Trade and Commerce

Udaipur serves as market center for smaller towns of the region. The city has wholesale markets for various commodities ranging from food grains to building materials. Krishi Upaj Mandi is a centralized wholesale market for grains. UIT has also planned to develop a large sub-city center. This is essential to meet the growing need for a formal and organized commercial space in heart of the city and decentralization of commercial activities from walled city.

4.3.3 Industries

Industrially, Udaipur’s development originated in the year 1950’s. Prior to 1950, only about 15 units were registered in Udaipur. These units were largely associated with processing and manufacturing minerals ores and metals, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, as well as wooden toys, oil, and food products. The most important milestone in development of mineral based industries was formation of Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals Corporation.

After 1955, various industries established themselves outside city wall and near railway station along Udaisagar Road. Most of these were associated with metals, automobiles, soapstone grinding, and repair workshops.

On the basis of development in industrial sector, Udaipur is considered to be one among the leading districts of state. This is merely due to the fact that Udaipur has a large variety of minerals resources as well as possesses a convenient approach by rails and roads from all important trade centers of the state as well as country.

4.3.4 Large and Medium scale Industries

As on December 31st, 2003 there were 32 large and medium scale industries in Udaipur district. These industrial ventures were mainly in avenues of synthetic yarn, tyre tube, cement, marble tiles & marble slabs, gases, synthetic threads, oil refinery etc. the details of these existing units may be seen in the table given under:

TABLE 4.3: LARGE AND SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

Category No. of Industries Oil based 1 Fertilizer and Chemical Industries 10 Synthetics and textiles 5

Engineering Industries 5 Agro based Industries 2 Marble Industries 8 Other 1 Total 32 Source: D.I.C., Udaipur. See map 4.2 to look at location of major industries of Udaipur 4.3.5 Small scale and Cottage Industries The total registered units in the entire state were estimated at 1,53,060 in numbers, with employment of 5,70,866 in numbers and with an investment of Rs. 859.93 Crores. 4.3.6 Break –up of existing small scale and cottage Industries

The information gathered from district industries center (DIC) shows that out of the total registered 11727 numbers of units up to march31, 2004. The details of such registered units are following: TABLE 4.4: SMALL SCALE AND COTTAGE INDUSTRIES

S.No. Category No. of units

Investment (in Rs. Lacs)

Employment (in Nos.)

1 Agro based 1193 1428.00 3917 2 Forest based 1903 406.07 4626 3 Mineral based 756 1847.77 4412

4 Textile / Handloom based 1833 661.72 4365

5 Engineering based 977 2355.25 4641 6 Chemical based 469 5805.23 4512 7 Animal based 1998 94.12 3495 8 Building Material based 775 5737.25 5993 9 Service & Others 1823 1612.74 6390 Total 11727 19948.15 42351

Source: D.I.C., Udaipur. 4.3.7 Registered SIDO Units TABLE 4.5: REGISTERED SIDO UNITS

S.No. Description No. of Units (31-3-04)

Investment (in lacs) Employment

1 Food Product 897 628.39 2264 2 Other Food Product 291 776.80 1592

3 Beverages, Tobacco 5 20.68 20 4 Cotton Textiles 16 76.12 120 5 Wool silk synthetic fabric 12 79.08 33 6 Jute hemp meta textile 29 1.40 62 7 Hosiery & Garments 1768 457.93 4046 8 Wood Product 1902 405.38 4604 9 Paper product & Printing 275 559.35 1359 10 Leather Product 1992 94.12 3430 11 Rubber & plastic Product 280 3064.47 1984

12 Chemical & Chemical product 239 2735.83 2645

13 Non metallic minerals product 1536 7619.46 10475

14 Basic metal industries 59 638.84 358 15 Metal Product 570 465.20 2287 16 Machinery & Parts 64 739.62 753 17 Electrical Mac. & Apper. 47 394.71 416

