Fig. 9-2

Lightenergy

ECOSYSTEM

Photosynthesis in chloroplasts

CO2 + H2O

Cellular respirationin mitochondria

Organicmolecules+ O2

ATP powers most cellular work

Heatenergy

ATP

Fig. 9-UN1

becomes oxidized(loses electron)

becomes reduced(gains electron)

Fig. 9-5

Fre

e en

erg

y, G

Fre

e en

erg

y, G

(a) Uncontrolled reaction

H2O

H2 + 1/2 O2

Explosiverelease of

heat and lightenergy

(b) Cellular respiration

Controlledrelease ofenergy for

synthesis ofATP

2 H+ + 2 e–

2 H + 1/2 O2

(from food via NADH)

ATP

ATP

ATP

1/2 O22 H+

2 e–E

lectron

transp

ort

chain

H2O

Fig. 9-6-1

Substrate-levelphosphorylation

ATP

Cytosol

Glucose Pyruvate

Glycolysis

Electronscarried

via NADH

Fig. 9-9-1

ATP

ADP

Hexokinase1

ATP

ADP

Hexokinase1

Glucose

Glucose-6-phosphate

Glucose

Glucose-6-phosphate

Fig. 9-9-2

Hexokinase

ATP

ADP

1

Phosphoglucoisomerase2

Phosphogluco-isomerase

2

Glucose

Glucose-6-phosphate

Fructose-6-phosphate

Glucose-6-phosphate

Fructose-6-phosphate

1

Fig. 9-9-3

Hexokinase

ATP

ADP

Phosphoglucoisomerase

Phosphofructokinase

ATP

ADP

2

3

ATP

ADP

Phosphofructo-kinase

Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate

Glucose

Glucose-6-phosphate

Fructose-6-phosphate

Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate

1

2

3

Fructose-6-phosphate

3

Fig. 9-6-1

Substrate-levelphosphorylation

ATP

Cytosol

Glucose Pyruvate

Glycolysis

Electronscarried

via NADH

Fig. 9-6-2

Mitochondrion

Substrate-levelphosphorylation

ATP

Cytosol

Glucose Pyruvate

Glycolysis

Electronscarried

via NADH

Substrate-levelphosphorylation

ATP

Electrons carriedvia NADH and

FADH2

Citricacidcycle

Fig. 9-10

CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION

NAD+ NADH + H+

2

1 3

Pyruvate

Transport protein

CO2Coenzyme A

Acetyl CoA

Fig. 9-11

Pyruvate

NAD+

NADH

+ H+Acetyl CoA

CO2

CoA

CoA

CoA

Citricacidcycle

FADH2

FAD

CO22

3

3 NAD+

+ 3 H+

ADP + P i

ATP

NADH

Fig. 9-12-8

Acetyl CoA

CoA—SH

Citrate

H2O

IsocitrateNAD+

NADH

+ H+

CO2

-Keto-glutarate

CoA—SH

CO2NAD+

NADH

+ H+SuccinylCoA

CoA—SH

P i

GTP GDP

ADP

ATP

Succinate

FAD

FADH2

Fumarate

CitricacidcycleH2O

Malate

Oxaloacetate

NADH

+H+

NAD+

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Fig. 9-6-2

Mitochondrion

Substrate-levelphosphorylation

ATP

Cytosol

Glucose Pyruvate

Glycolysis

Electronscarried

via NADH

Substrate-levelphosphorylation

ATP

Electrons carriedvia NADH and

FADH2

Citricacidcycle

Fig. 9-6-3

Mitochondrion

Substrate-levelphosphorylation

ATP

Cytosol

Glucose Pyruvate

Glycolysis

Electronscarried

via NADH

Substrate-levelphosphorylation

ATP

Electrons carriedvia NADH and

FADH2

Oxidativephosphorylation

ATP

Citricacidcycle

Oxidativephosphorylation:electron transport

andchemiosmosis

Fig. 9-13

NADH

NAD+2FADH2

2 FADMultiproteincomplexesFAD

Fe•S

FMN

Fe•S

Q

Fe•S

Cyt b

Cyt c1

Cyt c

Cyt a

Cyt a3

IV

Fre

e en

erg

y (G

) r e

lat i

ve t

o O

2 (

kcal

/mo

l)

50

40

30

20

10 2

(from NADHor FADH2)

0 2 H+ + 1/2 O2

H2O

e–

e–

e–

Fig. 9-16

Protein complexof electroncarriers

H+

H+H+

Cyt c

Q

V

FADH2 FAD

NAD+NADH

(carrying electronsfrom food)

Electron transport chain

2 H+ + 1/2O2H2O

ADP + P i

Chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation

H+

H+

ATP synthase

ATP

21

Fig. 9-17

Maximum per glucose: About36 or 38 ATP

+ 2 ATP+ 2 ATP + about 32 or 34 ATP

Oxidativephosphorylation:electron transport

andchemiosmosis

Citricacidcycle

2AcetylCoA

Glycolysis

Glucose2

Pyruvate

2 NADH 2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH2

2 FADH2

2 NADHCYTOSOL Electron shuttles

span membrane

or

MITOCHONDRION

Fig. 9-6-3

Mitochondrion

Substrate-levelphosphorylation

ATP

Cytosol

Glucose Pyruvate

Glycolysis

Electronscarried

via NADH

Substrate-levelphosphorylation

ATP

Electrons carriedvia NADH and

FADH2

Oxidativephosphorylation

ATP

Citricacidcycle

Oxidativephosphorylation:electron transport

andchemiosmosis