Figure 17.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.1

1 Withdrawblood and placein tube.

2 Centrifuge theblood sample.

Plasma• 55% of whole blood• Least dense componentBuffy coat• Leukocytes and platelets• <1% of whole bloodErythrocytes• 45% of whole blood• Most dense component

Formedelements

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.


Platelets

Neutrophils Lymphocyte

Erythrocytes Monocyte


2.5 µm

7.5 µm

Side view (cut)

Top view


Hemegroup

(a) Hemoglobin consists of globin (two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains) and four heme groups.

(b) Iron-containing heme pigment.a Globin chains

b Globin chains


Stem cell

HemocytoblastProerythro-blast

Earlyerythroblast

Lateerythroblast Normoblast

Phase 1Ribosomesynthesis

Phase 2Hemoglobinaccumulation

Phase 3Ejection ofnucleus

Reticulo-cyte

Erythro-cyte

Committedcell

Developmental pathway


Kidney (and liver toa smaller extent)releaseserythropoietin. Erythropoietin

stimulates redbone marrow.

Enhancederythropoiesisincreases RBCcount.

O2- carryingability of bloodincreases.

Homeostasis: Normal blood oxygen levels

Stimulus:Hypoxia (low bloodO2- carrying ability)due to• Decreased

RBC count• Decreased amount

of hemoglobin• Decreased

availability of O2

1

2

3

4

5

IMBALANCE

IMBALANCE

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.6, step 1





availability of O2

1

IMBALANCE

IMBALANCE


Kidney (and liver toa smaller extent)releaseserythropoietin.





availability of O2

1

2

IMBALANCE

IMBALANCE








availability of O2

1

2

3

IMBALANCE

IMBALANCE









availability of O2

1

2

3

4

IMBALANCE

IMBALANCE





O2- carryingability of bloodincreases.





availability of O2

1

2

3

4

5

IMBALANCE

IMBALANCE


Low O2 levels in blood stimulate kidneys to produce erythropoietin.1

Erythropoietin levels risein blood.2

Erythropoietin and necessaryraw materials in blood promoteerythropoiesis in red bone marrow.

3

Aged and damagedred blood cells areengulfed by macrophagesof liver, spleen, and bonemarrow; the hemoglobinis broken down.

5

New erythrocytesenter bloodstream;function about 120 days.

4

Raw materials aremade available in bloodfor erythrocyte synthesis.

6

Hemoglobin

Aminoacids

Globin

Iron is bound totransferrin and releasedto blood from liver asneeded for erythropoiesis.

Food nutrients,including amino acids,Fe, B12, and folic acid,are absorbed fromintestine and enterblood.

Heme

Circulation

Iron storedas ferritin,hemosiderin

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is picked up from bloodby liver, secreted into intestine inbile, metabolized to stercobilin bybacteria, and excreted in feces.


Low O2 levels in blood stimulatekidneys to produce erythropoietin.1








3





3


4


Aged and damaged redblood cells are engulfed bymacrophages of liver,spleen, and bonemarrow; thehemoglobin isbroken down.

5 Hemoglobin

Aminoacids

GlobinHeme

Circulation


Bilirubin



Aged and damaged redblood cells are engulfed bymacrophages of liver,spleen, and bonemarrow; thehemoglobin isbroken down.

5


6

Hemoglobin

Aminoacids

Globin



Heme

Circulation


Bilirubin



Low O2 levels in blood stimulate kidneys to produce erythropoietin.1



3

Aged and damagedred blood cells areengulfed by macrophagesof liver, spleen, and bonemarrow; the hemoglobinis broken down.

5


4


6

Hemoglobin

Aminoacids

Globin



Heme

Circulation


Bilirubin



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 146

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 146

(a) Normal erythrocyte has normal hemoglobin amino acid sequence in the beta chain.

(b) Sickled erythrocyte results from a single amino acid change in the beta chain of hemoglobin.


Formedelements

Platelets

Leukocytes

Erythrocytes

DifferentialWBC count(All total 4800 –10,800/l)

Neutrophils (50 – 70%)

Lymphocytes (25 – 45%)

Eosinophils (2 – 4%)

Basophils (0.5 – 1%)

Monocytes (3 – 8%)

Agranulocytes

Granulocytes

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 17.2 (1 of 2)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 17.2 (2 of 2)


Hemocytoblast

Myeloid stem cell Lymphoid stem cell

Myeloblast Myeloblast MonoblastMyeloblast Lymphoblast

Stem cells

Committedcells

Promyelocyte PromyelocytePromyelocyte Promonocyte Prolymphocyte

Eosinophilicmyelocyte

Neutrophilicmyelocyte

Basophilicmyelocyte

Eosinophilicband cells

Neutrophilicband cells

Basophilicband cells

Developmentalpathway

Eosinophils NeutrophilsBasophils

Granular leukocytes

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)Monocytes Lymphocytes

Agranular leukocytesSome become

Somebecome


Stem cell Developmental pathway

Hemocyto-blast Megakaryoblast

PromegakaryocyteMegakaryocyte Platelets


Collagenfibers

Platelets

Fibrin

Step Vascular spasm• Smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction.

Step Platelet plugformation

• Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers; platelets adhere.

• Platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky; platelet plug forms.

Step Coagulation• Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot.

1

2

3

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.14 (1 of 2)

Vessel endothelium ruptures,exposing underlying tissues(e.g., collagen)

PF3

released byaggregated

platelets

XII

XI

IX

XIIa

Ca2+

Ca2+

XIa

IXa

Intrinsic pathwayPhase 1Tissue cell traumaexposes blood to

Platelets cling and theirsurfaces provide sites formobilization of factors

Extrinsic pathway

Tissue factor (TF)

VII

VIIa

VIII

VIIIa

Ca2+

XXa

Prothrombinactivator

PF3

TF/VIIa complexIXa/VIIIa complex

V

Va

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 17.14 (2 of 2)

Ca2+

Phase 2

Phase 3

Prothrombinactivator

Prothrombin (II)Thrombin (IIa)

Fibrinogen (I)(soluble) Fibrin

(insolublepolymer) XIII

XIIIa

Cross-linkedfibrin mesh


Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 17.4

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

ABO Blood Typing

Blood Type Being Tested

RBC Agglutinogens

Serum Reaction

Anti-A Anti-B AB A and B + + B B – + A A + – O None – –


SerumAnti-A

RBCs

Anti-BType AB (containsagglutinogens A and B;agglutinates with bothsera)

Blood being tested

Type A (containsagglutinogen A;agglutinates with anti-A)

Type B (containsagglutinogen B;agglutinates with anti-B)

Type O (contains noagglutinogens; does notagglutinate with eitherserum)

Documents

Figure 17.1