18 Transport equips. & Parts 7 13.40 52

19 Miss. Manufacturing Ind. 234 166.94 812 20 Water work & supply 0 0.00 0 21 Construction 0 0.00 0 22 Acti. Allied to Cont. 0 0.00 0 23 Restaurant & Hotel 0 0.00 0 24 Storage & Ware housing 0 0.00 0 25 Real state & Business 103 118.28 371

26 Education science & Res. 0 0.00 0

27 Medical & Health Services 38 92.33 171

28 Recreation & cultural service 10 0.10 27

29 Personal Service 134 32.60 294 30 Repairing service 1106 285.86 3564

31 Services not Else Classified 1 1.98 6

32 Other service & Groups 162 479.26 636 Total 11727 19948.15 42351

Source: D.I.C., Udaipur. It is also important to mention here that out of total registered 11727 number of units in the district, only 7770 units were found of SIDO category and the remaining 3957 were of Non SIDO category.

4.4 INDUSTRIAL AREAS In Udaipur district, RIICO has already developed industrial areas at five places and acquired land at four / five places for developing industrial areas. Following table depicts the present status of industrial areas. TABLE 4.6: INDUSTRIAL AREAS

S.No. Name of the Industrial Area

Total Area (in

Acres)

No. of Plots

Planned

No. of Allotted

plots

No. of Vacant Plots

Rate Per Sq.M.

1 M.I.A. 496.61 439 436 3 450 2 Sukher 102.83 296 296 - 540 3 Pratap Nagar 80.62 48 48 - 450 4 Fateh Nagar 19.32 65 61 4 100 5 Gudli 136.00 305 217 88 195 6 Sanwar 93.00 178 41 137 75 7 Kaladwas IIT 73.32 243 205 38 270

8

MIA Exetion Bhamashah IT Industrial Residential

41.75

176 39 39 48

41 6

11 12

135 33 29 28

240 450 450 900

Source: RIICO, Udaipur

MAP 4.2 LOCATIONS OF LARGE AND MEDIUM INDUSTRIES OF UDAIPUR

5.0 URBAN ENVIRONMENT 5.1 INTRODUCTION Urban Environment includes both natural elements as well as built environment. Natural elements include air, water, land, climate, flora and fauna. The built environment, physical surroundings constructed or modified for human habitation and activity, encompasses buildings, infrastructure and urban open spaces. A city’s built environment also gives visible form to important historic or contemporary cultural values. The intersection and overlap of natural environment, built and socioeconomic environment constitute urban environment. This chapter establishes the urban environment baseline situation of Udaipur City. It describes the status of urban environment, quality and services, identifies environmental issues and strategies to address these issues through CDP.

5.2 CATCHMENT AREA Catchment area boundary of the basin is clearly defined by nature. The northern and eastern portions of Udaipur generally consist of elevated plateau and there are long strips of waste and rocky sierras, with single hills rising here and there in the plains. Southern and western portions on the other hand, have most part covered with rocks, hills and fairly dense jungle; more particularly the rugged region in southwest, which embraces the wildest portion of Aravali. Aravali hills form a barrier of wind extends along the entire western border. There are numerous artificial lakes and tank in and around Udaipur (Jaisamand, Udai Sagar, Pichola and Fateh Sagar. Northern and Eastern portions are covered with rocks, hills and fairly dense jungle. The watershed dividing drainage of Bay of Bengal from that of Gulf of Cambay runs almost through middle of Udaipur. Aravali hills extend along the entire western border. Principal River in this region is Banas. Bearach River is on north, Wakal in southwest; Som and Jhakam in south. Bearach River starts from hills north of Udaipur, and flows southeast into Udai Sagar.

MAP 5.1: CATCHMENTS AREAS

5.2.1 Water Resources Utilizable major water source in Udaipur is surface water. The utilizable water in Udaipur from surface water sources is sharing of Pichola Lake, Jaisamand Lake, Fateh Sagar, and Bari Lake. This has been discussed in detail in chapter on Urban Services under the head of Water Supply.

5.2.2 Water Bodies in Udaipur Udaipur region water supply depends upon surface and underground water sources of water such as lakes, step wells, tube wells, wells etc. these sources of water supply obtain water during rainy season. Udaipur has numerous lakes in its vicinity those are Pichola, Fateh Sagar, Bari and Jaisamand lakes. These lakes along with Step wells, tube wells have been Udaipur‘s major sources of drinking water in past. Udaipur Water Bodies have been discussed in more detail in section on lakes under chapter on lakes tourism and heritage. Following is morph metric feature table of water bodies of Udaipur: TABLE 5.1: MORPH METRIC FEATURE OF FIVE WATER BODIES

Parameters Fateh Sagar Pichola Udai

Sagar Jaisamand Bari

Longitude 73*42’ E 73*41’ E 73*36’ E 73*---’ E 73*44’ E

1 Location Latitude 24*35’

N 24*34’

N 24*41’

N 24*---’ N 24*37’ N

2 Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 635 635 711 711 635

3 Gross catchment Area (sq. km) 53.6 55.0 478.96 1813 28

4 Water spread (sq. km) 4.0 6.96 4.75 160.6 1.7

5 Capacity at FLT (MCM) 12.10 13.08 31.13 560 3.4

6 Mean depth (M) 7.21 4.32 7.5 5.3 7 Maximum depth (M) 12.46 8.5 15.0 9.8 Source: Unpublished Dissertation, Virendra Singh Parihar DRP SPA, Development and Water resource Interface in Udaipur Urban Control Area. 5.3 FOREST RESOURCES IN UDAIPUR Geographically forest reserves in Udaipur are divided into three parts: Northern, Central and Southern region. According to category they are classified into reserve forests, protected forests and unclassified forests. Statistics of each of the following regions are given below: TABLE 5.2: FORESTS IN SOUTHERN REGION

Type of forest No of blocks Area Reserve forests 53 nos. 69338.49 ha.

Protected forests 66 nos. 41839.01 ha. Unclassified forests 7 nos. 383.00 ha Total forests 126 nos. 111560.59 ha. Source: Forest department, Udaipur TABLE 5.3: FORESTS IN NORTHERN REGION

Type of forest No of blocks Area Reserve forests 50 nos. 33051.00 ha. Protected forests 91 nos. 27769.00 ha. Unclassified forests 5 nos. 463.00 ha Total forests 146 nos. 61283.00 ha. Source: Forest department, Udaipur TABLE 5.4: CENTRAL REGION

Type of forest No of blocks Area Reserve forests 38 nos. 92985.95 ha. Protected forests 42 nos. 54349.27 ha. Unclassified forests 1 nos. 14.00 ha Total forests 81 nos. 147349.22 ha. Source: Forest department, Udaipur TABLE 5.5: ENCROACHMENTS INTO FORESTLANDS FROM 1998-2003 Sr. No Year Area of forest encroached

1 1998-1999 38.47 ha 2 1999-2000 68.63 ha 3 2000-2001 88.84 ha 4 2001-2002 231.86 ha 5 2002-2003 6245.16 ha

Source: Forest department, Udaipur The above table shows increasing levels of encroachment into forestland over past few years. Encroachments rose from 38.47 ha in 1998 to 6245.16 ha in 2003. In 2003-04 the forest department carried removal of people from encroached areas. About 6165.49 ha of encroached area were evacuated in this year.

5.4 URBAN ENVIRONMENT AND QUALITY OF LIFE

This section discusses the impact of urbanization on natural and social environment and resulting deterioration in urban environment quality perceived in the city. Following parameters establish environment health of the city and have been discussed in detail for Udaipur:

?? Air Quality

?? Water Quality ?? Ground water quality ?? Access to basic urban infrastructure facilities

5.4.1 Air Quality

Air Quality testing in Udaipur is done at the following three stations: ?? Town Hall ?? Ambamata ?? Regional Office, Madri Industrial area

TABLE 5.6: AIR QUALITY PARAMETERS AT TOWN HALL

S. No. Pollution Parameters 14/01/2005 20/05/2005 30/12/2005 19/05/2005

1 SO2 13.266 11.033 7.1 6.25 2 NO2 45.233 49.933 33.7 29.4 3 SPM 307.666 315.66 349 295 4 RSPM 132.333 90.00 103 54

Source: Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, 2006.

TABLE 5.7: AIR QUALITY PARAMETERS AT AMBAMATA

Sr.No. Pollution

Parameters 13/01/2005 20/05/2005 30/12/2005 18/05/2006

1 SO2 4.2 6.7 7.133 12.2 2 NO2 47.133 26.5 73.183 25.533 3 SPM 405 252 273.66 333.00 4 RSPM N.A. 168 83 70.00

Source: Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, 2006. TABLE 5.8: AIR QUALITY PARAMETERS AT REGIONAL OFFICE, MADRI INDUSTRIAL AREA

Sr.No. Pollution Parameters 15/01/2005 21/05/2005 31/12/2005 18/05/2006

1 SO2 11.433 9.366 6.2 8.550 2 NO2 105.3 59.566 58 39.033 3 SPM 561.33 312.333 462 756.33 4 RSPM 167.66 84 149 116.66

Source: Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, 2006.

Safety levels for Air Quality Central pollution board in exercise of its powers conferred under section 16(2)h of Air (prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981 (section 14) has notified national Ambient Air Quality Standards with immediate effect. As compared to ambient air quality standards, quality of air in Udaipur has been steadily improving over the last two years as per the data available. However air quality with respect to parameters like SPM and RSPM is still in bad condition, and needs large improvement, especially in industrial zones. TABLE 5.9: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS

Concentration in ambient air Pollutants

Industrial Residential &Others Sensitive Method of Measurement

80 60 15 West and Gacke Method SO2 120 80 30 Ultraviolet fluorescence

80 60 15 Jacob & Hochhelser Method NO2

120 80 30 Gas phase Chemllulnescence

360 140 70 SPM 500 200 100 High Volume Sampling

120 60 50 RSPM 150 100 75 Respirable particulate matter sampler.

Source: Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, 2006. 5.4.2 Water Quality Water Quality testing in Udaipur is done at following three stations: ?? Pichola Lake ?? Udaipur Lake ?? Fatehsagar The Pollution levels recorded at these stations are as follows:

TABLE 5.10: WATER QUALITY OF PICHOLA LAKE S. Pollution Units 19/1/2005 18/10/2005 23/3/2006

No. Parameters 1 DO MG/L 6.72 5.46 6.80 2 pH No. Value 8.1 8.43 8.29 3 BOD Mg/L 2.48 2.2 3.3 4 Nitrate Mg/L 0.14 0.08 N.A. 5 Nitrite Mg/L 0.004 0.005 N.A. 6 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 28 11.00 9.00 7 Total Coliform MPN/100 210 28.00 93

Source: Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, 2006. TABLE 5.11: WATER QUALITY OF FATEHSAGAR LAKE

S. No.

Pollution Parameters Units 19/1/2005 18/10/2005 23/3/2006

1 DO Mg/L 6.89 4.66 9.20 2 pH No. Value 8.84 8.39 8.20 3 BOD Mg/L 1.05 2.68 5.7 4 Nitrate Mg/L 0.16 0.14 0.14 5 Nitrite Mg/L 0.006 0.005 N.A. 6 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 11 11.00 4 7 Total Coliform MPN/100 28 28.00 14

Source: Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, 2006. TABLE 5.12: WATER QUALITY OF UDAISAGAR LAKE S.

No. Pollution

Parameters Units 19/1/2005 15/04/205 18/10/2005

1 DO Mg/L 0.84 6.16 4.05 2 pH No. Value 8.66 8.24 8.22 3 BOD Mg/L 4.87 3.54 8.09 4 Nitrate Mg/L 0.16 0.16 0.22 5 Nitrite Mg/L 0.006 0.005 0.002 6 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 28 20 20 7 Total Coliform MPN/100 1100 210 210

Source: Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, 2006. 5.4.2 Ground Water Quality TABLE 5.13: GROUND WATER QUALITY AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS

S.No. Location PH TDS COD Alkalinity

Total Hardness TC

1 Ambamata Area 7.58 644 11 452 200 240 2 Pverio ki Madri 7.54 724 6 368 220 24

3 Sajjan garh Residential Area 7.48 608 5 348 220 6

4 RICCo Industrial Area 7.59 606 4 384 48 12 Source: Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, 2006. 5.4.3 Environmental Issues ?? Water resources in city are polluted due to disposal of sewerage directly into surface

drains or surface water bodies. ?? Ground water contamination is essentially due to absence of septic tanks in the city,

leakages and overflowing of sewerage pipelines, mixing of water and sewerage due to faulty lines.

?? Air pollution has increased in last few years due to increased traffic and large scale cutting of trees, deforestation along hill slopes, burning of wood and charcoal in low-income areas in urban fringes of the city.

?? Large-scale and uncontrolled mining of marbles and other minerals have also lead to heavy deforestation on hill slopes.

TABLE 5.14 ISSUES, STRATEGIES & PROJECT IDENTIFICATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH OF UDAIPUR

S. No. Sector Issues Strategies Projects

Degrading air quality

Relocation of pollution causing activities from city

Congestion of walled city

Pollution reduction programs to be undertaken

Tree plantation along roads

Poor traffic management

1 Air

Increase in SPM levels

Increasing in efficiency management

PTS for the city

Depletion of ground water

Promotion of rain water harvesting

Afforestation programs along hill slopes

Degraded water quality

Restoration of catchments areas of natural water bodies and Main Drains

Incorporation of rainwater harvesting in building byelaws

2 Water

Loss of UFW Upgrading/improving infrastructure

Replacing damaged water losses in the city

6.0 HOUSING

6.1 STATUS Housing stock available as per Census 2001 is 1,02,292 Dwelling units, of which approximately 11 per cent stock is vacant. Total houses under residential use are 69,560 units (including only residence and residence cum other use), while the total number of households in Udaipur as per 2001 Census is 78,124. This indicates a household per house ratio of 1.12. Also, average household size is moderate at 5.00 persons per family. TABLE 6.1: HOUSING: OVERVIEW S. No. Description Units Quantity

1. Census Houses Nos. 102292 2. Vacant Houses Nos. 9371 3. Occupied Residential Houses Nos. 92921 4. Residential Units Nos. 69560 5. Census Households Nos. 78124

Source: Census of India, 2001. 6.2 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSES Distribution of Houses of total housing stock indicates that apart from regular residential use, a large no. of units (16 percent) are being put to commercial use (shops and offices). Other uses have a minor proportion. Vacancy rate in the City is approximately 11 percent of total number of census houses. TABLE 6.2: CLASSIFICATION OF CENSUS HOUSING

S. No. Type of Use Numbers Share of Total

1. Residence 69560 75.00% 2. Residence cum other use 2848 3.00% 3. Shop, Office 14716 16.00% 4. School, college etc 405 0.44% 5. Hotel, Lodge, guest house etc 415 0.45% 6. Hospital, dispensary etc 228 0.25% 7. Factory, Workshop, Work shed etc 1261 1.00% 8. Place of worship 735 1.00% 9. Other non-residential use 2753 3.00%

Source: Census of India, 2001.

6.3 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSING BY SIZE Besides, housing shortage, Udaipur faces the problem of overcrowding. Nearly 28 percent of population lives in one-room houses, while 29 percent households live in two-room houses. With an average family size of 5, the quality of life for these households is poor. Six room and five room houses accommodate only 6 percent and 5 percent of the total households. TABLE 6.3: TYPE OF HOUSES

Sr. No. Type of Houses Households (Nos.) Distribution (% age)

1. No Exclusive Room 1138 2% 2. One Room 20818 28% 3. Two Rooms 21446 29% 4. Three Rooms 14099 19% 5. Four Rooms 8686 12% 6. Five Rooms 3468 5% 7. Six Rooms 4780 6%

Total 74435 100% Source: Census of India, 2001. As per Census of India, 2001, there are atleast 180 households in Udaipur urban area that are houseless. This accounts for 949 people of the city @ 5.27 persons per family. Most of buildings in inner city area are 3 to 4 storey structures, without proper access and ventilation. These houses have poor basic amenities. Both electricity and water supply within inner city are frugal and sewage lines remain choked. Its is estimated that almost 25% of houses within inner city area are more than 100 years old, which require urgent renewal. As per census 2001, 1,093 houses in Udaipur are dilapidated.

FIGURE 6.1: HOUSING CONDITIONS

Dilapidated2%

Livable28%

Good70%

Housing in rest of the city includes low-density settlements on plots developed mainly by UIT. These houses are pucca, single and double-storied buildings. These houses are in good condition but a large size of this has poor access to proper infrastructure facilities like water supply, sewerage, drainage etc.

6.4 HOUSING NEED ESTIMATIONS Housing need estimation is done considering the present deficit (including housing backlog) and gradual need for more housing with population growth in the city. Housing need is established with following premises: Housing Surplus or Deficit = (Total Households – Existing Residential Units + Dilapidated Units + Houseless Households) + Vacant Houses

Demand estimates have been projected upto year 2021, based on projection of household size. It is assumed that household size of the town will reduce from a moderate of 5.00, currently, to 4.8, by year 2021, attributed to further improvement in economic and social conditions of the population. Discussions with UIT – RHB have revealed, that they have plans to cater to growing need for housing in city. UIT have various schemes for housing across the city, few of them have been completed and many are there in the line-up. RHB is planning to begin housing colonies in Bhuwana and Balicha areas of the city. This would accommodate over 4,000 households. Together UIT and RHB will supply housing at the rate of around 5,000 units per year to meet the housing demand on constant basis. It is also expected that with new urban development reforms and efforts to development urban infrastructure in the city, vacancy rate (11%) will come down to an acceptable limit. TABLE 6.4: HOUSING NEEDS ESTIMATIONS 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021

UMC Population 389438 442767 503399 572333 65070

7 Urban Poor 77888 88553 100680 114467 13014

FIGURE 6.2: TYPE OF STRUCTURES

Permanent92%

Temporary 2%

Semi-Permanent

6%

1

Balance Population 311550 354214 402719 457867 52056

6 Household Size 5 5 4.9 4.9 4.8

No. of H/H 62310 70843 82188 93442 10845

1 Residential Units 55648 Dilapidated Houses @ 1.5% 874.4 935 1063 1233 1402 Houseless Households 180 - - - - Deficit/Requirements 7716 9467 12408 12487 16411 Vacancy Rate @ Reduction up to 6% 9371 7793 7397 6541 6507 Actual Housing Demand 17087 17260 19804 19028 22918 No. of H/H (Urban Poor) 15578 17711 20547 23361 27113 Urban Poor Housing Demand 15578 17711 20547 2814 3752 Grand Total 32665 34971 40351 21842 26670

*Though slum population is estimated to be only 13% of total population - for CDP purpose we safely assume 20% as slum population. Source: Census of India, 2001 and PDCOR Estimations. The housing demand estimations are done for municipal limits, as housing statistics are available for census year 2001. Housing needs for entire municipal town is estimated excluding poor population, which is dealt separately. The city presently needs around 35,000 housing units; this includes requirements for city poor of around 17,500 units. A detailed survey is desirable before decision on what needs to be upgraded and where new housing is essential.

6.5 KEY ISSUES IN HOUSING 6.5.1 Illegal Constructions and Encroachments Illegal constructions and encroachments emerged as the main issue, from rounds of consultations that were conducted in various parts of the city. House owners expand dwelling units violating building byelaws. This happens as a result of a low fine that an illegal property owner would need to pay to local authorities. 6.5.2 Relatively Low Vibrancy in Housing Economy In absence of a buoyant economy and new job creation, Udaipur city has not really experienced a real estate boom as in many other cities in India. As a result, investment in housing remains low. On the contrary a fairly high vacancy rate of houses prevails in Udaipur. Unlike other cities of this class, Udaipur has not experienced any significant private developer interest in the housing sector.

6.5.3 Social Factors Community and social structure of inner city areas, has resulted in densification of the Inner Core, thus resulting in degradation in quality of life there. Through stakeholder interviews, a lack of willingness to move out of Inner City was observed, which has further contributed to vacant housing stock and delays in occupancies in new schemes. 6.5.4 Inner City Congestions Stakeholder consultations reveal that residents in inner core of the city, have concerns regarding loosing out on close knit community structures they have lived in for generations. A closer engagement is required between citizens and UIT, to emerge with innovative solutions to resolve this gap. Such solutions may require UIT colonies to be planned differently from current models, so as to encourage people to move to newer planned settlements. Lack of open spaces and environmental sanitation in Inner City, has also resulted in poor quality of life, besides posing a hazard in event of an accident like fire or a natural calamity like an earth quake or floods. 6.5.5 Group Housing – A Non Starter Housing and town planning schemes in pipeline are unlikely to change density profile of the city significantly. On one hand, sale of plots for retail inhibits developer interest for apartments. On the other hand owning an independent house is more expensive an option than owning an apartment with common amenities, thus resulting in lesser number of persons entering the housing market.

7.0 URBAN POOR AND SLUMS 7.1 INTRODUCTION Paradox of economic growth in urban areas is the growing number of urban poor. In spite of Udaipur’s prominent role in economy of the region, urban population and especially urban poor faces serious problems in terms of access to infrastructure, diversity of livelihood opportunities, and basic services. Increasing population pressure resulting in deterioration of physical environment and quality of life further aggravates the problem. In this chapter, dimensions of urban poverty and key issues for urban poor and those living in slums are discussed in detail. The dimensions of poverty and slums have been discussed in detail as part of this chapter.

7.2 DIMENSIONS OF URBAN POVERTY

Proportion of Below Poverty Line (BPL) population as compared to total population represents the most expressive form of poverty in urban areas. In Udaipur, about 2% of households are below poverty line. Recent below poverty line estimates for the city show that there are 1388 households that are below poverty line. A major proportion of urban poor lives in 58 slums that sprawls the city. Majority of urban poor are concentrated in old parts of the city, which is also the center of major economic activity and tourist center. There has been an increasing trend in BPL households particularly between last BPL census in 1998 and the latest census in 2003.

FIGURE 7.1: DISTRIBUTION OF BPL HOUSEHOLDS IN UDAIPUR CITY

Source: BPL Survey, 1998 and 2003.

7.3 SLUM CLUSTERS IN UDAIPUR The most recent survey on slum localities in Udaipur City was conducted by the RUIDP in the year 2002. The survey depicts that the city have 15 clusters that can be distinguished on the basis of proximity and topographical continuity. There are two large clusters – the Machla Magra (1261 households) and Mullah Talai (1237 households) and five mid-sized ones – Kishanpole (594 households), Neemach (610 households), Pichola-side (527 households), Pahada (516 households), Hiren Magri Sector 9 (431 households) and the Nehru Hostel (410 households).

BPL Households

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1998 2002 2003Years